Unit 3 Beauty Image Cosmetic or Aesthetic SurgerynAesthetic Surgery involves techniques intended for the enhancement of appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal.nIn 2006, nearly 11 million cosmetic surgeries were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetics procedures performed in the United States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century. nNearly 12 million cosmetic surgeries were performed in 2007, with the five most common being breast augmentation, liposuction, nasal surgery, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The increased use of cosmetic surgery crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business.The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures are listed below. Most of these types of surgery are more commonly known by their common names. These are also listed when pertinent.nAbdominoplasty (or tummy tuck): reshaping and firming of the abdomen nBlepharoplasty (or eyelid surgery): Reshaping of the eyelids or the application of permanent eyeliner, including Asian blepharoplasty nMammoplasty nBreast augmentation (breast enlargement or boob job): Augmentation of the breasts. This can involve either fat grafting, saline or silicone gel prosthetics. Initially performed to women with micromastia nBreast reduction: Removal of skin and glandular tissue. Indicated to reduce back and shoulder pain in women with gigantomastia and/or for psychological benefit in women with gigantomastia/macromastia and men with gynecomastia. nBreast lift (Mastopexy): Lifting or reshaping of breasts to make them less saggy, often after weight loss (after a pregnancy, for example). It involves removal of breast skin as opposed to glandular tissue or scarless Serdev suture technique nButtock Augmentation (or butt augmentation or butt implants): Enhancement of the buttocks. This procedure can be performed by using silicone implants or fat grafting and transfer from other areas of the body. nButtock lift (or butt lift or brazilian butt lift): Lifting, projection, tightening of the buttocks. This procedure can be performed by using the scarless Serdev suture technique without implants. 10 nChemical peel: Minimizing the appearance of acne, pock, and other scars as well as wrinkles (depending on concentration and type of agent used, except for deep furrows), solar lentigines (age spots, freckles), and photodamage in general. Chemical peels commonly involve carbolic acid (Phenol), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), glycolic acid (AHA), or salicylic acid (BHA) as the active agent. nRhinoplasty (or nose job): Reshaping of the nose nOtoplasty (or ear surgery): Reshaping of the ear. Most often done by pinning the ear closer to the head. nRhytidectomy (or face lift): Removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face nSuction-Assisted Lipectomy (or liposuction): Removal of fat from the body nBrow lift: higher brow position by surgical or scarless Serdev suture nChin augmentation: Augmentation of the chin with an implant (e.g. silicone), by sliding genioplasty of the jawbone, or by suture of the soft tissue. nCheek augmentation by suture Serdev suture nCheek lift/Midface lift using scarless suture technique. nCollagen, fat, and other tissue filler injections (e.g. hyaluronic acid) nLaser skin resurfacingReading 1 n1. Why do you think the youths are concerned about the appearance? n2. What is beauty? Is there a standard to evaluate it? n3. Why does the author think the sense of insecurity about look is a common phenomenon? n4. Where do the pressures that make people worry about appearance come from? n5. Whats authors attitude towards the exaggerated concern about body image? n6. How would you describe your own looks using appropriate words in this text?n7. Do you think it is easier for better-looking people to receive better job?understandingReading 1 nPara. 1n“eyes that previously looked large may appear smaller because theyve remained the same size while the other features have grown.”nEyes normally dont grow as much as other features so they may appear smaller when people grow up.Language ExplanationnTexture: n1. the way a surface, substance or fabric feels when you touch it, for example, how rough, smooth, hard or soft it is n2. the way food or drink tastes or feels in your mouth, for example, whether it is rough, smooth, light, heavy, etc. n3. the way that different parts of a piece of music or literature are combined to create a final impressionnSpot: n1. a small round area that has a different colour or feels different from the surface it is onn2. a small mark or lump on a persons skin, sometimes with a yellow head to itnPara. 2n“You only have to look at those around you to realize that people are attracted by every possible physical type.”nIf you look at those around you, you can easily find that people have a wide variety of tastes on physical types.nGuess the meaning of “slanting” from “large” and “round”, “inscrutable” from “lustrous”nGuess the meaning of “sloping” from “square”nFrom the comparison, we find many pairs of antonymsnNeat: small, with a pleasing shape or appearancePara. 3n“Girls who are tall usually long to be dainty and small, and vice versa.”nLong: be eager tonDainty: (guess from the meaning of “small”) of people and things small and delicate in a way that people find attractive 娇小的；娇美的；精致的；小巧的nVice versa: used to say that the opposite of what you have just said is also truene.g. women may bring their husbands with them, and vice versan(means that men may also bring their wives with them)Para. 4n“Youre being conditioned into feeling as you do” n(the cue lies in the following sentence)nYou dont automatically feel that image is so important but are influenced by the ambient pressures.nBombard you with warnings about: offer you a great deal of warnings aboutnBad breath: unpleasant smelling breathn“Your parents may become involved in this process too, by encouraging you to think about your appearance.”nYour parents may encourage you to pay attention to appearance. This behavior also increases the pressure on you which makes you be more anxious about your looks.nPara. 5n“The way you see yourself in your minds eye may not even be accurate.”nWhat are you like in your own imagination may not be correct.nEven: used to introduce a more exact description of sb/sthn“For instance total appearance” What are the two instances going to illustrate?nThe instances intend to indicate that people tend to focus too much on their defects in appearance and neglect judging from the totality.n“It would be foolish to suggest that looks dont matter at all, but everyone knows people with all kinds of beauty handicaps a squint, bad skin, or a large nose who nonetheless have easy, loving relationships.”npeople with all kinds of beauty handicaps:npeople having different types of defects in looksnWhole: We should admit that looks are important. However, we know that some people who have defects in looks - a squint, bad, skin, or a large nose - do have easy and loving relationships.nWhats your understanding of “self-acceptance”? (From the following sentences)nDont always be fussy about the defects in your looks and compare yourself with people around you. Accept what you have and make the best of yourself.nThe main idea of Para. 5nPeople should not focus too much on their defects in looks but make the best of themselves.Reading 2n1.Who were the subjects of the Deakin University study by Ms. Thomas?n2. What were the findings of the previous Deaking study?n3.How did Dr. Coventry comment on Ms. Thomass study?n4. According to Ms. Thomas, what should children be taught about their bodies? n5. How did Dr. Foulkes feel at the result of the recent study? understandingReading 2nAnorexia nervosa is a psychiatric illness that describes an eating disorder characterized by extremely low body weight and body image distortion with an obsessive fear of gaining weight. Individuals with anorexia nervosa are known to control body weight commonly through the means of voluntary starvation, excessive exercise, or other weight control measures such as diet pills or diuretic (利尿的) drugs. While the condition primarily affects adolescent females, approximately 10% of people with the diagnosis are male. Anorexia nervosa, involving neurobiological, psychological, and sociological components, is a complex condition that can lead to death in the most severe cases.nQ1: Which gender is more prone to suffer from anorexia nervosa?nQ2: How many disciplines (学科) are involved in this illness?InformationReading 2 nTitle: weigh heavily on: to make sb very anxious or worriedn同时weigh heavily on又和fat呼应nPara. 1n“Almost as many boys reported dieting as girls and many of the children surveyed”nAlmost as many boys as girls who were dieting as reported and many of the children who were surveyednPara. 2n have describe the findings as highly alarmingnDescribe/consider/ sth. as + adj. ne.g. describe you as enthusiastic nAlarming: causing worry and fearnWhole: were shocked by the findingsLanguage ExplanationnPara. 3n“Dietary behavior is one of the main factors predisposing a person to eating disorders”nPeoples behavior about diet is one of the most important factors that probably makes them suffer from eating disorders.nPara. 4nAnorexia nervosa:n(guess from the former appositive 同位语)nA form of the potentially fatal slimming disordernFatal: causing or ending in deathnPara. 5 honours student: a student recognized for achieving high grades or high marks in their course worknPara. 7 minor concerns: nslight worries though most part of the issue goes wellnPara. 8 non the top half (of the leg): thighnPara. 12 purge: to throw up the food / to vomitnExtended meaning: to make yourself/sb/sth pure, healthy or clean by getting rid of bad thoughts or feelingsne.g. How can I purge this shame from my heart?我怎么能从心头除去这一耻辱？nCatholics go to confession to be purged of sin / purge ( away ) their sin / purge their souls of sin天主教徒透过告解以获得赦罪净化灵魂nPara. 14n“At risk of developing an eating disorder”nIn danger of getting eating disordernPara. 17nWorrying: that makes you worrynV+ing: adj. that makes sbingnV+ed: adj. ning形式表示事物本身性质(客观性),ed形式表示人的感受(主观性)ne.g. surprising v.s. surprisednexciting v.s. excitednterrifying v.s. terrifiednPara. 19nOnset: the beginning of sth, especially sth unpleasantnEarly onset: medicine the symptom occurs at an early agenPara. 22n“One-in-four children chose ideal body figures thinner than their perceived actual body.”nOne fourths of the children chose the ideal body figures in their minds which were thinner than their own figures noticed by others.nPara. 26nWhy did Thomas give us such an example of the kids response?nThe kids are seriously influenced by the adults at home. The environment in which fat is scared of made the kids learn more about this issue unconsciously.nPara. 28nWhen: althoughne.g. They kept trying when they must have known it was hopeless.nPara. 30n“Its an indictment on all of us.”nAll of us in the eating disorder program should be blamed because we form such bad social climate that lead to childrens worry on this issue at an early age.Reading 3n1.Whats the direct reason for the author to decide to lose weight? n2. Why did the author get so angry when her father asked her to eat the steak? n3. What made the author realize she had problem? understandingReading 3nPara. 1-4 The compliment from people around made the author decide to lose more weight and thats the start of her anorexia.nPara. 5-10 The authors mental state become distorted when the weight losing cant satisfy her any more even she was very thin already.nPara. 11-14 The author reflected upon herself after realizing she was hurting people she loved and came to a conclusion that she couldnt let the disease control her life.nPara. 15 Now the author is on the way of recovery and she begins to feel much better.StructureReading 3 nStraight-A student: (guess from para.12)nthe student who got A in all the subjectsn“Very together” teenager:nwell organized and confident teenagerLanguage ExplanationnPara. 2n“It all started innocently enough”: nIt started unconsciously.n1磅=0.453599公斤=0.907198斤nStand to: used especially with can/could to say that sb/sth can survive sth or can tolerate sth without being hurt or damaged （尤与 can 或 could 连用）经受，承受，经得起nPara. 3nCoke-and-chips marathon: nthe restless eating of coke and chipsnPara. 4n“I was raised with the message that there is always room for improvement, so I figured if five pounds gets this much notice, just think what 10 will do!”nIn my process of growth, I was educated that there is always room for improvement. I lost five pounds and got so much notice, why dont I try to lose 10!n“I figure that was the moment I took off down the road to anorexia.”nI think that was start of my getting closer to anorexia.nPara. 7n“Instead of seeing the logical conclusion, which was that I was taking this too far, I started feeling that I was failing and needed to try harder.”nThe logical conclusion of no more compliment is that I did it beyond reasonable limits, but I hadnt realize it and thought that I should try harder to lose more weight.nPara. 8nBelittle: be- is the prefix which means to make or treat sb/sth as / to cause sth to bene.g. bewilder / beguile 欺骗 / belie 掩盖，造成假象n“The truth is, all happiness had long ago slipped away, and my whole being was devoted to the moments of success that I felt when I lost another pound.”nThe truth is: but I didnt control myselfnWhole: All happiness had left me long ago, and what I pursuit is only the delight achieved from losing weight.nPara. 9n“It was there, just not able to talk louder than my illness.”nThe sense of doing wrong did exist, but it was so weak in the face of anorexia.nPara. 10nPut them off: to make excuses to them in order to avoid a duty. 搪塞nPara. 11n“He would not take no for an answer.”nHe didnt allow me to say no.n“This thing sitting on my plate had become my worst enemy.”npersonificationn“Those words pushed a button in me and I no longer cared about him or his feelings.”nMy fathers sayings elicit the anger in me and I go insane without the consideration of his feelings.nPara. 15nNow that: since, as long asReading 4nHow did Sophie in a size 14 become a supermodel? nWhat feature of Sophie makes biggest impression on the model agency? nWhat was Sophie required to be like after she became a model? understandingReading 4nVogue is a fashion and lifestyle magazine published in eighteen countries by Cond Nast Publications. Each month, Vogue publishes a magazine addressing topics of fashion, life and design.culturenVogue was described by book critic Caroline Weber in The New York Times in December 2006 as the worlds most influential fashion magazine:nVogue is to our era what the idea of God was. Revered（崇敬）for its editorial excellence and its visual panache（潇洒）, the magazine has long functioned as a bible for anyone worshiping luxury, celebrity and style. And while we perhaps take for granted the extent to which this trinity dominates consumer culture today, Vogues role in catalyzing（催化）its rise to pre-eminence cannot be underestimated.nVogue is most famous as a presenter of images of high fashion and high society, but it also publishes writings on art, culture, politics, and ideas. It has also helped to enshrine the fashion model as celebrity. Vogue is regularly criticized, along with the fashion industry it writes about, for valuing wealth, social connections, and low body weight over more noble achievements.nVogue is widely published; today, it is published in 24 countriesnQ1: What is the content of Vogue?nQ2: Why is it criticized?nSummary of Para. 236n(see exercise Check your comprehension B)nPara. 2 Sophie is a rather big girl on the supermodel standardnPara. 3 She is quite normal outside fashion business and she impresses people more by her smiles, eyes and arms.nPara. 6 Sophie was discovered unexpectedly but naturallyReading 4 nPara. 1n“She stands out like a lighthouse, beaming the dangerous message that she is different: Not just bigger than everybody else around her, but somehow more alive.”nShe is bigger and more alive than the average supermodels which make her unique, but these special qualities may bring her objections.Language ExplanationPara. 2nSize 14nFrom “break the supermodel mould” we know that “size 14” is bigger than normal among supermodels.nStatuesque: usually used about a woman tall and beautiful in an impressive way; like a statuen-esque: of quality, in the style ofne.g. picturesque Jordan-esquentraffic-stopping: very large in size which can stop the trafficnbillow around her: rise to surround hernfreak: a person, an animal, a plant or a thing that is not physically normalnPara. 3nby catwalk standards: by the standards of a modelnweave across the crowded offices: move between and around the crowded things in the officesPara.4nWoolly passion-killer: nthough tights are sexy, the snagged ones badly weaken the degree of attraction and make others lose passion on the wearern“an inch of brown regrowth has appeared at the roots of her straight blonde hair.”nShe has dyed her hair blonde but now the newly grown hair with the brown colour can be seen at the roots.nPara. 5n“A chance meeting released her from an unhappy secretarial course and shot her to fame.”nShe once learned secretarial course which made her unhappy. A meeting which was not planned changed her life and made her famous.nPara. 6nGet out of a cab struggling with her shopping bags:nGet out of a taxi and try hard to carry her shopping bags which are too many to hold easily.nPara. 7 nThe body of a playboy bunny: the body with hot figure nPlayboy bunny: A Playboy Bunny is a waitress at the Playboy Club