Unit 2 Growing pains1、deserve v. (因为行为、品行、才干)而应该得到，值得，后面加n. / pron. / to doGood work deserves good pay. 良好的工作表现应该得到丰厚的报酬。He certainly deserves to be sent to prison if he continues to do it. 如果他再继续这样做的话，的确应该被送去坐牢。Theyve been training so hard for the match. They surely deserve to win. 他们为了这次比赛一直努力训练。他们确实应该赢。 Nobody thinks he _ our help so we wont give him any hand. A. deserves B. worth C. deserve D. worths Adeserve 值得，为动词；worth 值得的，为形容词。2、 forbid vt.禁止(forbade, forbidden)forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事(不能说forbid to do)forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事My parents forbid me to stay the night out. 我父母不准我在外面过夜。Restaurants are forbidden to charge extra money for their service. 餐馆是严禁加收服务费的。Bforbid禁止；allow允许，指允许做某事，给予某人权利或特权；follow跟着，跟随；ask sb. to do sth.要求某人做某事。句意为“玛丽想独自环球旅行，可是她父母不允许她这样做。”根据句意可选择答案B。 Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself, but her parents did not _ her to do so. A. forbid B. allow C. follow D. ask3、 explain v. 解释，说明“Let me explain our new policy to you all，” the manager cleared his throat and said. “让我为大家解释我们的新政策，”经理清了清嗓子说。(explain作及物动词时不能接双宾语， 表达“向某人说明某事”应用explain sth. to sb. )She tried to explain but her husband wouldnt listen. 她试图解释，但她丈夫不愿听。explanation n. 解释，说明What is your explanation for being late? 你迟到的理由是什么？He left the room without explanation. 他未加解释就离开了房间。Athe reason后接的是一定语从句，引导词在从句中作explain的宾语，可省略。Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how to explained D. why he explainedD“向某人说明某事”应用explain sth. to sb.。 I failed again. Why not explain _ you have done your best? A. him B. him that C. that D. to him4、 fault n. 过错，错误；弱点，缺点It was my fault that we could not catch the train. 我们没能赶上火车是我的错。find fault with sb. 对某人吹毛求疵，找某人的茬儿Why do you always find fault with David? Are you jealous of him?你为什么总找戴维的茬儿？你嫉妒他吗？This machine, for all its faults, is the best at the moment. 这台机器虽有不少缺点，却是现在最好的一台。fault多指人在道德上、习惯上、性格上等的弱点或行为上的过失，强调对过失应负责任；也可指物的功能方面的缺陷。mistake 多指因缺乏正确的理解而造成的行动上、认识上的错误。Its his own fault that he failed in the exam. 考试不及格是他自己的错。Theres a fault in this building, so its not safe. 这座楼有个缺陷，所以它不太安全。You cant arrest me. There must be some mistakes. 你们不能逮捕我。这一定有什么误会。C“I dont think its my _ that the TV blew up. I just turned it on, thats all，” said the boy. A. turn B. mistake C. fault D. duty 用fault或mistake的适当形式填空His essay is full of spelling _.Why should I apologize when it is not my _？mistakesfault5、 argument n. 争论，争辩；论点，观点；论据The students had a long argument with their teachers about their uniforms. 学生们就他们校服的事和老师进行了很长时 间的辩论。argument about / over sth.关于某事物的争论 argument with sb.和某人的争论argument against / for sth.反对 / 赞成某事物的论据sb.s argument某人的观点What is their argument over? 他们在争论什么？Thats not a good argument for raising the price. 那不是涨价的好理由。The authors argument is that some of the plays were actually not written by Shakespeare. 作者的观点是：其中有些剧作实际创作者并不是莎士比亚。argue v. 争辩，争论argue about/over sth. 争论某事argue with sb. 和某人争论argue for/against sth. 争论赞成/反对某事B根据语境，该句意思应为“他们不同意这个计划的论据/理由是这个计划成本太大”。 Why dont they agree to the plan? Their main argument _ it is that it will cost too much. A. of B. against C. about D. with6、 defend vt. 防御，保卫；为辩护Some players are better at defending. 有些运动员较擅长打防卫。The labour union said that they would take action to defend their members rights and interests. 工会说他们将采取行动维护会员的权益。The accused man had a lawyer to defend him. (defend in defense of) 被告有一律师为他辩护。defend vt.“防卫，防御”，指用武力或其他手段抵御任何危险或攻击；也可用于“捍卫”，指维护意见、决定。protect vt.“保护”，强调提供某种掩护和障碍物以免受到损害，其结构为protectfrom。guard vt.“守卫”，强调看守某样东西或戒备实际或潜在的危险。We should defend our country when she is attacked. 我们要在国家被攻击的时候保卫她。The girl wore gloves to protect her hands from the cold. 这女孩戴上了手套保护手以免受冻。They guarded the house against strangers. 他们守卫着这房子以防陌生人(潜入)。Bprotectfrom 保护以免遭受危险或伤害。This medicine can _ you from the disease. A. defend B. protect C. escape D. prevent7、 tolerate vt. 容忍，忍耐，忍受tolerate (doing) sth. 容忍(做)某事tolerate sb. doing sth. 容忍某人做某事 tolerance of 对宽容；对的忍受能力be tolerant of 对容忍的用正确的介词填空On the continent people are more tolerant _ children in public places. of句意：在大陆，人们在公众场合更宽容孩子们些。be tolerant of 对容忍的。1、 now that 既然； 由于Now that Ive seen how she lives, I know why she needs so much money. 看过了她的生活状况，我才知道她为什么需要那么多的钱。Now that he is well again, he can go on with his English study. 既然恢复了健康，他就可以继续他的英语学习。_ youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon asA句意：既然你得到了机会， 就应该好好利用它。2、be supposed to 应当， 理应； 一般认为， 被看做是(往往含有“事实并非如此”的意思) Everyone is supposed to bring a bottle of beer to the party. 每个人都必须带一瓶啤酒去参加聚会。 be supposed to have done sth. 表示“本应该做某事而实际上却没有做”。He was supposed to have told me about it. 他本应该把这件事告诉我的。I havent seen it yet, but its supposed to be a very good film. 我还没看过这部电影，但一般认为这是一部很好的电影。 此外，be supposed to还可表示“意图、意旨”、“将要、打算”。The law is supposed to help the poor. 那条法律旨在帮助穷人。 Why dont you and Bill go to the movies tonight? 你和比尔今晚为什么不去看电影？ We are supposed to take care of the old woman.我们打算去照看那位老大娘。Mr. Led wasnt _ the heritor of the company according to the law.A. suppose to be B. supposing to be C. supposed to beingD. supposed to beDbe supposed to be 应该是A pet _ one of the family in the USA. A. is supposed as B. is supposed to be C. is treated to beD. is seen toBbe supposed to be 被看做是3、stay up 不睡觉， 熬夜We stayed up till after midnight to see the New Year in. 我们熬夜等着新年的到来。I stayed up last night, reading a novel from cover to cover. 我昨晚熬夜读了一整本小说。What makes you tired now? 什么事让你现在这么疲倦？ Staying up for my favourite TV programme last night. 昨晚熬夜看我最喜欢的电视节目了。Ill be home late, but please dont _ for me. A. stay indoors B. stay out C. stay up D. stay inCstay up 熬夜。4、 insist on sth./(doing) sth. 坚决要，非得要(做)某事She insisted on not telling me her telephone number. 她坚持不告诉我她的电话号码。The scientist insisted on an exact figure. 这位科学家坚持要得到一个精确的数字。insist有两个含义，其用法也不同：(1)作“坚持要；一定要”讲时，后面的从句中用虚拟语气，即“should动词原形”，其中should可省略。(2)作“坚持说；坚持认为”讲时，后面的从句中不用虚拟语气。They insisted that we (should) begin the work at once. 他们坚持要我们立刻开始工作。He insisted that he had put the file back in the case. 他坚持说他已经把文件放回到盒子里了。He has always insisted on his _ Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner. A. been called B. called C. having called D. being calledD句意：他总是坚持要别人叫他Turner医生而不是Turner先生。insist on后接名词或动名词。followed by为过去分词短语作伴随状语。而walking very slowly为现在分词短语作定语。China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.突然一道闪光过后紧跟着发出一阵巨大的响声。1、Eric runs in after it, followed by a big dog, walking very slowly.埃里克跟在后边跑了进来，身后跟着一只狗慢慢地走着。At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, _ in a small apartment near Boston and _ what to do about his future. A. living; wondering B. lived; wondering C. lived; wondered D. living; wonderedA句意：29岁时，Dave是个打工仔，住在波士顿的一个小公寓里，对前途一片迷茫。was和live以及wonder之间的时间关系应该是同时，所以后两者不能是谓语动词，否则多个用一般过去时的谓语动词在一起应该是表示3个相继发生的动作，而非同时存在的动作。那么，只能是was是谓语动词，另外两个作同时存在的伴随状语。The government plans to bring in new laws _ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. A. forced B. forcing C. to be forced D. having forcedB句意：政府打算引入一些新的法律，以促使家长们对孩子的教育承担更多责任。考查非谓语动词作定语。forcing是现在分词作定语，修饰new laws表示主动，相当于定语从句that/which force，A、C两项表示被动，D项表示主动及完成，均不合题意。此句中with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink用的是with的复合结构，这里是“with名词介词短语”的形式。The English teacher came into the classroom, with a book in her hand.英语老师手里拿着一本书走进教室。2、The room is in a mess, with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink.房间一片混乱，地上四处是比萨盒子，水池里堆着没洗的盘子。“with复合宾语(即O.O.C.)”在句子中充当状语或定语。其中宾语补足语除了可以由介词短语充当外，还可以是分词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、不定式短语。They came to a farmhouse with a big tree in front of it.他们来到一间前面有一棵大树的农舍处。(定语)They came to a farmhouse with their equipment on their backs.他们背着自己的装备，来到一所农舍前。(状语)with名名词/代代词分分词With the exams coming next week, I have no time to play.下周考试就要来临了，我没时间玩了。With their homework finished, the boys went out to play.由于作业完成了，男孩们就出去玩耍。with名名词/代代词形容形容词He likes to sleep with the door open.他喜欢睡觉时把门开着。with名名词/代代词副副词The young couple sat there in silence, with the light on, for nearly half an hour.这对年轻的夫妇开着灯一言不发坐在那儿近半个小时。with名名词/代代词不定式不定式With no one to talk to, the girl felt bored and cried under the quilt alone.没有人可以交谈，这个女孩感到很乏味并且躲在被子里哭了起来。with名名词/代代词分分词With her son still being a schoolboy, she has to work hard to support his study.儿子还在上学，她不得不努力工作以维持他的学业。John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _， he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finishedA句意：约翰收到一份宴请函，他的工作也干完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。考查with复合结构。根据句意，工作该是被完成，所以排除B、C两项。with复合结构中，所缺部分作宾补，D项只能作谓语。故选A项。窗户敞开着，我们可以感觉到凉爽的风吹到我们脸上。_With the windows open, we can feel the cool wind blowing against our face.妈妈不在家，我不得不独自做饭。 _With Mum out, I have to cook meals on my own.has his arms crossed为have/get sth. done 结构，该结构有两层含义：(1) 使某事被做(主语有意识的行为，可能是自己做，也可能让别人做)Youd better have that bad tooth pulled out.你最好把那颗蛀牙拔掉。3、 Eric sits on his bed. Daniel has his arms crossed and looks upset.埃里克坐在床上看着双臂交叉、表情气愤的丹尼尔。I must have/get my homework finished first before going out to play.出去玩之前我得把我的作业先做完。(2) 遭遇，经历(一般指不愉快的事情)He had his leg kicked in the game. 在比赛中他的腿让人踢了。have sb./ sth.do / doing / done的区别：have sb.do 等于ask / tell / arrange for sb.to do, sb.和do是主动关系；have sb./ sth.doing是指让某人/某物不停或反复做某事，或容忍某人做某事(常用于否定)，sb. / sth.和doing是主动关系；have sb./ sth.done意思是使某人/某物被(主语自己做或让别人做都可以)，也可表示遭受了损害。Ill have a workman fix it.我会安排一个工人修好它。(Ill have it fixed by a workman.)Mum wont have us making noise while she is working. ( She wont allow us to make)在她做事的时候，妈妈是不容许我们制造噪音的。It was very cold. We had the fire burning all the time. 当时天气很冷。我们就让火一直燃着。The director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting. A. picked up B. picks up C. pick up D. picking upC句意：导演让她的助理为会议去买一些热狗。考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法。have sb. /sth.后可以接do/doing/done 3种形式。本句中her assistant与pick up之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，因此用动词原形。而doing表示“经常或不停地做”；done表示“被动”，因此排除A、B、D三项。If you have illegal immigrants _ in, many local workers will lose their jobs. A. came B. coming C. to come D. having comeB句意：如果你们容忍非法移民不断涌入，当地许多工人将会失业。考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。该句是have sb. doing“容忍某人一直干某事”结构，故选B项。“wish that从句”表示无法实现的愿望，从句须用虚拟语气。4、 I still wish we could go to the cinema tomorrow though!可我还是希望我们明天能去看场电影。 但愿我像他那么富有。_I wish I were as rich as he. 我希望你跟我一起去。_I wish you would go with me.Abe supposed to do sth. 被认为该做某事。What are you doing out of bed, Tom? Youre _ to be asleep.(2011辽宁) A. supposed B. known C. thought D. considered了解句子成分与词类之间的关系(1)主语(Subject)主语是一个句子所述说的主体。在句子中可以作主语的词有：名词、代词、数词、v.ing分词、 不定式、从句等。 To master a foreign language requires time and effort.掌握一门外语需要花时间和气力的。Never in my life have I heard or seen such a thing.我一生从来未听说也从未见过这种事情句子成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。(2)谓语(Predicate)谓语是由一个动词或动词短语构成的，一般在主语之后。This book was first published in 1999. 这本书出版于1999年。They live in the suburbs of Shanghai. 他们住在上海市郊。(3)宾语(Object)宾语是谓语动词所表示的动作所及的对象。一般在谓语之后。宾语有以下几种：直接宾语：直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象。可以作直接宾语的有名词、代词、数词、v.ing分词、不定式和从句。I dont know if the news is true. 我不知道这消息是否真实。(从句)间接宾语：有些及物动词根据意义需要有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物。指人的叫间接宾语，一般用人称代词或表示人的名词表示；指物的叫直接宾语。Ill send Charles another ticket. 我会把另一张票送给查尔斯。复合宾语：有些动词除有一个宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语，句子的意义才能完整。宾语和宾语补足语合在一起组成的结构，叫做复合宾语。They made him captain of the ship. 他们让他当了船长。 (4)表语(Predictive)表语放在系动词之后，用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态。可作表语的词有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、v.ing分词、v.ed分词和从句等。I was surprised at the news. 我听到这个消息时很吃惊。(v.ed分词)(5)补语(Object complement)补语又叫宾语补足语，位于宾语之后，用以补足宾语的内容使句子意义完整。可用作补语的词有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、v.ing分词和v.ed分词等。They found the boy in the well. 他们在井里发现了这个男孩。(介词短语)(6)定语(Attribute)修饰名词、代词以及相当于名词的其他词的词、短语或从句，称为定语。可作定语的词有：形容词、代词、数词、名词、所有格、非谓语动词以及从句。This is a glorious but difficult task. 这是一个光荣而艰巨的任务。(形容词)This is the place where he was born. 这是他出生的地方。(从句)(7)状语(Adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语和状语从句以及全句的词、短语或从句称为状语，可位于句首、句中、句尾。作状语的有：副词、介词短语、不定式、分词和从句。A man is truly happy only when he is useful to society. 人只有当他对社会有用时，才会真正感到快乐。(副词、从句)Compared with yours , what Ive done leaves much to be improved. 和你相比，我做的事还有待改进。(分词)1主语谓语宾语宾语补足语状语.请指出下列句子中画线部分的句子成分1. He kept me waiting half a day.2状语主语谓语宾语宾语补足语2. Last weekend I helped my grandparents prepare their trip to Beidaihe 3主语定语谓语状语宾语3. The students who are going to take the courses have at least three years of English learning experiences.4主语谓语宾语4. What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality .5主语谓语宾语宾语补足语目的状语5. I will go to the English Corner with them to practice my spoken English.下面是一个中学生给某报编辑部写的一封信，仔细阅读并就信的内容以编辑的名义给此中学生回一封信。Dear Editor, I am an active girl, and I speak and laugh loudly in the classroom like a boy. I dont care about small matters. On the contrary, my neighbor, the girl who sits next to me, speaks quietly and dare not do the things I often do. I can understand this. What I cant stand is that she often gets angry with me about small things. How can I get along with her?Yours sincerely, Sunny注意：1回信需就原信内容给出至少三条建议(如谈心，相互理解，参加他们的生日等活动，谈论共同话题，分享快乐等)；2词数：不少于150。信的开头、结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Dear Sunny, _Good luck to you. Yours，Editor Tape【提示】这是一封建议类型的信件，在写信时应注意语气要委婉，提出的建议应准确地针对来信者提出的问题，并且提出的建议要切实可行。 首先，针对来信者提出的问题表达自己的观点，然后对所提出的问题进行一一解答，并根据所给提示，提出合理、恰当的建议。One possible version: Dear Sunny, Its very good that you want to be friends with that girl. In my opinion, youd better first have a hearttoheart talk with her because understanding each other is very important for you two. And I also think its better for you to invite her to join you and your classmates in all kinds of activities, such as birthday parties, going out for a walk, discussing some fashionable topics, and so on. Besides, helping each other is also very important for both of you. Just share happiness and sadness with her. And I believe she will understand you in time and it is certain you will be good friends in future. Good luck to you. Yours, Editor Tape代词代词代词是代替名词(人或事物)的词。人称代词：主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物物主代词反身代词Imemyminemyselfweusouroursourselvesyouyouyouryoursyourselfhehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselftheythemtheirtheirsthemselvesoneoneonesoneself指示代词： this, that, these, those 不定代词： some, many, both相互代词： each other, one another疑问代词： who, what, which关系代词(用于定语从句): which, that, who连接代词(用于名词性从句或状语从句): who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever1. 原形不定代原形不定代词all 全部(3个或以上或不可数)。each 每个(两个或以上)。every 每个(3个或以上)。both 两个都。either 两个中任意一个。neither 两个都不。none 三个或以上中没有一个。little 几乎没有一点儿，不可数名词。few 几乎没有几个，可数名词。many 许多，可数名词。much 许多，不可数名词。one 一个(其中一个)。other 别的，可数名词。 another 另一个(多者中的另一个)。 the other 另一个(两者中的另一个)。 others 其他的(多者中的)，其余。 the others 其他的(特定范围下的)，其余。some 某一个，可数或不可数名词。any 任何/一些，可数或不可数名词。no 没有，可数或不可数名词。some 常用于肯定句， 接复数可数名词或不可数名词，表“一些”；接可数名词单数表“某个”，接数词表“大约”；用于疑问句表“请求或期待对方肯定的回答”。any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连用，多用于疑问、否定或条件句，用于肯定句时表“任何(一个)”。2合成不定代合成不定代词every, any, some, no均可与one构成不定代词，连写与分写用法上有很大区别，以every和one连用为例，连写的everyone只能表人，不带of结构；分写的every one 常带of结构，既可以表人，也可以表物。这是连写和分写的不定代词用法上的基本区别。但切记no one 及none两词的用法刚好与此规律相反。即分写的no one只能表人，不带of结构；连写的none 常带of结构，既可以表人，也可以表物。简单回答中，none用以回答how many/how much提出的问题，no one 则回答who提出的问题。1one, it, that的区别。one只能代可数名词单数，表示泛指，其复数形式为ones；that既可以代可数名词又可以代不可数名词，强调与this的对应性。代可数名词时，其复数形式为those; it有明显的特指性，确定性，指代上文提到的具体事物， 既可以代可数名词又可以代不可数名词，代可数名词时，其复数形式为they/them。2each, every, both, all, either, neither, none的区别。every和each均可充当形容词，接单数可数名词，意为“每个”，但each强调个体，可以充当代词，而且可用于两个或两个以上的“每个”；every强调整体，用于三个或三个以上的“每个”，不可以充当代词。each/everynot和Not every/each均表部分否定，意为“并非每个都”。either既可以充当代词又可以充当形容词，意为“两个中的任意一个”，用法为“either单数名词或eitherof the复数名词”。但要注意其两种含义：选择性用法和兼容性用法。如：You may sit on either end of the bench.句意为“你可以坐这条凳的任意一头”，事实上“你要么坐这头要么坐那头， 因为不能同时坐两头”，此为其选择性用法。又如：Either side of the road is lined up with trees. 句意为“路的两边有树”，指的是“两边都有树”，不能理解为“这边有，那边就不能有”，此为其兼容性用法。both意为“两个都”，接并列主语，用于both A and B结构，或接可数名词复数或用于both of the 可数名词复数。bothnotnotboth为部分否定，意为“并非两个都”。其完全否定为Neither of the意为“两个都不”。all意为“三个(含)以上都”，接并列主语，接可数名词复数或用于all of the 可数名词复数结构。接可数名词单数或不可数名词时，意为“整个/所有的都”。All the books published in this press are uncopyrightable.这个出版社出版的所有书籍均无合法版权。 All the city is surrounded by water.整个城市四面环水。All the rubbish should be thrown away where further pollution wont be caused.所有垃圾应该投放到不会产生二次污染的地方。allnotnot all为部分否定，意为“并非全都”。其完全否定为none of the意为“所有的都不”。3other, the other, another, the others与others的区别。some others意为“一些另一些”，为固定句型，其中的“另一些(others)”为不确定对象；another即可以单独作代词使用，也可接可数名词单数，表示“多者中的另一个”，也是不确定对象；the other单独使用，也可接单数可数名词，只能指两者中的另一个，为确定对象； other 只能作形容词，不可单独使用，后须接可数名词复数，相当于others; the others单独使用或接可数名词复数，表一定范围中排除若干对象后剩下的其他人或物，为确定对象。4it的用法。 指代物或不明身份，不明性别的人；指代事件、时间、距离、天气；作形式主语、形式宾语；用于强调句型或指代固定短语组成部分。1. “If you want a necklace, Ill buy one for you at once.” “Oh, no. A necklace is not _ that I need most.” A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everythingB此题容易误选A，机械地套用以下规则：something 用于肯定句，anything 用于否定句或疑问句。当然此规则在通常情况下是有效的，但此句不属通常用法。此题的最佳答案应是B，something 在此的意思不是“某种东西”，而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”，即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于 the thing)。2. _ doesnt seem to have been much difficulty in solving the problem. A. It B. That C. There D. HeC许多同学一看选项便想当然地认为，这是考查形式主语 it 的用法，所以便毫不犹豫地选了A。同学们仔细想想看，假若此题选形式主语 it，那么真正的主语在哪儿呢？没有。其实，此题应选C，属 there be 句型一种比较复杂的表现形式。3. If a book is in English, _ means slow progress for you. A. as B. which C. what D. thatD此题容易误选 A或B，想当然地根据空格前的逗号认为这是非限制性定语从句。这样分析的同学，主要是忽略了前一句句首的 if。其实此题应选D，逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的意思，用作主句的主语。同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全