小马托福010-62699622托福阅读插空题解题技巧Stillwatersrundeep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深Wherethereislife,thereishope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望小马托福010-62699622两种技巧两种技巧1. 指代指代2. 逻辑关系逻辑关系400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词定义：插入句开头用一个指示代词代替出前文已经出现过的一些信息，从而达到简化语言的目的。做法：利用指代词后面的内容在找前文找指代词所指代的具体内容。400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：thisExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetusinhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.TheriverthatformedthesedepositswasactuallynotfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：thisParagraph7:Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion.Thiseconomicrelianceonlivestockincertainregionsmakeslargetractsoflandsusceptibletoovergrazing.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：thisParagraph3:Exhibitors,however,wantedtomaximizetheirprofits,whichtheycoulddomorereadilybyprojectingahandfuloffilmstohundredsofcustomersatatime(ratherthanoneatatime)andbycharging25to50centsadmission.AboutayearaftertheopeningofthefirstKinetoscopeparlorin1894,showmensuchasLouisandAugusteLumiere,ThomasArmatandCharlesFrancisJenkins,andOrvilleandWoodvilleLatham(withtheassistanceofEdisonsformerassistant,WilliamDickson)perfectedprojectiondevices.Theseearlyprojectiondeviceswereusedinvaudevilletheaters,legitimatetheaters,localtownhalls,makeshiftstorefronttheaters,fairgrounds,andamusementparkstoshowfilmstoamassaudience.WhenthiswidespreaduseofprojectiontechnologybegantohurthisKinetoscopebusiness,EdisonacquiredaprojectordevelopedbyArmatandintroduceditas“Edisonslatestmarvel,theVitascope.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：theseParagraph5:NotonlycouldSmithidentifyrockstratabythefossilstheycontained,hecouldalsoseeapatternemerging:certainfossilsalwaysappearinmoreancientsediments,whileothersbegintobeseenasthestratabecomemorerecent.Byfollowingthefossils,SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEnglandsearthintorelativetemporalsequence.Aboutthesametime,GeorgesCuviermadethesamediscoverywhilestudyingtherocksaroundParis.Soonitwasrealizedthatthisprincipleoffaunal(animal)successionwasvalidnotonlyinEnglandorFrancebutvirtuallyeverywhere.Itwasactuallyaprincipleoffloralsuccessionaswell,becauseplantsshowedthesametransformationthroughtimeasdidfauna.LimestonemaybefoundintheCambrianor300millionyearslaterintheJurassicstrata,butatrilobitetheubiquitousmarinearthropodthathaditsbirthintheCambrianwillneverbefoundinJurassicstrata,noradinosaurintheCambrian. The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：theseParagraph6:Thediffusionofagricultureandlaterofironwasaccompaniedbyagreatmovementofpeoplewhomayhavecarriedtheseinnovations.ThesepeopleprobablyoriginatedineasternNigeria.Theirmigrationmayhavebeensetinmotionbyanincreaseinpopulationcausedbyamovementofpeoplesfleeingthedesiccation,ordryingup,oftheSahara.Theyspokealanguage,proto-Bantu(“Bantu”means“thepeople”),whichistheparenttongueofalanguageofalargenumberofBantulanguagesstillspokenthroughoutsub-SaharaAfrica.WhyandhowthesepeoplespreadoutintocentralandsouthernAfricaremainsamystery,butarchaeologistsbelievethattheirironweaponsallowedthemtoconquertheirhunting-gatheringopponents,whostillusedstoneimplements.Still,theprocessisuncertain,andpeacefulmigrationorsimplyrapiddemographicgrowthmayhavealsocausedtheBantuexplosion.These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：theseParagraph2:OutflowchannelsareprobablyrelicsofcatastrophicfloodingonMarslongago.Theyappearonlyinequatorialregionsandgenerallydonotformextensiveinterconnectednetworks.Instead,theyareprobablythepathstakenbyhugevolumesofwaterdrainingfromthesouthernhighlandsintothenorthernplains.Theonrushingwaterarisingfromtheseflashfloodslikelyalsoformedtheoddteardrop-shaped“islands”(resemblingtheminiatureversionsseeninthewetsandofourbeachesatlowtide)thathavebeenfoundontheplainsclosetotheendsoftheoutflowchannels.Judgingfromthewidthanddepthofthechannels,theflowratesmusthavebeentrulyenormousperhapsasmuchasahundredtimesgreaterthanthe105tonspersecondcarriedbythegreatAmazonriver.Floodingshapedtheoutflowchannelsapproximately3billionyearsago,aboutthesametimesasthenorthernvolcanicplainsformed.These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：thoseTPO30-R1TPO30-R1Thereisadanger,ofcourse,thatplaymaybemisinterpretedornotrecognizedasplaybyothers,potentiallyleadingtoaggression.Thisisespeciallytruewhenplayconsistsofpracticingnormalaggressiveorpredatorbehaviors.Thus,manyspecieshaveevolvedclearsignalstodelineateplayfulness.Dogs,forexample,willwagtheirtails,getdowntheirfrontlegs,andsticktheirbehindsintheairtoindicate“whatfollowsisjustforplay.”Withmessagessuchasthose,evendogsthatarestrangerstoWithmessagessuchasthose,evendogsthatarestrangerstoeachothercanbeplayingwithinafewminutes.eachothercanbeplayingwithinafewminutes.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：itParagraph3:Oneinterpretationregardingtheabsenceoffossilsduringthisimportant100-million-yearperiodisthatearlyanimalsweresoftbodiedandsimplydidnotfossilize.Fossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsislesslikelythanfossilizationofhard-bodiedanimals,butitdoesoccur.Conditionsthatpromotefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsincludeveryrapidcoveringbysedimentsthatcreateanenvironmentthatdiscouragesdecomposition.Infact,fossilbedscontainingsoft-bodiedanimalshavebeenknownformanyyears.Itisrelativelyrarebecausethefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsrequiresaspecialenvironment.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：theyModernattitudestoRomancivilizationrangefromtheinfinitelyimpressedtothethoroughlydisgusted.Asalways,therearethepowerworshippers,especiallyamonghistorians,whoarepredisposedtoadmirewhateverisstrong,whofeelmoreattractedtothemightofRomethantothesubtletyofGreece.Atthesametime,thereisasolidbodyofopinionthatdislikesRome.Formany,RomeisatbesttheimitatorandthecontinuatorofGreeceonalargerscale.Greekcivilizationhadquality;Rome,merequantity.Greecewasoriginal;Rome,derivative.Greecehadstyle;Romehadmoney.Greecewastheinventor;Rome,theresearchanddevelopmentdivision.SuchindeedwastheopinionofsomeofthemoreintellectualRomans.“HadtheGreeksheldnoveltyinsuchdisdainaswe,”askedHoraceinhisepistle,“whatworkofancientdatewouldnowexist?”TheyesteemsymbolsofRomanpower,suchasthemassiveColosseum.TheyesteemsymbolsofRomanpower,suchasthemassiveColosseum.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：theyTPO10.3Paragraph6:Thedevelopmentofbankingandotherfinancialservicescontributedtotheexpansionoftrade.Bythemiddleofthesixteenthcentury,financiersandtraderscommonlyacceptedbillsofexchangeinplaceofgoldorsilverforothergoods.Billsofexchange,whichhadtheiroriginsinmedievalItaly,werepromissorynotes(writtenpromisestopayaspecifiedamountofmoneybyacertaindate)thatcouldbesoldtothirdparties.Inthisway,theyprovidedcredit.Atmid-century,anAntwerpfinancieronlyslightlyexaggeratedwhenheclaimed,“0necannomoretradewithoutbillsofexchangethansailwithoutwater.Merchantsnolongerhadtocarrygoldandsilveroverlong,dangerousjourneys.AnAmsterdammerchantpurchasingsoapfromamerchantinMarseillecouldgotoanexchangerandpaytheexchangertheequivalentsuminguilders,theDutchcurrency.TheexchangerwouldthensendabillofexchangetoacolleagueinMarseille,authorizingthecolleaguetopaytheMarseillemerchantinthemerchantsowncurrencyaftertheactualexchangeofgoodshadtakenplace.Theycouldalsoavoidhavingtoidentifyandassessthevalueofawidevarietyofcoinsissuedinmanydifferentplaces.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：otherWhatdoyourememberaboutyourlifebeforeyouwerethree?Fewpeoplecanrememberanythingthathappenedtothemintheirearlyyears.Adultsmemoriesofthenextfewyearsalsotendtobescanty.Mostpeoplerememberonlyafeweventsusuallyonesthatweremeaningfulanddistinctive,suchasbeinghospitalizedorasiblingsbirth.OtherimportantoccasionsareschoolgraduationsandOtherimportantoccasionsareschoolgraduationsandweddings.weddings.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：otherParagraph2:SpeculationontheoriginofthesePacificislandersbeganassoonasoutsidersencounteredthem,intheabsenceofsolidlinguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldata,manyfancifulandmutuallyexclusivetheoriesweredevised.PacificislandersarevariouslythoughttohavecomefromNorthAmerica,SouthAmerica,Egypt,Israel,andIndia,aswellasSoutheastAsia.ManyoldertheoriesimplicitlydeprecatedthenavigationalabilitiesandoverallculturalcreativityofthePacificislanders.Forexample,BritishanthropologistsG.ElliotSmithandW.J.PerryassumedthatonlyEgyptianswouldhavebeenskilledenoughtonavigateandcolonizethePacific.TheyinferredthattheEgyptiansevencrossedthePacifictofoundthegreatcivilizationsoftheNewWorld(NorthandSouthAmerica).In1947NorwegianadventurerThorHeyerdahldriftedonabalsa-lograftwestwardwiththewindsandcurrentsacrossthePacificfromSouthAmericatoprovehistheorythatPacificislanderswereNativeAmericans(alsocalledAmericanIndians).Latertheoriesconcentrateonjourneysintheotherdirection.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：certainParagraph5:Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainplants,calledhyperaccumulators,canconcentratemineralsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.Asurveyofknownhyperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel,cobalt,copper,zinc,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.Hyperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeoftheplantworld.Theymaybeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.Manymembersofthemustardfamily,spurgefamily,legumefamily,andgrassfamilyaretophyperaccumulators.Manyarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasoftheworld,whereaccumulationofhighconcentrationsofmetalsmayaffordsomeprotectionagainstplant-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：thereNearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeersdiet.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.Paragraph3:ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.Therefoodisavailableandaccessiblethroughoutthewinter.Therefoodisavailableandaccessiblethroughoutthewinter.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622逻辑关系词因果转折让步递进并列条件总分（举例&总结）400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-626996221.因果：因：because,becauseof,for,since,as,inthat,nowthat，resultfrom，asaresultof例句：nowthat既然Nowthattheproblemhasbeenidentified,appropriateactioncanbetaken.现在既已找出问题的症结，即可采取适当行动Nowthatyouveseenthehouse,Illshowyouthegrounds.屋子你已看过了，我领你参观一下庭园。ThedaysareclosinginnowthatitisSeptember.已是九月了，白天正变得越来越短。例句：asaresultof由于.的结果，起因Shediedasaresultofherinjuries.她由于受伤而死亡。Hewasmadekingasaresultofvariousintrigues.由于搞了各种各样的阴谋，他当上了国王。Herheartwasslightlydamagedasaresultofherlongillness.久病使她的心脏受到一些损伤。400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-626996221.因果：果：leadto,contributeto,sothat,so,thus,therefore,consequently,consequently,resultinresultin，hencehence例句：contributeto有助于，促成Smokingisamajorfactorcontributetocancer.吸烟是致癌的一个重要因素。400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622因果Paragraph6:Becausetheyarealwaysswimming,tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills.Accordingly,theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills.Infact,tunasmustswimtobreathe.Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking,sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder,thegas-filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant.Consequently,tunasdonotneedtosuckinwater.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622因果AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallengersscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?ThusThus,scientistshadinformationabouttheshapeofthedomes,scientistshadinformationabouttheshapeofthedomesbutbut notnot abouttheirchemicalcompositionandorigin.abouttheirchemicalcompositionandorigin.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622因果Anotherexplanationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings.Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoexplainwhyonlyafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.Perhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimals.CaveartseemstohavereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasing.Therefore,ifthepaintingswereconnectedwithhunting,someotherexplanationisneeded.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-626996222.转折：but,however,yet(然而),whereas,ratherthan,insteadof,unlike,infact,actually弱转，onthecontary,contraryto，conversely例题1：Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclimaxcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedordestroyedbyhumanactivities.ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhumans.Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremostimportanttothecommunitysresistancetodestruction,aswellasitsrecovery.In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622例题2：Paragraph5:ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.Others,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.Theincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregionswater.Paragrapsuppliesh6:Inthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplycrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastquantitiesofwaterbycanalorpipelinefromtheMississippi,theMissouri,ortheArkansasrivers.Unfortunately,thecostofwaterobtainedthroughanyoftheseschemeswouldincreasepumpingcostsatleasttenfold,makingthecostofirrigatedagriculturalproductsfromtheregionuncompetitiveonthenationalandinternationalmarkets.Butevenifuncooperativefarmersweretojoinintheconservationefforts,thiswouldonlydelaythedepletionoftheaquifer.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-626996223.递进still,also,indeed,furthermore(进一步),moreover(而且，此外),even(甚至，更),besides,additionally,inaddition,whatsmore例题1：Paragraph4:TradebetweentheWestandthesettledandprosperousChinesedynastiesintroducednewformsanddifferenttechnologies.Oneofthemostfar-reachingexamplesistheimpactofthefineninth-centuryAD.ChineseporcelainwaresimportedintotheArabworld.Soadmiredwerethesepiecesthattheyencouragedthedevelopmentofearthenwaremadeinimitationofporcelainandinstigatedresearchintothemethodoftheirmanufacture.FromtheMiddleEasttheChineseacquiredabluepigmentapurifiedformofcobaltoxideunobtainableatthattimeinChinathatcontainedonlyalowlevelofmanganese.CobaltoresfoundinChinahaveahighmanganesecontent,whichproducesamoremutedblue-graycolor.Intheseventeenthcentury,thetradingactivitiesoftheDutchEastIndiaCompanyresultedinvastquantitiesofdecoratedChineseporcelainbeingbroughttoEurope,whichstimulatedandinfluencedtheworkofawidevarietyofwares,notablyDelft.TheChinesethemselvesadaptedmanyspecificvesselformsfromtheWest,suchasbottleswithlongspouts,anddesignedarangeofdecorativepatternsespeciallyfortheEuropeanmarket.Foreigntradewasalsoresponsibleforcertaininnovationsincoloring.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-626996224.让步although，though,eventhough(if),even,despite,inspiteof,nevertheless,anyway,aswhile(虽然，尽管，即使），still（尽管如此）Paragraph1:IthaslongbeenacceptedthattheAmericaswerecolonizedbyamigrationofpeoplesfromAsia,slowlytravelingacrossalandbridgecalledBeringia(nowtheBeringStraitbetweennortheasternAsiaandAlaska)duringthelastIceAge.Thefirstwatercrafttheoryaboutthemigrationwasthataround11,000-12,000yearsagotherewasanice-freecorridorstretchingfromeasternBeringiatotheareasofNorthAmericasouthofthegreatnorthernglaciers.Itwasthemidcontinentalcorridorbetweentwomassiveicesheets-theLaurentidetothewest-thatenabledthesouthwardmigration.Butbeliefinthisice-freecorridorbegantocrumblewhenpaleoecologistGlenMacDonalddemonstratedthatsomeofthemostimportantradiocarbondatesusedtosupporttheexistenceofanice-freecorridorwereincorrect.Hepersuasivelyarguedthatsuchanice-freecorridordidnotexistuntilmuchlater,whenthecontinentalicebeganitsfinalretreat.Moreover,otherevidencesuggeststhatevenifanice-freecorridordidexist,itwouldhavelackedtheresourcesneededforhumancolonization.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-626996225.条件if,suppose,supposing,incase(of),solongas,unless,onlyif,when例题1:Paragraph2:Continuedsedimentationtheprocessofdepositssettlingontheseabottomburiestheorganicmatterandsubjectsittohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconverttheorganicmattertooilandgas.Asmuddysedimentsarepressedtogether,thegasandsmalldropletsofoilmaybesqueezedoutofthemudandmaymoveintosandylayersnearby.Overlongperiodsoftime(millionsofyears),accumulationsofgasandoilcancollectinthesandylayers.Bothoilandgasarelessdensethanwater,sotheygenerallytendtoriseupwardthroughwater-saturatedrockandsediment.Unlesssomethingactstohaltthismigration,thesenaturalresourceswilleventuallyreachthesurface.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622例题2:Paragraph4:Helpingthisgroupofteacherstorevisetheirthinkingaboutclassroomeventsbecamecentral.Thisprocesstooktimeandpatienceandeffectivetrainers.Theresearchersestimatethattheinitialtrainingoftheteacherstovieweventsobjectivelytookbetween20and30hours,withthesamenumberofhoursagainbeingrequiredtopracticetheskillsofreflection.Paragraph5:WildmanandNilesidentifythreeprinciplesthatfacilitatereflectivepracticeinateachingsituation.Thefirstissupportfromadministratorsinaneducationsystem,enablingteacherstounderstandtherequirementsofreflectivepracticeandhowitrelatestoteachingstudents.Thesecondistheavailabilityofsufficienttimeandspace.Theteachersintheprogramdescribedhowtheyfounditdifficulttoputasidetheimmediatedemandsofothersinordertogivethemselvesthetimetheyneededtodeveloptheirreflectiveskills.Thethirdisthedevelopmentofacollaborativeenvironmentwithsupportfromotherteachers.Supportandencouragementwerealsorequiredtohelpteachersintheprogramcopewithaspectsoftheirprofessionallifewithwhichtheywerenotcomfortable.WildmanandNilesmakeasummarycomment:“Perhapsthemostimportantthingwelearnedistheideaoftheteacher-as-reflective-practitionerwillnothappensimplybecauseitisagoodorevencompellingidea.”However, changing teachers thinking about reflection will not succeed unless there is support for reflection in the teaching environment. 400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-626996226.总分（举例&总结）举例：forexample,forinstance,suchas,including总结：insum,ingeneral,overall,tosumup,onthewhole,generally例题：Paragraph5:Abovethetreelinethereisazonethatisgenerallycalledalpinetundra.Immediatelyadjacenttothetimberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlycompletecoveroflow-lyingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whilehigherupthenumberanddiversityofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasionalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.Someplantscanevensurviveinfavorablemicrohabitatsabovethesnowline.Thehighestplantsintheworldoccurataround6,100metersonMakaluintheHimalayas.Atthisgreatheight,rocks,warmedbythesun,meltsmallsnowdrifts.Thisexplainshow,forexample,alpinecushionplantshavebeenfoundgrowingatanaltitudeof6,180meters.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-626996227.并列and,aswellas,likewise(同样的),while(与此同时),or,meanwhile(同时),neither.nor.,either.or.,notonly.butalso.more.than400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622THANKS400-0123-267资料下载频道