1 1、一般现在时的用法、一般现在时的用法（1 1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。（2 2）表示表示助于的特征、性格和能力。助于的特征、性格和能力。（3 3）表示客观事实或真理。）表示客观事实或真理。（4 4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go, come,go, come, leave, start, stop, be leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词）如：等开始或移动意义的词）如：She has a brother who lives in New York.The earth goes around the sun.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment.12 2、一般过去时的用法、一般过去时的用法（1 1）表示过去的动作或状态。）表示过去的动作或状态。（2 2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。）叙述过去连续发生的事情。（3 3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。He used to smoke a lot.He used to smoke a lot.He has got used to getting up early.He has got used to getting up early.He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise.He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise.I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.23 3、一般将来时的用法、一般将来时的用法（1 1）表示将来的动作或状态。）表示将来的动作或状态。（2 2）表示将来的经常性动作。）表示将来的经常性动作。We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.Use your head and you will find a way.Use your head and you will find a way.He is going to visit his aunt the moment he arrives. He is going to visit his aunt the moment he arrives. I am about to leave when the telephone rings.I am about to leave when the telephone rings.The medicine is to be taken three times a day.The medicine is to be taken three times a day.34 4、现在进行时的用法、现在进行时的用法（1 1）表示说话的时候正在进行的动作。）表示说话的时候正在进行的动作。（2 2）表示先阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行）表示先阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行）We are having English class.We are having English class.The house is being built these days.The house is being built these days.The little boy is always making trouble.The little boy is always making trouble.Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7Tomorrow morning. Florida. I am taking my mom.Tomorrow morning. Florida. I am taking my mom.Look out when you are crossing the street.Look out when you are crossing the street.Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida. Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida. I am taking my mom.I am taking my mom.45 5、过去进行时的用法、过去进行时的用法（1 1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（2 2）表示移动的动词：）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, gocome, start, stay, leave, go等词等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。（3 3）was going to do was going to do 可以表示在过去某一时间之后可以表示在过去某一时间之后 发生的动作发生的动作The boy was doing his homework when his father The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.came back from work.He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake whenHe was taking a walk leisurely by the lake whenhe heard some one shouted for help.he heard some one shouted for help.What were you doing at nine last night?What were you doing at nine last night?I first met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working atI first met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. a radio shop at the time. -Hey, look. Where are you going! -Hey, look. Where are you going! -Oh, I am terribly sorry. I wasnt noticing. -Oh, I am terribly sorry. I wasnt noticing.56 6、现在完成时的用法、现在完成时的用法（1 1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与just just 连用。连用。（2 2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续 到将来。常与到将来。常与since, for since, for 连用，但连用，但for, sincefor, since不能与不能与 终止性的动词连用。终止性的动词连用。In the past two years, the students in the mountainousIn the past two years, the students in the mountainousareas have made great progress in English.areas have made great progress in English.He has visited 14 foreign countries so far.He has visited 14 foreign countries so far.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.I have learned English for ten years.I have learned English for ten years.This is my first time that I have visited China.This is my first time that I have visited China.That is the only book that he has written.That is the only book that he has written.This is the most interesting film I have ever seenThis is the most interesting film I have ever seen.（3 3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。67 7、过去完成时的用法、过去完成时的用法（1 1）表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。常有）表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。常有 by, before by, before 等介词短语或以个状语从句或上下文暗示。等介词短语或以个状语从句或上下文暗示。（2 2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的 动作，常和动作，常和for(for(有时可省去）或有时可省去）或sincesince构成的短语或构成的短语或 since since引导的从句连用。引导的从句连用。There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.By the end of last term we had finished the book.By the end of last term we had finished the book.They finished earlier than we had expected.They finished earlier than we had expected.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.(rang.(注意倒装注意倒装) )That was the second time that she had seen herThat was the second time that she had seen hergrandfather.grandfather.I had hoped that I could do the job . I had intendedI had hoped that I could do the job . I had intendedto see you but I was too busy.to see you but I was too busy.78 8、现在完成时的用法、现在完成时的用法（1 1）由）由“have (has)+ been+“have (has)+ been+现在分词现在分词”构成，表示现在以前构成，表示现在以前 一直在进行的动作，强调动作的一直在进行的动作，强调动作的“未完成性未完成性”。（2 2）少数动词如）少数动词如 live, teach, work, study, wait, lie live, teach, work, study, wait, lie 等等表示可以长时间持续的动作，用完成时或完成进行时都可以，表示可以长时间持续的动作，用完成时或完成进行时都可以，意义差别不大意义差别不大. . Now that she is out of a job, Lucy has beenNow that she is out of a job, Lucy has beenConsidering going back to school, but she hasntConsidering going back to school, but she hasntdecided yet.decided yet. I have studied ( have been studying ) English for I have studied ( have been studying ) English fora long time.a long time.89 9、将来进行时、将来进行时 主要表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作。在口语中常用来主要表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作。在口语中常用来表示预计即将发生或势必要发生的动作。这一时态和一般将表示预计即将发生或势必要发生的动作。这一时态和一般将来时只有细微的差别，有时在口气上则没有差别，可以互换。来时只有细微的差别，有时在口气上则没有差别，可以互换。I will come (will be coming) here on time next MondaysI will come (will be coming) here on time next Mondays. 91010、将来完成时、将来完成时 由由 shall ( will ) have shall ( will ) have 加过去分词构成，主要表示将来加过去分词构成，主要表示将来某时段已发生的事情，这个时态有时用来表示一种推测。如：某时段已发生的事情，这个时态有时用来表示一种推测。如： We worked together for a year. He wont have We worked together for a year. He wont have Forgotten me. (Forgotten me. (大概不会忘记大概不会忘记) ) The mayor of Beijing says that all construction The mayor of Beijing says that all constructionWork for the conference will have been completed Work for the conference will have been completed By 2010.By 2010. He will have gone to Shanghai when you arrive He will have gone to Shanghai when you arrive Tomorrow afternoon.Tomorrow afternoon.10时态的呼应时态的呼应 在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。如下的情况。 1 1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态。如：应该用什么时态就用什么时态。如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five years. 2 2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意下列情况：就要用过去时态，但要注意下列情况： （1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时。如：去进行时。如：She said she was busy then.11 （2）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。如：动词所表示的动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。如：I didnt know that she had been to London twice. （3）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。如：动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。如：They didnt know when they would have a rest . （4）如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的）如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中仍要用一般现在时。如：谓语动词为过去时态，从句中仍要用一般现在时。如： When I was a little child, my father told me that the earthis round. （5）如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语）如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时；但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句句仍用一般过去时；但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时。如：仍要用过去完成时。如：Tome said he was born in 1975.121 1、被动的语态、被动的语态 英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者一般由介词者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者一般由介词byby引起的引起的短语来表示。如：短语来表示。如：We often help them.(主动)我们常帮助他们。 1 1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词bebe的各时态的形式加的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成及物动词的过去分词构成They are often helped by us.（被动）他们常被我们帮助。 2 2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句：被动语态常用的八种时、被动语态八种时态的用法例句：被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的基本用法相同，只是句中的态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者。如：主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者。如： （1）一般现在时）一般现在时Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country.13 （2）一般过去时The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. （3）一般将来时When will the work be finished? （4）过去将来时He told us that the work would be finished the next day. （5）现在进行时Your tractor is being repaired now. （6）过去进行时 The child was being examined by the doctor when theycame in. （7）现在完成时The work hasnt been finished yet. （8）过去完成时 The new plan had been carried out before the second Experiment began.143、一般使用被动语态的情况 （1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时。如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时。如： The new machine was invented by a 20-year-oldyoung worker.15被动语态注意问题1、下列动词或动词短语一般用主动语态 Come true, consist of, take place, happen, become,Rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, exist, fail, succeed2、下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义 （1）lock, wash, sell, read, wear, blame, ride, write而且常与well, easily, badly 等副词连用。如：Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。16 （2）连系动词：look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear,seem, turn, keep 等。如：The steel feels cold. 铁摸起来时冷的。 I dont want to sound like everyone else, but Ive had a hard life! 我不想听起来像其他人一样。但我有一段艰苦的生活。 （3）表示开始，结束，运动的动词：begin, finish, start, open, move 等。如：The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day. 商店每天下午6点钟打烊。17