教学课件Chapter 1 Invitations to LinguisticslTeaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.lTeaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguistics1.language1.1Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.system-elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.Arbitrary-thereisnointrinsic(logic)connectionbetweenasignanditsmeaning.Symbols-wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention.Vocal-theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Human-specific-humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.“LanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD)1.2designfeaturesoflanguage言语的构造特征a. arbitrariness-the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The link between them is a matter of convention.E.g.“houseuchi(Japanese)Mansion(French)房子(Chinese)conventionality-Itmeansthatinanylanguagetherearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning.Thosewords are customarily used by all speakers with the same intendedmeaningandunderstoodbyalllistenersinthesameway.b. duality-language is a system which consists of two sets ofstructures,ortwolevelsandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.bPrimarylevel-wordswhicharemeaningfulSecondarylevel-soundswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.Thisisthemosteconomicalfeatureoflanguage.creativity-language is resourceful. It makes possible theconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.displacement-human languages enable their users tosymbolize objects, events and concepts which are notpresentatthemomentofcommunication.culturaltransmission-genetictransmissionLanguage is passed on from one generation to the nextthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinct.1.3functionsoflanguage.课间休憩 2. Linguistic 2.1 What is linguistics?Linguistics is a scientific study of language .It is a major branch of social science.Linguistics studies not just one language of any society, but the language of all human society, language in general.2.2 Main branches (scope) of linguisticsphonetics 语音音学学-the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.phonology 音系学音位学音系学音位学morphology 词法学法学syntax 句法学句法学semantics 语义学学pragmatics 语用学用学2.3ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptivevs.prescriptive“描写式和“规定式Theyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.Synchronicvs.diachronic“共时和“历时Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.llangue&parole“言语和“言语lThedistinctionwasmadebytheSwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury.lLanguereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.lparolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.lAsasocialproduct,languagecanbethoughtofasthegeneralizedrulesofthelanguage.Parole,ontheotherhand,istheconcreteuseorapplicationoftherules.lCompetenceandperformance言语才干和言语运用lThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950s.l.Competence-theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance-theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication1971Hymescommunicativecompetence1980Canal&SwainlinguisticcompetenceCompetencesociolinguisticcompetencediscoursecompetencestrategiccompetenceAfter-class worklHomeworklQuestions and Exercises1,4,6,12lSelf-study guidelRead “A New Concise Course On Linguistics For Students Of Englishl Chapter 1 IntroductionlGeorge Yule “The Study of Languagel chapter 3