Lesson 2 THE CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS无机化合物分类无机化合物分类1严选课件chemist 化学家化学家equation 方程式方程式become 适合，与适合，与相称相称aqueous 水的水的radical 基，根，原子基，根，原子团balance 天平，平衡天平，平衡acidic 酸的，酸性的酸的，酸性的substance 物物质anhydride 酐sour 酸的，酸味的；酸的，酸味的；变酸酸basic anhydride 碱碱酐taste 味道，气味，味味道，气味，味觉negative 负的，阴的的，阴的lemon 柠檬檬acid radical 酸根酸根orange 柑，桔；橙色柑，桔；橙色share 共享，分享共享，分享citric 柠檬的檬的transfer 转移移citric acid 柠檬酸檬酸 coordinate 配位配位 citrus 柑桔属柑桔属coordinate valence 配配键lactic 乳的乳的hydronium ion 水合水合氢离子离子lactic acid 乳酸乳酸词汇词汇2严选课件litmus 石蕊石蕊 soapy 肥皂般的，滑肥皂般的，滑腻的的 litmus paper 石蕊石蕊试纸slippery 滑的滑的 dye 染料染料 neutralization 中和中和 soak 浸泡，浸浸泡，浸渍evaporation 蒸蒸发 enable 使使能能够 positive 正的，阳的正的，阳的 indicator 指示指示剂 positive ion 正离子正离子 methyl 甲基甲基 negative ion 负离子离子 methyl orange 甲基橙甲基橙 lattice 格子，点格子，点阵 phenolphthalein 酚酚酞 crystal lattice 晶格晶格react (with, on) 反反应 electrovalent 电价的价的 strong acid 强强酸酸 orient 定向，取向定向，取向 ionize 离子化，离子化，电离离 pattern 模型，形式模型，形式 bitter 苦味苦味 3严选课件 The Classes of Compounds 1.Thousands and tens of thousands of compounds are known to the chemist today. It would be impossible to learn properties and behavior of even a fraction of this number if it had to be done on the basis of individual compounds. Fortunately, most chemical compounds can be grouped together in a few classes. Then, if we can properly classify a compound, we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound from knowledge of the properties of that class or group of compounds. For example, HCl is classed as an acid, and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a distinct class, we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound. A great many of the compounds we are to study may be classified as acids, bases, salts, metallic oxides, or nonmetallic oxides. Of these five classes of compounds, the first three-acids, bases, and salts-are by far the most important.4严选课件The Classes of Compounds Thousands and tens of thousands of compounds are known to the chemist today. 化合物分类化合物分类现今，化学家知道了成千上万的化合物。现今，化学家知道了成千上万的化合物。 thousands and tens of thousands成千上万 be known to被所知chem(o) 化学（的） chemistry 化学 chemical 化学的，化学药品 chemosynthesis 化学合成5严选课件 It would be impossible to learn properties and behavior of even a fraction of this number if it had to be done on the basis of individual compounds. 如如果果根根据据个个别别化化合合物物来来了了解解这这么么多多化化合合物物的的性性质质，即即使使其其中中的的一一小小部部分分也也是是不不可可能的。能的。a fraction of 一小部分on the basis of 根据, 在基础上6严选课件 Fortunately, most chemical compounds can be grouped together in a few classes. 幸运的是，大多数化合物能够组合在一起分成几类。幸运的是，大多数化合物能够组合在一起分成几类。7严选课件 Then, if we can properly classify a compound, we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound from knowledge of the properties of that class or group of compounds. 那么，如果我们能够恰当地将一个化合物归类，我们立那么，如果我们能够恰当地将一个化合物归类，我们立刻就能从这类化合物的性质来了解这个化合物的一般性刻就能从这类化合物的性质来了解这个化合物的一般性质。质。 be aware of 知道，意识到8严选课件 For example, HCl is classed as an acid, and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a distinct class, we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound. become (be) familiar with熟悉，通晓例如，盐酸归类为酸，由于已熟悉作为不同类别例如，盐酸归类为酸，由于已熟悉作为不同类别的酸的性质，我们就会立即知道这一化合物的一的酸的性质，我们就会立即知道这一化合物的一般性质。般性质。9严选课件 A great many of the compounds we are to study may be classified as acids, bases, salts, metallic oxides, or nonmetallic oxides. Of these five classes of compounds, the first three-acids, bases, and salts-are by far the most important. 我我们们将将要要研研究究的的众众多多化化合合物物可可以以分分类类为为酸酸、碱碱、盐盐、金金属属氧氧化化物物或或非非金金属属氧氧化化物物。这这五五类类化化合合物物中中的的前前三三类类酸、碱和盐是最重要的。酸、碱和盐是最重要的。 a great （good）many of 很多，大量10严选课件 2. When an acid, base, or salt is dissolved in water the resulting solution is a conductor of the electric current and is termed an electrolyte. If no conduction of current occurs, the compound is known as a nonelectrolyte.11严选课件 2. When an acid, base, or salt is dissolved in water the resulting solution is a conductor of the electric current and is termed an electrolyte. If no conduction of current occurs, the compound is known as a nonelectrolyte. 酸酸、碱碱或或盐盐溶溶于于水水中中得得到到的的溶溶液液是是电电流流的的导导体体，它它们们被被定定义义为为电电解解质质。如如果果没没有有电电流流的的传传导导发发生生，这这种化合物被称为非电解质。种化合物被称为非电解质。conductor 导体electric current 电流term 被称作electrolyte/nonelectrolyte 电解质，非电解质12严选课件 3. Classification of Common Compounds By looking at the chemical formulas we may classify many common compounds in the following way. 1. Acids, in the conventional sense, may be recognized by noting that the H is written first in the formula and that the rest of the compound is generally nonmetallic. Ex., HCl, H2SO4, HClO. 2. Conventional bases have OH radicals written last in the formula. The first part of the formula is usually a metal. Ex., NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Fe(OH)3. 3. A salt consists of a metal, written first, combined with a non-metal or radical written last in a formula. Ex., NaCl, Fe2(SO4)3, Ca(ClO)2. 4. Oxides are compounds containing oxygen and only one other element.13严选课件 Classification of Common Compounds By looking at the chemical formulas we may classify many common compounds in the following way. 普通化合物分类普通化合物分类 我我们们可可以以根根据据化化学学式式按按着着下下面面的的方方法法分分类类许许多多普普通化合物。通化合物。Class n, 类别Classify Vt.分类 Classification n. 分类14严选课件 1. Acids, in the conventional sense, may be recognized by noting that the H is written first in the formula and that the rest of the compound is generally nonmetallic. Ex., HCl, H2SO4, HClO. in the conventional sense按传统的观念（常识） 1.按按传传统统的的观观念念，可可以以通通过过在在分分子子式式中中将将H写写在在第第一一位位并并且且化化合合物物中中的的其其余余部部分分通通常常是是非非金金属属来来辨辨认认出出酸酸，例例如，如， HCl, H2SO4, HClO。 15严选课件 2. Conventional bases have OH radicals written last in the formula. The first part of the formula is usually a metal. Ex., NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Fe(OH)3. 2. 传传统统碱碱的的分分子子式式中中将将OH基基写写在在最最后后面面。分分子子式式的的第第一一部部分分通通常常是是一一种种金金属属。例如，例如， NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Fe(OH)3。 16严选课件 3. A salt consists of a metal, written first, combined with a non-metal or radical written last in a formula. Ex., NaCl, Fe2(SO4)3, Ca(ClO)2. 3. 盐盐的的分分子子式式由由写写在在第第一一位位的的金金属属和和写写在在最最后后一一位位的的非非金金属属或或原原子子团团组组成成。例例如如，NaCl, Fe2(SO4)3, Ca(ClO)2。 17严选课件 4. Oxides are compounds containing oxygen and only one other element.4. 氧氧化化物物是是由由氧氧和和唯唯一一一一种种其其它它元元素素组组成成的的化化合合物。物。18严选课件 4. If the element other than oxygen is a nonmetal, the oxide classed as a nonmetal oxide or an acidic anhydride. The latter name comes about because water added to nonmetal oxides under certain conditions produces acids. Likewise, if water is removed from an acid containing oxygen, the acid anhydride (without water) results.19严选课件 If the element other than oxygen is a nonmetal, the oxide classed as a nonmetal oxide or an acidic anhydride. other than 除了，不同于除了，不同于anhydride 酐酐 anhydr(o)脱水，无水，酐脱水，无水，酐 anhydration脱水，干化脱水，干化 anhydrous 无水的无水的 anhydroglucose脱水葡萄糖脱水葡萄糖 如如果果除除氧氧以以外外的的元元素素是是非非金金属属，这这种种氧氧化化物物被被称称为为非非金金属氧化物或酸酐。属氧化物或酸酐。20严选课件 The latter name comes about because water added to nonmetal oxides under certain conditions produces acids. 酸酸酐酐的的名名称称来来源源于于在在一一定定条条件件下下将将水水加加到到非非金金属属氧化物中能够生成酸。氧化物中能够生成酸。come about 产生，发生，出现21严选课件 Likewise, if water is removed from an acid containing oxygen, the acid anhydride (without water) results. 同同样样，如如果果将将水水从从含含氧氧酸酸中中除除去去，就就会会生生成成酸酸酐酐（没没水）。水）。 acid containing oxygen含氧酸22严选课件 5. The other class of oxides, metallic oxides or basic anhydrides, consist of oxygen combined with a metal. When water is added under proper conditions to basic anhydrides, bases result and vice versa.23严选课件 The other class of oxides, metallic oxides or basic anhydrides, consist of oxygen combined with a metal. basic anhydride 碱酐 另另一一类类氧氧化化物物，金金属属氧氧化化物物或或碱碱酐酐，由由氧氧和和一种金属组成。一种金属组成。24严选课件 When water is added under proper conditions to basic anhydrides, bases result and vice versa. 在在合合适适的的条条件件下下将将水水加加到到碱碱酐酐中中就就会会产产生生碱碱，反之亦然。反之亦然。 vice versa 反之亦然25严选课件 6 Acids All acids in the conventional sense contain hydrogen, which may be replaced by metals. The negative portion of the acid molecule is composed of a nonmetal or a radical (negative valence group). These negative valence groups (except oxide and hydroxide) are often referred to acid radicals. All acids are covalent compounds in which the atoms are held together by a sharing of electrons. When an acid is dissolved in water, ions are formed as a result of the transfer of a hydrogen ion (proton) from the acid molecule to the water molecule-for example,26严选课件 Acids All acids in the conventional sense contain hydrogen, which may be replaced by metals. 酸酸 按按传传统统意意义义，所所有有酸酸都都含含有有氢氢，并并且且氢氢能能够被金属取代。够被金属取代。27严选课件 The negative portion of the acid molecule is composed of a nonmetal or a radical (negative valence group). 酸酸分分子子中中负负电电部部分分由由一一种种非非金金属属或或原原子子团团(负价基团负价基团)组成。组成。Radical 根、原子团28严选课件 These negative valence groups (except oxide and hydroxide) are often referred to acid radicals. 这这些些负负价价基基团团（除除氧氧化化物物和和氢氢氧氧化化物物外外)通常被定义为酸根。通常被定义为酸根。 valence 化合价acid radicals 酸根29严选课件 All acids are covalent compounds in which the atoms are held together by a sharing of electrons. 所所有有酸酸都都是是共共价价化化合合物物，在在化化合合物物中中原原子子通过电子共享结合在一起。通过电子共享结合在一起。 covalent compounds共价化合物30严选课件 When an acid is dissolved in water, ions are formed as a result of the transfer of a hydrogen ion (proton) from the acid molecule to the water molecule-for example, 当当酸酸溶溶于于水水中中，酸酸分分子子中中的的氢氢离离子子（质质子子）从酸中迁移到水分子中形成离子，例如：从酸中迁移到水分子中形成离子，例如： 31严选课件 7. This is a case of coordinate valence, in which an unused pair of electrons from the water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to from a hydronium ion. The hydronium ion is a hydrated hydrogen ion or proton ( H+ H2O) and, while the ionization of acids in aqueous solution depends on its formation, we shall ordinarily use the simple H+ in writing equations. Such equations are thereby simplified and easier to balance.32严选课件 This is a case of coordinate valence, in which an unused pair of electrons from the water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. 这这是是配配位位键键的的一一个个例例子子，在在配配位位键键中中水水分分子子中中未未被被使使用用的的电电子子对对同同氢氢离离子子结结合合形形成成水水合合氢氢离离子。子。coordinate valence 配位键 combine with 与结合hydronium ion 水合氢离子33严选课件 The hydronium ion is a hydrated hydrogen ion or proton ( H+ H2O) and, while the ionization of acids in aqueous solution depends on its formation, we shall ordinarily use the simple H+ in writing equations. Such equations are thereby simplified and easier to balance. 水水合合氢氢离离子子是是一一种种含含水水的的氢氢离离子子或或质质子子( H+ H2O) ，并并且且酸酸通通过过形形成成水水合合氢氢离离子子在在水水溶溶液液中中电电离离，在在书书写写方方程程式式时时，我我们们通通常常写写成成简简单单的的H+ 。因因此此，方方程程式式被被简化了，并且更容易配平。简化了，并且更容易配平。hydronium ion = hydrated hydrogen ion 水合氢离子Hydrate 与水化合 ；Hydrated 与水化合的，含水的Ionization 离子化、电离Equations 方程式Thereby 因此34严选课件 8. The chief characteristic of an acid is its ability to furnish hydrogen ions (protons); therefore, an acid is usually defined as a substance which may furnish protons.35严选课件 The chief characteristic of an acid is its ability to furnish hydrogen ions (protons); therefore, an acid is usually defined as a substance which may furnish protons. furnish 提供，供给 be defined as 定义为 酸酸的的主主要要性性质质是是能能够够提提供供氢氢离离子子（质质子子），因因此，酸通常被定义为能够提供质子的物质。此，酸通常被定义为能够提供质子的物质。36严选课件 9. Properties of Acids. In general, aqueous solutions of acids are characterized by the following properties: 1. They have a sour taste. Lemons, oranges, and other citrus fruits owe their sour taste to the presence of citric acid; the taste of sour milk is due to the presence of lactic acid. 2. They turn blue litmus paper red. Litmus is a dye which has a red color in acid solution and a blue color in basic solution; paper which has been soaked in litmus is referred to as litmus paper. Substances of this type, which enable us to determine whether a given solution is acid or basic, are called indicators. Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are other indicators frequently used by chemists. 3. They react with certain metals to produce hydrogen. Reactions of this type were studied in connection with the preparation of hydrogen. 4. They react with bases to produce salts and water.37严选课件 Properties of Acids. In general, aqueous solutions of acids are characterized by the following properties: 酸的性质。通常，酸的水溶液具有下面的性质：酸的性质。通常，酸的水溶液具有下面的性质： aqueous 水的 properties 性质38严选课件 1. They have a sour taste. Lemons, oranges, and other citrus fruits owe their sour taste to the presence of citric acid; the taste of sour milk is due to the presence of lactic acid. 1. 它它们们有有酸酸味味。柠柠檬檬、橙橙子子和和其其它它柑柑桔桔属属水水果果由由于于含含有有柠柠檬檬酸酸而而有有酸酸味味；酸酸牛牛奶的酸味是由于乳酸的存在。奶的酸味是由于乳酸的存在。 39严选课件 2. They turn blue litmus paper red. Litmus is a dye which has a red color in acid solution and a blue color in basic solution; paper which has been soaked in litmus is referred to as litmus paper. 2. 它它们们使使蓝蓝色色石石蕊蕊试试纸纸变变红红。石石蕊蕊是是一一种种在在酸酸溶溶液液中中显显红红色色，在在碱碱溶溶液液中中显显蓝蓝色色的的染染料料；已已经经被被浸渍在石蕊中的纸称为石蕊试纸。浸渍在石蕊中的纸称为石蕊试纸。40严选课件 Substances of this type, which enable us to determine whether a given solution is acid or basic, are called indicators. Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are other indicators frequently used by chemists. enable to 使能够Indicators 指示剂Methyl orange 甲基橙 phenolphthalein 酚肽 能能够够用用来来确确定定某某一一特特定定溶溶液液是是酸酸性性或或碱碱性性的的这这类类物物质质称称为为指指示示剂剂。甲甲基基橙橙和和酚酚酞酞是是经经常常被被化化学学家家使使用用的的另另一一些些指示剂。指示剂。 41严选课件 3. They react with certain metals to produce hydrogen. Reactions of this type were studied in connection with the preparation of hydrogen. 4. They react with bases to produce salts and water. 3. 它它们们和和某某些些金金属属反反应应产产生生氢氢气气。这这类类反反应应在在氢氢气气制备方面被研究。制备方面被研究。 4. 它们和碱反应生成盐和水。它们和碱反应生成盐和水。in connection with 与有关，在.方面42严选课件 10. Common strong acids are H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, HBr, and HI. Most other acids are generally only partially ionized and consequently only moderately strong or weak.43严选课件 Common strong acids are H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, HBr, and HI. Most other acids are generally only partially ionized and consequently only moderately strong or weak.普普通通的的强强酸酸有有H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr和和 HI。大大多多数数其它酸通常只部分电离，因此它们只是中强酸或弱酸。其它酸通常只部分电离，因此它们只是中强酸或弱酸。44严选课件 11. Bases All metallic hydroxides are classed as conventional bases. Of the common bases only NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 are appreciably soluble in water. If these compounds are dissolved in water, the OH- is common to all of their solutions.45严选课件 Bases All metallic hydroxides are classed as conventional bases. Of the common bases only NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 are appreciably soluble in water. If these compounds are dissolved in water, the OH- is common to all of their solutions. appreciably 略微，有一点 所所有有的的金金属属氢氢氧氧化化物物被被归归类类为为传传统统的的碱碱。在在普普通通的的碱碱中中，只只有有NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 和和 Ba(OH)2 略略微微可可溶溶于于水水。如果这些化合物溶于水中，均产生如果这些化合物溶于水中，均产生OH-。46严选课件 An aqueous solution of NH3 is also classed as a base, since OH- ions are present in the solution. NH3的的水水溶溶液液也也归归类类为为碱碱，这这是是因为在水溶液中存在因为在水溶液中存在OH- 。 47严选课件 12. In each of these compounds we find a combination of a metal (or NH4) with the hydroxide group. Just as the characteristic part of an acid is hydrogen ion, so the characteristic part of a base in water solution is the hydroxide ion, OH-. Later the concept of a base will be extended to include substances which do not furnish hydroxide ions in solution.48严选课件 In each of these compounds we find a combination of a metal (or NH4) with the hydroxide group. 我我们们发发现现这这些些化化合合物物中中的的每每一一个个都都由由一一种金属（或种金属（或NH4 ）和氢氧根组成）和氢氧根组成。49严选课件 Just as the characteristic part of an acid is hydrogen ion, so the characteristic part of a base in water solution is the hydroxide ion, OH-. 正正如如酸酸的的特特征征部部分分是是氢氢离离子子，碱碱在在水水溶溶液液中中的的特征部分是氢氧根离子，特征部分是氢氧根离子，OH-。 Just as, so正如那样50严选课件 Later the concept of a base will be extended to include substances which furnish hydroxide ions in solution. 后后来来，碱碱的的概概念念被被扩扩展展到到包包括括在在溶溶液液中中没没有有提提供氢氧根离子的物质。供氢氧根离子的物质。51严选课件 13.Properties of Bases. In general, water solutions of metallic hydroxides (bases) exhibit the following properties. 1. Bitter taste. 2. Soapy or slippery feeling. 3. Turn red litmus paper blue. 4. React with acids to form salts and water. 5. Most metallic hydroxides are insoluble in water. Of the common ones, only NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, and NH3 are soluble. The common strong bases are NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2.52严选课件 Properties of Bases. In general, water solutions of metallic hydroxides (bases) exhibit the following properties. 碱碱的的性性质质。通通常常，金金属属氢氢氧氧化化物物（碱）具有下面的性质。（碱）具有下面的性质。 53严选课件 1. Bitter taste. 2. Soapy or slippery feeling. 3. Turn red litmus paper blue. 4. React with acids to form salts and water. 1. 苦味。苦味。 2. 滑腻感。滑腻感。 3. 使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。 4. 同酸反应生成盐和水。同酸反应生成盐和水。 54严选课件 5. Most metallic hydroxides are insoluble in water. Of the common ones, only NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, and NH3 are soluble. The common strong bases are NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2. 5. 大大多多数数金金属属氢氢氧氧化化物物难难溶溶于于水水。普普通通的的氢氢氧氧化化物物中中，只只有有NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2和和NH3是是可可溶的。溶的。 普通强碱有普通强碱有NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2和和Ba(OH)2。55严选课件 14. Salts An acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water. Hydrogen from the acid combines with hydroxide from the base to form water molecules. 盐盐 酸酸和和碱碱反反应应生生成成盐盐和和水水。酸酸中中的的氢氢和和碱中的氢氧根结合形成水分子。碱中的氢氧根结合形成水分子。56严选课件 15. The reaction of an acid with a base is called neutralization. If all the water is removed by evaporation from the solution after the reaction, the positive ions from the base and the negative ions from the acid form a crystal lattice of solid salt.57严选课件 The reaction of an acid with a base is called neutralization. If all the water is removed by evaporation from the solution after the reaction, the positive ions from the base and the negative ions from the acid form a crystal lattice of solid salt. 酸酸和和碱碱反反应应称称为为中中和和反反应应。如如果果通通过过蒸蒸发发将将反反应应后后的的所所有有水水除除去去，碱碱中中的的正正离离子子同同酸酸中中的的负负离子形成固态盐的晶格。离子形成固态盐的晶格。Neutralization 中和crystal lattice 晶格58严选课件 16. It was shown that the compound sodium chloride, a salt, is an electrovalent compound and is ionized in the solid or crystalline state. The crystal is made up of positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions oriented in a definite pattern. In general, most salts in the crystalline state are electrovalent and are composed of ions oriented in a definite way.59严选课件 It was shown that the compound sodium chloride, a salt, is an electrovalent compound and is ionized in the solid or crystalline state. 氯氯化化钠钠，一一种种盐盐，是是一一种种电电价价化化合合物物，并且在固态或晶态被离子化。并且在固态或晶态被离子化。Electrovalent compound 电价化合物Ionize 电离crystalline state 晶态 60严选课件 The crystal is made up of positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions oriented in a definite pattern. 晶晶体体是是由由按按着着一一定定模模式式定定位位的的正正的的钠钠离离子子和负的氯离子组成。和负的氯离子组成。 61严选课件 In general, most salts in the crystalline state are electrovalent and are composed of ions oriented in a definite way. 通通常常，大大多多数数盐盐在在晶晶态态是是电电价价的的并并且且由按着一定方式定位的离子组成。由按着一定方式定位的离子组成。62严选课件