第一篇货物买卖法第一篇货物买卖法lec-6(上上)买卖合同效买卖合同效 CISG 我合同法我合同法 4.承诺必须在要约有效期内做出实务问题实务问题：(1) 承诺期限的认定和计算Art 20 -信和电报 -假日和非营业日的计算 (2)承诺做出的时间和地点 Art 21-在承诺期限内做出-在超出承诺期限内做出受要约人在承诺期限发出承诺受要约人在承诺期限发出承诺.Art 29实务问题：实务问题：(1) 承诺期限的认定和计算 - 依要约规定; 如果对规定歧义? - 如果要约没有规定:依合理期间？(2)承诺做出的时间和地点 -在承诺期限内做出Art 29 -在超出承诺期限内做出Art 28关于承诺期限的认定和计算关于承诺期限的认定和计算The statement of offer “You may accept this offer within 10 days after this offer has reached you “Suppose on June 1st ,Seller mails an offer to Buyer and telephones the Buyer that:” you have five days to consider the offer” however this mail between the Seller and Buyer takes normally 7days. Please refer to CISG Art 20 规则研究之二：规则研究之二：CISG 承诺的生效承诺的生效 CISG Art 18 （2） 我合同法我合同法 Art 26 An acceptance becomes effective at the moment when the indication of assent reaches the offeror within the time fixed or ,if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time.-承诺通知到达要约人时生效。-承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。-采用数据电文形式订立合同的，承诺到达的时间以数据电文到达特定系统为准。(见后面PPT)问题与思考: 承诺的生效与要约的生效实务问题：承诺到达的法律意义实务问题：承诺到达的法律意义-Firstly, the arriving moment of the acceptance means the time that contract becomes binding ,thus giving rise to starting binding moment of the rights and duties；-secondly，in the case of contract being rendered invalid or revoked , the arriving moment of the acceptance is just the time to invalidate or revocate the contract；-Lastly, the arriving moment of the acceptance determines the right moment when the contract is concluded and then determines the issues of jurisdiction and governing law。SILENCE DEEMED AS A ACCEPTANCE ?Felthouse v. Bindley(1862) Felthouse wrote to his nephew offering to buy a horse. In the letter Felthouse told his nephew that if Felthouse did not get a response from his nephew, he would consider the offer has been accepted.Court held: nephews acceptance had not been communicated, as silence could not used as the means of acceptance ,unless otherwise agreed. therefore , there was no contract between them.silent acceptance: 两例比较两例比较Case 1On June 1st Seller sends Buyer an offer to sell the a specified type and quality of goods at a stated price and added: this is such a attractive offer that I shall assume that you accept unless I hear form you by June 15”Buyer did not reply. Seller shipped the goods on June 16.Contract concluded ? silent acceptance: 两例比较两例比较Case 2 On June 1st Buyer delivered the following to the seller “please rush price quotation for the following goods if you dont hear form me within three days after I received your quotation ,consider your offer as accepted ”The seller delivered the quotation to the buyer on June 3, buyer did not respond until June 10.later buyer rejected the contract that seller believed has been concluded.Contract concluded ?silent acceptance: 两例比较两例比较Key:In Case 1, the contract is not concluded as Silent acceptance from offeree (the buyer) is not legally valid In case 2, the contract is concluded as the offeree (the buyer ) is voluntarily willing to be legally bound by the contract if he does not respond to the seller within 3 days after receiving the quotation (offer) CISG Art22 COMMON LAWan acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective POSTAL RULEAcceptance by letter (telegram) becomes effective once the acceptance is posted, regardless of whether the acceptance is delayed or lost in the postal system. However, this rule does not apply if the parties have agreed otherwise. 实务问题：实务问题：application of Postal Rulemeans acceptance offerFax/email/telephoneReception rule (到达规则到达规则): The mail of acceptance becomes valid once it reaches the offeror. See: acceptance by fax and email (next slid)Reception ruleLettertelegramPostal rule （投邮规则）（投邮规则）:Once letter /telegram posted (mailed, shipped) the offer is accepted, unless otherwise agreed. USA: Mail Box Rule - Acceptance becomes effective on dispatch, unless both parties otherwise agreed. Reception rule实务问题：实务问题：To become effective for the acceptance by fax and email Acceptance by instantaneous communication generally occurs when it is received- A fax sent during regular business hours is probably accepted when it reaches the offerors fax machine.-In negotiations by email, acceptance is likely to be communicated when the offeror “log into ”the system.To become effective for the other notifications -Notification of withdrawal of offer;-Notification of revocation of offer;-Notification of withdrawal of acceptance;-Notification of amendment to the offer (purported acceptance);- other notifications for cancelling or conforming contractual intention either in oral form or writing form.Key: “communicated” or “ reached”规则研究之三：规则研究之三：CISG 承诺的撤回承诺的撤回 CISG Art22 我合同法我合同法Art27an acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective 承诺可以撤回。撤回承诺的通知应在承诺通知到达要约人之前或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。UNIDROIT ART 2.1.10an acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective问题与思考:要约的撤回Art17: 要约可以撤回。撤回承诺的通知应在承诺通知到达要约人之前或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。规则研究之四：规则研究之四：CISG下逾期的承诺下逾期的承诺CISG Art 21 我合同法我合同法A late acceptance is effective if ,without delay , the offeror orally informs the offeree or dispatch the notice 1 一般迟延承诺 Art28受要约人超过承诺期限发出承诺的，为新新要要约约，除除非非要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺有效。If the transmission had been normal it would have been reached the offeror in due time ,the acceptance is effective unless 2、意外迟延承诺 Art29受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人，但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期限的，该承诺有效，除非要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外。CISG Art 21/我合同法我合同法Art28一般迟延承诺一般迟延承诺 新要约，除非要约人及时认可新要约，除非要约人及时认可CISG Art 21/我合同法我合同法Art29意外迟延承诺意外迟延承诺 承诺有效，除非要约人及时反对。承诺有效，除非要约人及时反对。实务风险点以及化解之法实务风险点以及化解之法要约人如何知道逾期的承诺是要约人如何知道逾期的承诺是一般迟延承诺还是意外迟一般迟延承诺还是意外迟延承诺，以便采取完全不同的处理方法延承诺，以便采取完全不同的处理方法 ？-出险的承诺的表达方式多半是书面方式（即出险的承诺的表达方式多半是书面方式（即fax、email 、信）中的信件承诺。、信）中的信件承诺。-如何判断承诺信是否正常还是非正常逾期？如何判断承诺信是否正常还是非正常逾期？Key：可以通过对如下：可以通过对如下indicators 来判断：来判断：邮戳、承诺邮戳、承诺函中的日期函中的日期以及信件传递以及信件传递通常所需要的时间通常所需要的时间。Discuss: CISG Art 21 v. Art 7发价人依据发价人依据CISG Art 21对逾期承诺的接受权利和对逾期承诺的接受权利和CISGArt7诚信原则的关系诚信原则的关系On June 1 Seller mailed an offer that stated “your acceptance of this offer must reach me by June 30”. On June 15, Buyer posted the reply of his acceptance in a letter. Buyers letter would normally have reached the Seller on June 20, but was delayed and did not reached to the Seller until a month later ,on July 20.In mid-July the price of goods in question had arisen sharply Seller was glad to terminate the deal and would sell the goods at a higher price than that in his June offer. Consequently on July 22, Seller called the Buyer “In despite of abnormally late arrival of your June 15 letter, which is deemed as an effective offer in CISG, however, I am treating it as an refusal to my offer”Buyer objected on the ground that conditions had changed during the month while his letter was in the mail route.According to CISG is the contract concluded?Discuss: CISG Art 21 v. Art 7According to CISG Art 21 , when the late acceptance becomes advantageous because of changes in the market , the offerors decision may have the effect of speculating at the expense of another. Courts have strongly resisted the attempt by one party to speculate at the expense of another. In the case of the speculation ,the principle of good faith in CISG Art 7 may be applied 规则研究之五：规则研究之五：CISG下承诺对要约的修改和添加下承诺对要约的修改和添加p63 CISG Art 19 我合同法我合同法Reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains Additions， limitations or other modifications is an rejection of offerand constitutes counter-offer 实务问题：实务问题：1 反要约反要约:新要约新要约-实质性变更实质性变更Art 30-修改和添加修改和添加 ？-承诺有保留或有条件？承诺有保留或有条件？2 反要约的作用？反要约的作用？-Rejection of the offer +-new offer3 反要约生效时间？反要约生效时间？- 立刻生效立刻生效 - END OF LEC 5 - lec-6Lec-6 教学内容：2-4 国际货物买卖合同的效力国际货物买卖合同的效力2-4.1 承诺的生效承诺的生效 & 要约的生效要约的生效2-4.2 承诺的生效承诺的生效 & 合同的成立合同的成立2-4.3 合同的成立合同的成立 & 合同的效力合同的效力2-4.4 订约意图（订约意图（legal intention）& 达成合意（达成合意（consent） & 合法目的（合法目的（legality）辨析）辨析 2-4.5 合同的形式合同的形式 （form）2-4 国际货物买卖合同的效力国际货物买卖合同的效力上周主要内容回顾：国际货物买卖合同的成立 要约 & 承诺（概念、构成条件）理清各个国际货物买卖合同几个的基本关系：-要约的构成， 到-承诺的构成， 到-合同的成立， 到-合同的生效， 到-合同的履行，到-合同消灭或争议 2-4.1要约的生效要约的生效&承诺的生效承诺的生效 1.要约的生效时间、地点和意义要约的生效时间、地点和意义-到达受要约人到达受要约人 （世界法则）（世界法则）-约束要约人和受约人约束要约人和受约人2.承诺的生效时间、地点和意义承诺的生效时间、地点和意义-到达要约人到达要约人（CISG和我法，和我法，postal rule除外）除外）-合同成立，（非合同生效）合同成立，（非合同生效）3.要约的生效和承诺的生效的关系要约的生效和承诺的生效的关系 ？2-4.2 承诺的生效承诺的生效 & 合同的成立合同的成立有关承诺生效与合同成立关系的若干问题有关承诺生效与合同成立关系的若干问题1. 承诺如果有效，合同必然成立吗？承诺如果有效，合同必然成立吗？2.如果合同成立，承诺必然有效吗？如果合同成立，承诺必然有效吗？3. 承诺一旦生效，合同立刻成立吗？承诺一旦生效，合同立刻成立吗？ 如何理解待生效的合同？如何理解待生效的合同？2-4.3 合同的成立合同的成立 & 合同的效力合同的效力合同成立的概念和法律意义合同成立的概念和法律意义- 在词汇上：在词汇上：formation & validity- 双方合意双方合意 ：通过要约和承诺：通过要约和承诺- 合意法律效果：合意不一定合法合意法律效果：合意不一定合法合同生效的概念及其法律意义合同生效的概念及其法律意义- 合法，合法， 产生对当事人的法律拘束力产生对当事人的法律拘束力- 合同成立合同成立 + 合同生效的其他条件合同生效的其他条件即：即： 2. 订约意图订约意图 legal intention； 3. 订约的行为能力订约的行为能力 capacity； 4. 意思表示真实意思表示真实 genuine consent； 5. 对价对价 consideration； 6. 合同形式合同形式 form 7. 合同合法合同合法 legality合同生效的其他条件合同生效的其他条件-订约意图订约意图 legal intention Presumption 1 (type 1 of objective test):it is presumed that parties to an agreement of domestic or social or volunteering nature do not intend to be legally bound unless it is rebutted. Presumption 2 (type 2of objective test): it is presumed that parties to an agreement concerning commerce or business intend to be legally bound unless it is rebutted. (Rose & Frank Co. v Crompton & Bros Ltd) a business agreement drawn up between a British company and an American firm . It had all the signs of being legally binding agreement but contained the following clause “this agreement is not entered into, nor is this memorandum written as a formal or legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts but it is only a definite expression and record of the purpose and intention of the parties concerned to which they each honorably pledge themselves ” legal intention involved by the parties ? “this agreement is not entered into, nor is this memorandum written as a formal or legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts but it is only a definite expression and record of the purpose and intention of the parties concerned to which they each honorably pledge themselves ” (参考译文：所订立的本协议或备忘录并不是正式文件或法律协议,也不受法院管辖，它只是记载了合同当事人订约的愿望和目的，为此当事人为了荣誉承诺如下) the legal effect of honor clause: Contract containing an “honor clause” is not legally effective . The contract is actually regarded as honorable agreement , which has no any legal binding force upon the parties, although the contract functions to promote both parties to carry it out morally. Therefore, “honor clause ” in contract rebuts the presumption that agreements of a business nature are intended to be binding.Rebuttal of presumption 2 TEEN RANCH PTY LTD V. BROWY (1955) FactsBrown was a volunteer worker at a non profit Christian youth centre. He received accommodation, food and the use of the camp facilities and was expected to obey camp rules but he received no wages. While working at the camp he was injured and claimed workers compensation. Question: was there a contract of employment that would in return entitle Brown to workers compensation ?Decision: No， contract existed because both parties had no legal intention as Brown s work was voluntary.In China voluntary contract is not regarded as legal contract as is of moral nature , and thus should not be governed by our contract law. 合同生效的其他条件合同生效的其他条件-合同的合法性合同的合法性（legality） 货物买卖合同合法性可有如下含义：货物买卖合同合法性可有如下含义：出卖人转移标的物（货物）的所有权与买受人和出卖人转移标的物（货物）的所有权与买受人和买受人支付价款的买受人支付价款的-（1）.法律目的法律目的合法，如不允许把公共所有物窃为己合法，如不允许把公共所有物窃为己有；有；-（2）.商业目的商业目的合法，如赚钱资助恐怖活动；合法，如赚钱资助恐怖活动；-（3）.转移标的物和支价行为转移标的物和支价行为本身合法本身合法，法律允许货，法律允许货物正常买卖行为；则会不允许货物大幅度贱卖；物正常买卖行为；则会不允许货物大幅度贱卖；-（4）.买卖标的物合法，即法律允许标的物买卖标的物合法，即法律允许标的物（如钢材）交易，则不允许毒品交易；（如钢材）交易，则不允许毒品交易；- （5）.买卖买卖行为效果行为效果合法，即买卖行为所导致合法，即买卖行为所导致的直接后果法，如果所买卖卖的钢材直接用于的直接后果法，如果所买卖卖的钢材直接用于制造恐怖工具则非法；制造恐怖工具则非法；-（6）.还有交易还有交易主体资格主体资格、代理资格代理资格、等其他、等其他合法性问题。合法性问题。合同能够的合法性主要是合同的法律目的合法性合同能够的合法性主要是合同的法律目的合法性 2-4.4 解析与合同效力有关的几个解析与合同效力有关的几个概念之间的相互关系概念之间的相互关系合同生效的七大条件中，如下三个条件似乎合同生效的七大条件中，如下三个条件似乎相互有关联，容易搞混，应当区别：相互有关联，容易搞混，应当区别：达成达成合意合意（meeting of minds ：offer & acceptance）订约订约意图意图（legal intention） 合法合法目的目的（legality：contractual end）达成合意达成合意 & 订约意图、合法目的订约意图、合法目的达成合意未必具有订约意图，没有订约意达成合意未必具有订约意图，没有订约意图也可以达成合意（如：图也可以达成合意（如：honor clause）达成合意也未必符合合法目的（如：达成达成合意也未必符合合法目的（如：达成抢劫合同）抢劫合同）订约意图订约意图 & 合法目的合法目的订约意图订约意图: 强调当事人主观上是否愿意踏入法律平台，强调当事人主观上是否愿意踏入法律平台，它解决合意的它解决合意的“入法或不入法入法或不入法”，即，即法律性法律性和非法律性问题，它解决当事人是否要承和非法律性问题，它解决当事人是否要承担法律责任问题；担法律责任问题；合法目的：合法目的：强调当事人的合意强调当事人的合意“此法或彼法此法或彼法”，即合法即合法与非法问题，它解决合意的是否能够强制与非法问题，它解决合意的是否能够强制执行，以及是否要承担刑事责任的问题执行，以及是否要承担刑事责任的问题三者基本关系一句话表述三者基本关系一句话表述当事人在具有当事人在具有订约意图（订约意图（legal intention）的前提的前提下或平台上，经要约和承诺即下或平台上，经要约和承诺即合意（合意（meeting of minds）以及其他法律条件（如：具有订约行为能以及其他法律条件（如：具有订约行为能力、意思表示真实、和对价），通过实现法律目的力、意思表示真实、和对价），通过实现法律目的（legality）来达到其商业目标。来达到其商业目标。换句话来说：换句话来说：均具有订立国际货物买卖合同均具有订立国际货物买卖合同意图（意图（legal intention）当事人当事人A和和B ，经，经合意（合意（meeting of minds）和其他条件，通过合法地转移货物所有权和其他条件，通过合法地转移货物所有权这一法律目的这一法律目的（legality）来达到彼此盈利的商业目来达到彼此盈利的商业目标。标。辨析合同成立与合同生效的关系和法律价值辨析合同成立与合同生效的关系和法律价值两者关系：两者关系：合同成立是合同生效的前提和条件；合同生效是合合同成立是合同生效的前提和条件；合同生效是合同成立的必然结果。同成立的必然结果。法律价值：法律价值：-合同成立：强调私法层面上的契约自由；合同成立：强调私法层面上的契约自由；-合同生效：强调管制法上的合同法制，依法自由和合同生效：强调管制法上的合同法制，依法自由和法律约束效果。法律约束效果。问：我们订约目的是追求合同成立还是合同效力？问：我们订约目的是追求合同成立还是合同效力？ 对国际贸易实务而言，何者对我们意义较大？对国际贸易实务而言，何者对我们意义较大？英美法有效合同条件：一句话英美法合同有效的七大条件可以用一句话概括：一个具有订约资格的人（capacity），内心想与他人订约（legal intention），他必须把他内心的订约思想通过要约承诺的过程（agreement-as procedure）真实地表达出来（genuine consent），就某种交换事项（consideration）与他人达成一致（agreement as meeting of minds），这样才能以某种合同形式（form）达到建立合同关系的目的（legality）。the 7-requirements of valid contract manifested in one sentenceA man with contractual capacity （capacity）, who legally intends （legal intention) to make a lawful contract （legality） with other people must express it out genuinely （genuine consent） through offer-acceptance procedure (agreement-as procedure）to reach sort of (form) a agreement（agreement as meeting of minds) on exchange of something valuable （consideration）the tree of validitybirth of contract-from formation to termination 阶段3: 合同完全生效完全生效 合同无效无效或消灭消灭 可撤销可撤销合同 阶段2: 合同生效生效 待生效待生效合同 阶段1: 合同成立成立 STOP FOR THE TIME BEING