General embryology (I)(I)1.LangmansMedicalEmbryologywithSimbryoCD-ROM,LippincottWilliams&WilkinsPublishers9thEdition2.高英茂主编，组织胚胎学，全国八年制教材，人民卫生出版社，20063.邹仲之，李继承主编，组织学与胚胎学，人民卫生出版社，20084.组胚精品课程网站：http:/www.zjubiolab.zju.edu.cn/hec/index.doOBJECTIVES1.说明受精的过程和意义。2.试述胚胎植入的定义、过程、部位以及植入后的子宫蜕膜分部。3.试述两胚层胚盘的形成过程和组成。4.三胚层胚盘的形成和初步分化。5.胎膜、蜕膜及胎盘的结构与功能。asciencewhichstudytheprocessesandregulationsofdevelopmentofhumanfetus.(from1cell(zygote合子)to(5-7)x1012cells)total38weeks:preembryonicperiod（胚前期）:before2weeksembryonicperiod（胚期）:3-8weeksfetalperiod（胎儿期）:after9weeksFertilization（受精）Definition:theprocessbywhichthemaleandfemalegametes(spermandovum)unitetogiverisetozygotesite:intheampullaryregion（壶腹部）oftheoviductconditions:1)maturationofoocyte2)maturationofspermatozoa3)capacitation （获能）（获能）and acrosome reaction（顶体反应）（顶体反应） ofspermatozoacapacitationfactor:secretedbyepi.cellsofoviduct,capacityofreleasingacrosomeenzymes4)qualityandquantityofspermatozoa:2-6ml,100,000,000/ml,1.5ml;or30%;orcapacityformobile70%5)meetingofspermandovumwithin24 hrsProcesses of fertilization:PhaseIPenetrationofthecoronaradiata（放射冠）,acrosomalreleasePhaseIIPenetrationofthezonapellucide（透明带）ZPwithreceptorszonapellucidaspongythereleaseoflocalenzymesPhaseIIIEntrance,formationofzygoteEntryresponse1)Corticalorzonareactions-Compaction-impermeabletomoresperm2)Oocytefinishes2ndmeioticdivision3)MetabolicactivationoftheeggResultsoffertilizationDiploidGeneticsexCleavageCleavage （卵裂）（卵裂）MitosisTwocellstage(30h)Morula（桑椹胚）(72h)innercellmassembryoblastoutercellrimtrophoblastsBlastocyst（胚泡）(5d)BlastocoeleThecellsofmorulasecretefluidZonapellucidedisappearsBlastocyst （胚泡）（胚泡）innercellmassblastocoeletrophoblasts（滋养层）（胚泡腔）（内细胞群）Pubertymenstruation(28days)HormonalregulationGnRHFSHLHGranulosa/thecacellsEstrogensProgesteronesTheendometriumoftheuterusisinthesecretoryphaseUterusatTimeofImplantationImplantation（植入）-PassagethroughtheuterinetubeDay5Day11UterusOrientationofimplantationLocation-antorpost,fundusTrophoblastsoverlyingtheembryoblastpoleattachtotheendometriumandbegintoinvade.Processes zonapellucidedisappearpolartrophoblasttouchtheendometriumsecreteenzymesdissolvetheendometriumembeddedintoendometriumcoagulationplugsealthespaceImplantationsiteNormal:antorpostwalloftheuterus,fundusAbnormal:Internalosofthecervix(placentaprevia)OvarianAbdominalTubalEctopicpregnancyendometriumdecidua:-deciduabasalis（底蜕膜）（底蜕膜）-deciduacapsularis（包蜕膜）（包蜕膜）-deciduaparietalis（壁蜕膜）（壁蜕膜）conditions:-endometriumisinsecretoryphase-morulareachthecavityofuterusontime-zonapellucidedisappearsintimeIn vitrofertilisation体外受精联合胚胎移植技术（IVF）：又称试管婴儿，是指分别将卵子与精子取出后，置于试管内使其受精，再将胚胎前体-受精卵移植回母体子宫内发育成胎儿的过程。生育年龄不孕妇女，具备下列任何一项时：1经碘油造影、腹腔镜术或手术证实，各种原因引起的盆腔粘连或输卵管阻塞。2双侧输卵管切除术后或结扎术后复通失败或不愿接受复通手术。3盆腔子宫内膜异位症，反复促排卵治疗失败。4顽固性多囊卵巢综合征，经反复促排卵治疗失败。5不明原因不孕，反复促排卵治疗失败。PreimplantationGeneticDiagnosis植入前遗传学诊断(PGD)从发育到4-8细胞的胚胎中，取出一个细胞进行细胞遗传学或分子遗传学检查，再将检查结果正常的胚胎放入子宫内,以达到优生优育目的。目前主要用于已知患有遗传性疾患夫妇或高风险遗传疾患携带者（如高龄妇女）。Implantation-sinksdeeperTheoutercelllayerTrophoblastsCytotrophoblasts细胞滋养层细胞滋养层Syncytiotrophoblasts合体滋养层合体滋养层Innercellmass(embryoblast)FluidcollectionamnionEpiblasts&hypoblastsBilaminarGermDisc（二胚层胚盘）(Secondweekofdevelopment)WeektwoDay9-12ImplantationCoveredtheendometrium-fibrinplugCompleteslightbulgeTrophoblastsVacuoleswithinsyncytiotrophoblasts-fuseandformlacunarnetworksUteroplacentalcircExtra-EmbryonicMesodermBtwntroph&cavitySomatic/splanchnicWeek2Day13-14TrophoblastsPrimaryvilliYolksacPrimarytosecondaryChorionicplateConnectingstalkTheBilaminarEmbryoDiscbtwnAmnion（羊膜腔）Yolksac（卵黄囊）BilaminardiscEpiblasts（上胚层）Hypoblasts（下胚层）EndoftheWeekofTwos2majorcellmassesTrophoblastsInnercellmassTrophoblastsCytotrophoblastsSyncytiotrophoblastsEmbryonicCavitiesAmnioticcavityYolksacGermDiscEpiblastsHypoblastsTHEEND!