Unit2PeopleonthemoveGrammarandusageIntroduction and explanation: Introduction:Paragraphsareoneofthemajor“buildingblocks”ofgoodwriting.Theyareusedtoorganizeinformationinanessay,astoryoranarticle.Whenwritingparagraphs,weusuallyincludethefollowing:1.Topic:sentences:Eachparagraphshouldhaveapoint.Thisisusuallyexpressedinatopicsentence,whichclearlystateswhatinformationtheparagraphwillgive.Notallparagraphshaveatopicsentence.Thisissometimesthecasewhen,forexample,aparagraphiscontinuingatopicintroducedinthepreviousparagraph,whichcontainedatopicsentence.Thetopicsentenceisusuallythefirstsentenceofaparagraph.However,inthefirstparagraphofanessay,astoryoranarticle,thetopicsentencemayoftenaninterestingfact,aquestionoraquotation.OlderAmericanareonthemove.2.SupportingsentencesThetopicsentenceshouldbefollowedbysentenceswhichhelpexplainorproveit.Fordecades,Floridahasbeenattractingolderresidents.Infact,accordingtothenationalpopulationsurveyconductedin2000,Floridawashometothelargestpopulationofpeopleaged65andolder. Thesentencesinaparagraphshouldbelistedinanorderthatmakessense.Wecanusetransitionstolinkeachsentencestothepreviousorfollowingones.Transitionswecanuseincludeforexample,forinstance,furthermore,first,second,third,ontheotherhand,howeverandalso.3.ConcludingsentenceAparagraphshouldendwithonesentencethatrespectsthetopicinanewway.Wecanalsousetheconcludingsentencetoexpressafinalideaaboutthetopicortohelpintroducethetopicofthenextparagraph.AcrosstheUSA,peoplearenoticingthesamething:youngpeoplewanttoliveincities.4.AhookReadthesecondparagraphunderthesubtitleof“Brightlights,bigcity”andidentifythetopicsentenceandsupportingsentencesinit.Whyaquestionisusedatthebeginningoftheparagraph,andwhetherthequestion“wherearealltheyoungpeople”isthetopicsentenceoftheparagraphornot.Askthestudentstofindouttheanswertothisquestion:therearealmostnoyoungpeopleinasmallMidwesterntown;theyhaveallmovedtoliveincities.Aquestioninsteadofanaffirmativesentenceherecancatchreaderseyesandmakereadermoreinterestedinthetopic.Aquestionlikethisiscalledahook.Exercises:1).ReadboththeinstructionsandPart1inthissection.Makesurethatyouknowwhatfunctionofatopicsentenceiswhatahookis.Then,readthetwoparagraphsinPartAandidentifythetopicsentenceforeachone.Answers:A1.A2.B2).Readpart2tolearnmoreaboutthesupportingsentencesandtheirfunction.ThenreadthetwoparagraphsinpartAagainandpointoutthesupportingsentencesaswellasthetransitionswordsorphrasesinthem.3).Readpart3tounderstandwhataconcludingsentenceis.ThenreadtheparagraphinpartB.First,youshouldaddtransitiontocompletetheparagraph,andthenpointoutthetopicandconcludingsentences.Answers:B(1)Atfirst(2)Then(3)but(4)so(5)However(6)Finally(7)After4).Findout（underline）thetopicsentencesofthefollowingshortpassages:Nowmoreandmorepeoplehaverealizedhowserioustheproblemis.Ourgovernmentisdoingitsbesttotakemeasurestofightagainstpollution.Wevedoneagooddealofwork,butheresstillalongwaytogo.Wemustkeeponfightinguntilwefindwaystoprotecttheenvironmentfrombeingpolluted,anddoawaywithpollution.Wearesurethatwellwinthebattle.Goodbye,waterpollution! _ABLanguagelearningbeginswithlistening.Childrenaregreatlydifferentintheamountoflisteningtheydobeforetheystartspeaking,andlaterstartersareoftenlonglisteners.Mostchildrenwill“obey”spokeninstructionssometimebeforetheycanspeak,thoughtheword“obey”ishardlyaccurateasadescriptionoftheeageranddelightedcooperationusuallyshownbythechild.Beforetheycanspeak,manychildrenwillalsoaskquestionsbygestureandbymakingquestioningnoises._Language points1. Not all paragraphs have a topic sentence.（P24）并不是所有的段落都有中心句。并不是所有的段落都有中心句。英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：示方法： 一、一、 all 的否定式：的否定式：not all（或：（或：allnot）表）表示示并非都并非都、不是所有的都不是所有的都例如：例如： Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。并非人人都能当头头。 Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长并非所有的竹子都会长很高。很高。 二、二、 both 的否定式的否定式：notboth (或：或：both not) 并非两个并非两个都都 例如：例如： I dont want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。我不是两本书都要。 Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都两扇窗子并不都开着。开着。 三、三、 every的否定式：的否定式：不是每不是每都都 例例如：如： Not every book is educative. (或：或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。不是每本书都有教育意义的。 Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这并非人人都喜欢这本书。本书。 This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随这花并不是随处可见的。处可见的。 四、四、 always的否定式：的否定式：并非总是（并非一直）并非总是（并非一直） 例如：例如： He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。他并不是一直都这样悲伤。 五、五、 entirely, altogether, completely 和和quite 的否定的否定式：式：不完全不完全，并非完全并非完全 例如：例如： The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可不可以完全信任商人。以完全信任商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。他并不完全满意。 I dont agree completely. 我并不完全同意。我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥他做的不十分妥当。当。 六、六、 all the time 的否定式：的否定式：“并非一直并非一直”、“未未必老是必老是” 例如：例如： A foolish man doesnt make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。笨人未必老是犯错误。 七、七、 notand的否定式，被否定的往往是的否定式，被否定的往往是and后后面的那一部分。面的那一部分。 例如：例如： He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚他讲得清楚但不正确。但不正确。 This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影这部电影有趣但无教育意义。有趣但无教育意义。 She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。她会唱歌但不会跳舞。 如果将如果将and 换成换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。否定了。2. For decades, Florida has been attracting older residents.Grammar point: present perfective progressive(现在完成进行时现在完成进行时)1.CathyistakingnotesofthegrammaticalrulesinclassatSunshineSchool,whereshe_Englishforayear.（2007湖南）湖南）A.studiesB.studiedC.isstudyingD.hasbeenstudyingD2.Ihavegotaheadache.Nowonder.Youinfrontofthatcomputertoolong.（2007江西）江西）A.workB.areworkingC.havebeenworkingD.worked3.Iwonttellthestudenttheanswertothemathproblemuntilhe_onitformorethananhour.(2006湖北）湖北）A.hasbeenworkingB.willhaveworkedC.willhavebeenworkingD.hadworkedCAHomeworkReview the grammar:The elements of a paragraph.同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全