发音技巧发音技巧 音节、重音、节奏音节、重音、节奏 音节音节音节是语音最小的单位，指一个字的读音，通常一个单词有音节是语音最小的单位，指一个字的读音，通常一个单词有几个元音发音，就有几个音节。几个元音发音，就有几个音节。由元音因素单独构成由元音因素单独构成originaloriginal中的中的o o由元音因素加辅音字母构成由元音因素加辅音字母构成habithabit中的中的haha和和bitbit辅音因素中的响音辅音因素中的响音/m/ /n/ /m/ /n/ / /也能和它前面的辅音构成一个音节也能和它前面的辅音构成一个音节able eiblable eibl中的中的blbl2/541.1.单词末尾不发音的单词末尾不发音的e e不构成音节，如不构成音节，如bike, takebike, take；2. 2. 两两个个元元音音字字母母在在一一起起，一一般般为为字字母母组组合合，发发一一个个元元音音，构成一个音节。如构成一个音节。如bookbook，rainrain；3. 3. 词词尾尾的的lele可可以以和和其其前前边边的的辅辅音音组组成成一一个个音音节节，如如peoplepeople，doubledouble，littlelittle，uncleuncle，idolidol，singlesingle，chemicalchemical等。等。NoteNote种类种类构成构成e.g.单音节词单音节词包含一个音节包含一个音节 fame / feim / make / meik /双音节词双音节词包含两个音节包含两个音节 famous / feims / forget / fget /多音节词多音节词包含多个音节包含多个音节 famously / feimsli /Completely kmplitli 4/54单音节、双音节及多音节词单音节、双音节及多音节词种类种类构成构成e.g.开音节开音节辅音辅音+ +元音元音+ +辅音辅音+e +e name, bike, home, due, plane, shine辅音辅音+ +元音元音he, go, hi, do, be, tree, three, hello闭音节闭音节辅音辅音+ +元音元音+ +辅音辅音bad, bed, sit, hot, cup, let, mad, map元音元音+ +辅音辅音it, is, of, in, on, up, out, ant5/54开音节和闭音节开音节和闭音节单词中发音特别响亮的音节。单词中发音特别响亮的音节。任任何何双双音音节节或或多多音音节节单单词词的的音音标标中中，有有重重读读音音节节和和非非重重读读音音节节 ，哪哪一一个个音音节节重重读读，该该音音节节的的左左上上方方或或该该音音节节的的元元音音上上方方标标有有重重读读符号符号“”。如：。如：hospital hhospital hspitlspitl；多多音音节节词词中中有有时时还还可可以以有有一一个个次次重重读读音音节节，这这种种状状况况通通常常出出现现在在特别长的单词中，如：特别长的单词中，如：comprehension comprehension k kmprmprhennhenn重音重音字母字母读音读音e.g.aei face save late fate paleei: she these iai bike nine by ou go no ago joke home smokeu(j)u: music during true备注：在重读开音节中元音字母的读音为字母本身读音。备注：在重读开音节中元音字母的读音为字母本身读音。7/54元音字母在重读开音节的读音规则元音字母在重读开音节的读音规则字母字母读音读音e.g.a man fat sat hand ee set bed desk when tellii city did pity o on dog boss stop shop oftenu uhunt subject bus full bull备注：在重读闭音节中元音字母的读音为字母短元音的读音。备注：在重读闭音节中元音字母的读音为字母短元音的读音。8/54元音字母在重读闭音节的读音规则元音字母在重读闭音节的读音规则字母字母读音读音e.g.a, e, o, u about，silent，atom，supply，radar，supper，doctorar, er, or, urei / y i i acid，thirty，Sunday，valleyay / eya, ei i comrade，beforeo u u hero，Negroaei ei operatei / y i / y ai ai satisfy, organize元音字母在非重读音节的读音规则元音字母在非重读音节的读音规则1.1. 两两元元音音字字母母之之间间如如有有两两个个辅辅音音字字母母，则则中中间间分分开开，一一边边一个。一个。如如: : matmatterter，memmemberber，win-dowwin-dow，docdoctortor，sup-persup-per，litlittletle等。等。这这样样一一分分，第第一一个个音音节节是是以以辅辅音音字字母母结结尾尾的的，它它就就是是重重读读闭音节，元音字母读短元音。闭音节，元音字母读短元音。NoteNote2. 2. 两两元元音音字字母母中中间间有有一一辅辅音音字字母母，该该辅辅音音字字母母划划归归后后一一音节。音节。如：如：basicbasic，regionregion，openopen，humanhuman等。等。这这样样一一分分，头头一一个个音音节节是是以以元元音音字字母母结结尾尾的的，它它是是重重读读开开音节，元音字母读其字母音。音节，元音字母读其字母音。NoteNote3. 3. 重读开音节中的元音字母有不少仍读短元音。重读开音节中的元音字母有不少仍读短元音。如如 ： secondsecond， presentpresent， everever， hoverhover， modernmodern，properproper等。等。第第二二音音节节中中有有i i时时，第第一一音音节节中中的的a a，e e，i i，o o大大多读短元音。多读短元音。如如：spa-nishspa-nish，ha-bitha-bit，mes-sagemes-sage，ci-tyci-ty，pro-fitpro-fit等。等。 NoteNote单音节词重音单音节词重音 单单音音节节词词单单独独念念时时一一律律要要重重读读， 但在单独注音时不必加重音符号。但在单独注音时不必加重音符号。 cup kp wife waif 14 a) a) 一般在第一个音节重读一般在第一个音节重读; ;letter sorry letter sorry England movement England movement exerciseexercise双音节词重音双音节词重音15b) b) a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音; ; about believe address about believe address decide compare inform decide compare inform discuss impress mistake discuss impress mistake 双音节词重音双音节词重音16c) c) 有有 de-, in-, im-, re-, con-, pre-, pro-, o-de-, in-, im-, re-, con-, pre-, pro-, o-等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, , 一般名词的重音在一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上: : record- record insult- insult record- record insult- insult conduct- conduct present- present conduct- conduct present- present desert- desert import- import desert- desert import- import produce- produce object- object produce- produce object- object 双音节词重音双音节词重音17d) d) 有些复合词和带有前缀有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, -teenpost-, -teen等的词，有两个重音等的词，有两个重音: : outside retell well-known outside retell well-known unreal fourteen Chinese unreal fourteen Chinese pre-war post-war exchange pre-war post-war exchange双音节词重音双音节词重音18a) a) 一般倒数第三个音节是重音一般倒数第三个音节是重音: : difficult communist difficult communist family family economy exercise interesting economy exercise interesting opportunity democracy opportunity democracy possipossi bilitybility 多音节词重音多音节词重音19b) b) 有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音但这些词按原来词根的重音读音: : carefully indefinite comfortable carefully indefinite comfortable conductor according disturbance conductor according disturbance complicated establishment complicated establishment 多音节词重音多音节词重音20c) c) 词尾有词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, -ive -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, -ive 后后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上: : courteous calcourteous cal ligraphy ediligraphy edi torial torial hishis torian mathetorian mathe matics exmatics ex perience perience sufsuf ficient ificient i dentify transdentify trans lation lation rere ligious curiligious curi osity proosity pro tective tective mathemamathema tician tician 多音节词重音多音节词重音21d) d) 词尾有词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音: : , ,enentertain tertain , ,employee employee , ,mountaineer mountaineer , ,Japanese Japanese , ,cigarettecigarette多音节词重音多音节词重音22复合词的重音复合词的重音a) 复合名词的重音一般在第一个音节上复合名词的重音一般在第一个音节上;blackboard anybody handbag bookstore hot dog classroom pickpocket lifestyle website sleeping car computer games middle school sitting room 23b) b) 复合动词的重音一般在第二个音节复合动词的重音一般在第二个音节; ; illill treat overdotreat overdo c) c) 有些复合词有双重音有些复合词有双重音; ; kindhearted three-legged kindhearted three-legged afternoon afternoond) d) 少数复合词的重音在第二个音节上。少数复合词的重音在第二个音节上。whatever yourself throughoutwhatever yourself throughout复合词的重音复合词的重音24 darkroom darkroom 暗房暗房 dark dark room room 黑暗的房间黑暗的房间 greenhouse greenhouse 温室温室 green green house house 绿色的房屋绿色的房屋 bluebottle bluebottle 矢车菊矢车菊 blue blue bottle bottle 兰色的瓶子兰色的瓶子 blackboard blackboard 黑板黑板 black black board board 黑色的木板黑色的木板 English book English book 英语教材英语教材 English English 5 5book book 英文书英文书 (printed in English)(printed in English)有些复合词的重音位置对词义的变有些复合词的重音位置对词义的变化有影响化有影响句子重读的一般规则句子重读的一般规则实词重读实词重读 虚词不重读虚词不重读句子重音句子重音一、名词一般都重读There is a There is a bookbook on the on the deskdesk. .My My sistersister put up a put up a picturepicture on the on the wallwall. .JohnJohn wants to see the wants to see the teacherteacher after after classclass. .An An elephantelephant is an is an animalanimal. .一一些些含含义义较较广广，本本身身没没有有很很确确切切内内容容的的名名词词，如如thingthing，personperson，placeplace，或或指指一一大大类类人人或或事事物物的的名名词词，如如manman，womanwoman，fellowfellow，timetime，shipship，前面有修饰语缩小其范围时，这类名词通常不重读，前面有修饰语缩小其范围时，这类名词通常不重读 That Thats a nice s a nice thingthing. .( (比较：比较：ThatThats a nice s a nice picture picture.).)HeHes an easy s an easy personperson to get along with. to get along with.HeHes the right s the right manman for the job. for the job.ItIts already lunch s already lunch timetime. .（比较：（比较：ItIts s timetime for lunch. for lunch.）二、二、代词代词常重读的代词有常重读的代词有: : 1.1.指示代词指示代词ThisThis is not what I mean. is not what I mean.ThatThat isn isnt the one I asked for.t the one I asked for.Do you likeDo you like（ ）these these flowersflowers？但但如如指指示示代代词词前前后后都都有有重重音音时时，该该指指示示代代词词可可失失去去重重音音How do you like How do you like thosethose little ones little ones？Who wrote Who wrote thisthis interesting story interesting story？2 2. .名词性物主代词名词性物主代词Yours Yours is much nicer than is much nicer than minemine. .The red one is The red one is hishis. .但在双重所有格中，物主代词往往不重读但在双重所有格中，物主代词往往不重读. .I Im writing to a friend of m writing to a friend of minemine. .3 3. .强调代词强调代词I saw it I saw it myselfmyself. .The man The man himselfhimself told me so. told me so.4 4. .疑问代词疑问代词WhoWho are you talking to are you talking to？WhatWhat can I do for you can I do for you？WhoWho came to see you this morning came to see you this morning？不不重重读读的的代代词词有有：人人称称代代词词，反反身身代代词词，物物主主代代词（形容词性），相互代词，关系代词词（形容词性），相互代词，关系代词HeHe hasn hasnt seen t seen mymy brother yet. brother yet.HeHe hurt hurt himselfhimself when he was playing football. when he was playing football.TheyThey often help often help each othereach other. .The The girl girl who who spoke spoke to to youyou just just now now is is mymy sister.sister.三、形容词：三、形容词：形形容容词词（包包括括分分词词作作形形容容词词）一一般般都都会会重重读读; ;数数词词一一般般都都应应重重读读The streets are The streets are widewide，cleanclean and and beautifulbeautiful. .This This narrownarrow valley valley was was the the scene scene of of a a famousfamous battle.battle.His His firstfirst daughter is daughter is fifteenfifteen. .ItIts a s a dulldull and and disappointingdisappointing film. film.The The worriedworried man entered the man entered the crowdedcrowded street. street.He bought He bought tenten cups and I bought only cups and I bought only fourfour. .四、冠词：四、冠词： 冠词一般都不重读冠词一般都不重读He lives in He lives in a a house not far from the school. house not far from the school.ItIts s anan hour hours drive from s drive from thethe old station. old station.TheThe man over there is my brother. man over there is my brother.AnAn elephant is elephant is anan animal. animal.五、五、动词动词 主主要要动动词词，或或称称实实意意动动词词、行行为为动动词词（notional notional verbverb）都要重读（）都要重读（be havebe have除外）除外）He He takestakes a walk after supper every day. a walk after supper every day.DonDont t forgetforget your homework. your homework.I I supposesuppose you you knowknow him. him.非限定动词一般也都重读非限定动词一般也都重读不定式不定式 We decided to We decided to startstart the next day. the next day.分词分词 We sat at the desk We sat at the desk writingwriting a letter. a letter.动名词动名词 ItIts no use s no use askingasking him about that. him about that.助动词和情态动词与助动词和情态动词与notnot构成的缩略式要重读构成的缩略式要重读I I dondont t want to go there today. want to go there today.He He wasnwasnt t surprised when I told him the news. surprised when I told him the news.We We cancant t stay any longer. stay any longer.DonDont t you think you you think you shouldnshouldnt t say such things? say such things?We must do it now, We must do it now, mustnmustnt t we? we?DoDo用于肯定句表示强调时，总是重读的用于肯定句表示强调时，总是重读的I I dodo hope this will be effective. hope this will be effective.He He doesdoes need your help. need your help.We We diddid warn you before. warn you before.DoDo drop in when you are in Xuzhou. drop in when you are in Xuzhou.不重读的动词不重读的动词1. 1. 助动词助动词He He did did not work hard for the exam.not work hard for the exam.We We werewere impressed by their achievements. impressed by their achievements.Much Much hashas been been said about it. said about it.They will They will bebe surprised at that. surprised at that.2. 2. 情态动词情态动词He He shouldshould be criticized for doing that. be criticized for doing that.Mary Mary could could do it better than Herbert.do it better than Herbert.I I mustmust go now. go now.Who Who cancan answer this question answer this question？3. 3. 动词动词 be be（是），（是），havehave（有）一般不重读（有）一般不重读I I havehave so many things to do today. so many things to do today.Few people Few people hadhad TV sets in those days. TV sets in those days.The key The key waswas in the box. in the box. 以以上上几几类类通通常常不不重重读读的的动动词词用用于于简简短短回回答答，或或其其后后省省略略了了主主要要动动词词时时，要要重重读读；用用于于一一般般疑疑问问句句句句首首时时有有时时重重读读，但但在在比比较较随便的谈话中不必重读随便的谈话中不必重读（ ）HaveHave you any brothers and sisters you any brothers and sisters？YesYes，I I havehave. .()Are()Are you a student ? you a student ? Yes, I Yes, I amam. .()Can()Can you come this afternoon? you come this afternoon?Yes, I Yes, I cancan. .He said more than he He said more than he should should at the meeting.at the meeting.I donI dont want to go there, but I t want to go there, but I mustmust. .六、六、副词：副词：副词一般都重读副词一般都重读They came back They came back earlyearly yesterday. yesterday. You meet people You meet people everywhereeverywhere. .I Ive ve nevernever heard of such a thing heard of such a thing beforebefore. .PerhapsPerhaps she shell arrive ll arrive tonighttonight. .Tell him to come Tell him to come inin. .A car dashed A car dashed pastpast. .Thank you for coming to see me Thank you for coming to see me offoff. .但关系副词不重读但关系副词不重读He visited the small village He visited the small village wherewhere he was born. he was born.They They came came right right at at the the time time whenwhen we we needed needed their help.their help.This is the reasonThis is the reason why why they failed. they failed.七、七、介词介词 单音节介词一般都不重读单音节介词一般都不重读All All butbut one of the family are one of the family are atat home. home.How far is it How far is it fromfrom Paris Paris toto London? London?What are you looking What are you looking atat? ?ThatThats what I was thinking s what I was thinking ofof. .多音节的介词常重读，但也可不重读多音节的介词常重读，但也可不重读I Ill do it ll do it ()after()after lunch. lunch.He finished the article He finished the article ()during()during the holidays. the holidays.The man walked The man walked a()longa()long the street. the street.He searched He searched a()monga()mong the papers. the papers.I forgot all I forgot all a()bouta()bout it. it.I have nothing to say I have nothing to say con()cerningcon()cerning this problem. this problem.Put it Put it oppositeopposite the door. the door.在在不不重重读读的的连连系系动动词词bebe或或人人称称代代词词后后，不不论论是是单单音音节节或或多多音音节节介词都重读介词都重读TheyTheyre re byby the window. the window.He was He was inin the sitting-room. the sitting-room.Is it Is it nearnear the post office? the post office?The teacher was The teacher was withwith us at the picnic. us at the picnic.It was It was duringduring the interval. the interval.He was He was besidebeside himself with rage. himself with rage.They are They are behindbehind the door. the door.介词在句首时常可重读介词在句首时常可重读OnOn his way home he met an old friend. his way home he met an old friend.InIn the room they found a little boy. the room they found a little boy. UnderUnder the tree stands a tall man. the tree stands a tall man.连连接接词词：单单一一的的并并列列连连接接词词（包包括括关关联联连连接接词词bothbothandand neitherneithernornor等）和从属连词都不重读等）和从属连词都不重读He came He came andand spoke to us. spoke to us. I saw it I saw it but but didndidnt read it.t read it.LetLets run s run oror we well be late.ll be late.That takes both time That takes both time andand energy. energy.NeitherNeither you you nornor I can solve the problem. I can solve the problem.I suggest I suggest thatthat we give up the plan. we give up the plan.连接词词组连接词词组 其中重要的词要重读其中重要的词要重读还有一些意味较强的连接词也要重读还有一些意味较强的连接词也要重读If If onlyonly I knew how to do it. I knew how to do it.HeHell help us on ll help us on conditioncondition that we trust him. that we trust him.WeWell start tomorrow ll start tomorrow eveneven if it rains. if it rains.They have never met They have never met everever since 1980. since 1980.The meeting will begin as The meeting will begin as soonsoon as the guests come. as the guests come.YouYoull succeed so ll succeed so longlong as you work hard. as you work hard.ItIts such a s such a pitypity that you can that you cant come.t come.八、八、感叹词感叹词 感叹词是表示某种感情的自然一般都重读感叹词是表示某种感情的自然一般都重读AhAh！ Oh Oh！ FancFancy ! Goodness!y ! Goodness!Nonsense! Hello!Nonsense! Hello!Indeed ! How awful!Indeed ! How awful!但但如如果果后后面面紧紧跟跟一一个个有有强强重重音音的的 词词，单单音音节节的的感感叹叹词词可可以以不重读，但音调很高不重读，但音调很高Ah no Oh well Oh dearAh no Oh well Oh dear英英语语节节奏奏是是指指重重读读音音节节和和非非重重读读音音节交替出现的现象。节交替出现的现象。英英语语的的节节奏奏规规律律是是以以重重音音定定时时的的，即重读音节彼此距离相等。即重读音节彼此距离相等。节奏节奏英语的节奏主要是靠重音来控制的；英语的节奏主要是靠重音来控制的；长短分明；长短分明；轻重分明；轻重分明；英语节奏的特征英语节奏的特征写：写：Birds eat worms.Birds have eaten worms.Birds should have eaten worms.读：读：Birds eat worms.Birds have eaten worms.Birds should have eaten worms.1. 1. 句句中中重重读读音音节节出出现现频频率率高高时时，通通常常语语速速会慢一些，音节听起来自然也清楚些；会慢一些，音节听起来自然也清楚些；2. 2. 重重读读音音节节之之间间拥拥挤挤着着出出现现的的非非重重读读音音节节听起来轻快而含糊。听起来轻快而含糊。Note3. 3. 在在不不受受其其他他因因素素的的影影响响下下，话话语语中中重重音音之之间间的的间间隔隔时时间间大大致致相相等等。也也就就是是说说，根根据据英英语语的的节节奏奏规规律律，话话语语说说起起来来所所需需的的时时间间不不决决定定于于它它有有多多少少个个单单词词，多多少个音节，而是取决于它有多少个重音。少个音节，而是取决于它有多少个重音。E.g. : bread and milk (O o O) E.g. : bread and milk (O o O) some bread and some milk (o O o o O)some bread and some milk (o O o o O)两者的重读音节数相同，故朗读两者的时间大致相等。两者的重读音节数相同，故朗读两者的时间大致相等。Note节奏的类型及训练节奏的类型及训练A ANot me!So what?Why not?Good luck!A a ATry again.What is more.Write it down.Put it there.a A aI hope so.Of course not.Excuse me.With pleasure. a A a aA friend of mineIts possible.Im used to it.He thinks he did. a A a a AI want you to know.Shes gone to the film.I made a mistake.He told me he would.在在实实际际语语言言中中，节节奏奏的的样样式式复复杂杂的的多多，但但无无非非是是有有些些非非重重读读音音节节多多一一些些，有有些些则则少少一一些些，这这就就要要求求我我们在说话时调整好。们在说话时调整好。 A a A a A A a a ASchool begins at this time of the year. a A a a a a a A a a A aIt seems that no one is against the suggestion. a a a a A a a A a a A aHave you ever thought of becoming a teacher? a A a A a AI cant afford a car.Id like a piece of bread.Its all the same to me.They played the game at night. a A a a a AI wanted you to know.I got there after dark.He didnt tell me that!We all wished him success. a A a a A a aI never expected so.He wanted to go with you.They started to laugh at him.The theater is far from here. a A a a a A a a aWill Jack go there together with him?Forget what you have heard from that guy.This isnt quite the moment for it.He called when I was writing something. a A a a A a a AHe wanted to go for a walk.It seems that you dont want to go.He usually goes there by bus.Is that what you asked him to do? A a a a a a AWhen will you come here again?Tell them well have an exam.Where do you want them to start?Whom are you going to meet? a A a a a A a a a AI think you have to do it by yourself.He told me that he took it by mistake.Id like a lump of sugar in my tea.The man who is now speaking is our boss. a A a a A a a A a aHis brother is writing for Hollywood.Ive always been thinking of going there.The ambulance took him to hospital.Whatever the causes, a change took place. a A a A a A a AIll leave no matter what you say.Hes learned the trick of making bread.He left the room without a word.The woods are lovely, dark, and deep. a A a a A a a A a a AIm sure that the boys can complete it in time.Wherever you go you must keep it in mind.They questioned him if there was anything wrong.An apple a day keeps the doctor away.Thank you!Thank you!