非谓语动词非谓语动词 找出各句的谓语动词并指出其具体形式1. Dont teach fish to swim. 不要班门弄斧。1哪些是动词的谓语形式？哪些是动词的谓语形式？ dont teach，谓语动词否定式 2. He had a good memory like an elephant. 他以前有很好的记忆力。 3. It would be a waste of money building such a luxurious villa. 建这么豪华的别墅太浪费钱。1 had，谓语动词过去式 would be，附加情态动词的动词原形 4. Light travels much faster than sound. 光比声音传播速度快得多。 5. When asked why, please just keep silent. 当问到原因时，就保持沉默。1 travels，谓语动词单数形式 keep，动词原形 6. The president was warmly welcomed by the residents. 总统受到了居民的热烈欢迎。1 was welcomed，动词的被动形式1 谓语动词的形式包括主动句各种时态下的谓语形式和被动句各种时态下的谓语形式以及情态动词与动词连用的各种形式。2 动名词，现在分词，不定式与过去分词以及它们相应时态与语态下的各种形式叫作动词的非谓语形式。换言之，不能作谓语的动词形式叫非谓语动词。三、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别三、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别高考题点击：高考题点击：1. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. (93 N) A. angrily pointingB. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. （04上海春季）上海春季） A. seizing., disappeared B. seized., disappeared C. seizing, disappearing D. seized, disappearing 两个动作之间用两个动作之间用 and 连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的形式的一致性，故形式的一致性，故B、D皆错；不用皆错；不用 and 连接时称之为状语，只能用非连接时称之为状语，只能用非谓语动词作状语，故谓语动词作状语，故C错。错。seized 和和 took 是并列谓语，是并列谓语，disappearing 是伴随状语。此题的关是伴随状语。此题的关键是键是and 的位置，如果的位置，如果 and 在在 disappear 前，则三个动词并列。前，则三个动词并列。ADA A B 非谓语不定式表将来和主动动词ing:表进行和主动动词ed：表完成和被动1.在句子中充当何成分2.只跟不定式做宾语的动词3.什么情况下需用不定式做定语4.不定式省略to的情况5.不定式的复合结构6.不定式主动表被动的情况动名词现在分词2.动名词与不定式做主语，宾语的区别3.begin和start后跟不定式而不跟动名词的情况1.不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别1.只跟动名词做宾语的动词现在分词跟过去分词作状语 非非谓语动词是是语法填空的必考考点，法填空的必考考点，每年高考至少有每年高考至少有1道道题。不。不仅如此，掌握如此，掌握非非谓语动词的基本用法，的基本用法，对增增强强书面表面表达的文采和提高达的文采和提高阅读理解能力都有明理解能力都有明显的作用。的作用。首先，我首先，我们回回顾一下非一下非谓语动词的的语法功能法功能(在句中充当何种成分在句中充当何种成分)：主语宾语表语定语补语状语动名词VVVV分词VVVV不定式VVVVVV不定式1.看不定式看不定式flash2.在句子中充当何成分（课件）在句子中充当何成分（课件）3.宾语宾语 只跟不定式做宾语的动词（卷子）只跟不定式做宾语的动词（卷子） 复合宾语中宾语是不定式，用形式宾语（卷子）复合宾语中宾语是不定式，用形式宾语（卷子） 特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+不定式（卷子）不定式（卷子） 不定式省略不定式省略to的情况（课件和卷子）的情况（课件和卷子）4.宾补宾补 省略省略to的不定式（卷子）的不定式（卷子）5.定语定语 介词不能省（修饰介词不能省（修饰time, place,way可省）（卷子）可省）（卷子） 什么情况下需用不定式做定语（卷子）什么情况下需用不定式做定语（卷子）6.状语状语 in order to, so as to, only to（卷子）（卷子）7.不定式的复合结构（卷子和课件）不定式的复合结构（卷子和课件）8.时态语态的变化表格（卷子）时态语态的变化表格（卷子）9.不定式主动表被动的情况（课件）不定式主动表被动的情况（课件）不定式的句法功能，除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任不定式的句法功能，除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。何成分。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。眼见为实。 (作主语作主语和和表语表语) To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短语不定式短语作主语作主语)You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活到老学到老。要活到老学到老。(不定式短语不定式短语作宾语作宾语)She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上经常有很多会要开。她晚上经常有很多会要开。(不定式短语不定式短语作定语作定语)To /In order to do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对。要干好活工具得用对。(不定式短语不定式短语作目的状语作目的状语)He got up early in order to/ so as to catch the first bus. (不定式短语不定式短语作目的状语作目的状语)I didnt expect you to arrive so early. 我没想到你来得那么早。我没想到你来得那么早。(不定式短语不定式短语作宾语补足语作宾语补足语)不定式的省略不定式的省略 两个并列的不定式由两个并列的不定式由and或或or连接时，省略后面的不定式中连接时，省略后面的不定式中的的to。如：如：I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例：特例：To be or not to be，that is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示对比表示对比) 句中含有动词句中含有动词do时，时，but，except，besides等后面的不带等后面的不带to。即。即“前有前有do，后省，后省to”。如：。如：He didnt do anything but complain.在在 cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but , could not but ,could not help but 的后面不带的后面不带to , 它们的意思都是它们的意思都是“只好，只有只好，只有” ,如：如： He could not but walk home. / Its raining hard, I cannot help but stay at home./ I cannot but admire his courage. 不定式的复合结构不定式的复合结构 It is brave of you to do that. It is easy for you to do that. 当下列表示人物特征的形容词同当下列表示人物特征的形容词同of 后的名词或代词关系密切，有意义后的名词或代词关系密切，有意义上的主表关系时，常与上的主表关系时，常与o f 搭配。搭配。brave, careful, careless, clever, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, right, wrong ,rude, stupid, silly, wise, thoughtful, etc It was very kind of you to come to help me.= You were very kind to come to help me.下列表示事物性质的形容词同下列表示事物性质的形容词同for后的名词或代词关系不密切，没有后的名词或代词关系不密切，没有意义上的主表关系，但与句中的不定式结构关系密切，有意义上的主意义上的主表关系，但与句中的不定式结构关系密切，有意义上的主表关系，常与表关系，常与 for 搭配。搭配。easy, hard, heavy, necessary, impossible, possible, important, difficult, etc. Its hard for him to get rid of his bad habits .= For him to get rid of his bad habits is hard.不定式主动表被动的情况不定式主动表被动的情况1. 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系，不定式作定语与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系，且与句中的另一名词或代词有主谓关系时。且与句中的另一名词或代词有主谓关系时。Ill give you a book to read.Please lend me a pen to write with.2. be+adj.+to doThe question is not easy to answer.3.不定式与疑问代词连用时不定式与疑问代词连用时School uniforms are not cool enough, so students dont know what to expect.4.某些动词不定式与某些动词不定式与be连用时连用时be to blame, be to seek, be to letThe house is to let.5. There be结构中不定式修饰主语时，主动结构中不定式修饰主语时，主动式和被动式皆可。式和被动式皆可。There is a lot of work to do/ to be done.如果不定式有逻辑主语，只用主动式。如果不定式有逻辑主语，只用主动式。There is nothing for me to do today. 动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式之分，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。动名词动名词动名词和现在分词一样也是由动名词和现在分词一样也是由动词动词+ing 构成，在句中起名词构成，在句中起名词的作用，可作的作用，可作 主语、宾语、表语和定语。主语、宾语、表语和定语。否定形式也是否定形式也是not+ 动名词动名词，有，有四种四种时态和语态形式，使用时注意如下内容即可。时态和语态形式，使用时注意如下内容即可。 时态 语态 主动 被动一般 teaching being taught完成 having taught having been taught动词ing:表进行和主动1.看动词 ing形式的flash2.只跟动词 ing形式作宾语的动词（卷子）3.作主语（几个常用句型）（卷子）4.作定语的位置（卷子）5.作状语 （to do跟doing作结果状语的区别）（课件）6.begin和start跟不定式而不跟动名词作宾语的情况（课件）7.现在分词和过去分词的选择（课件）8.动词ing形式的复合结构（卷子）9.注意 现在分词完成式不作定语 （课件）10. 不定式和动名词作主语和宾语的区别（卷子）11. 跟不定式和动名词作宾语意思不同的动词（卷子）12. being done, done, to be done的区别（课件和卷子）13.10. With复合结构（课件）14.11.如何确定逻辑主语并选择适当的非谓语形式（课件）15.12. 反面解读（课件）.不定式和现在分词作不定式和现在分词作结果状语结果状语的区别的区别不定式：出乎意料的结果不定式：出乎意料的结果I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed.现在分词：往往与主句有因果关系现在分词：往往与主句有因果关系She fell off the bike, breaking her left leg.begin和和start后跟不定式而不跟动名词的情况后跟不定式而不跟动名词的情况1.当主语是无生命之物时当主语是无生命之物时2.Snow began to melt.3.2. begin和和start用于进行时态时用于进行时态时4.He is beginning to study English.5.3. begin和和start后面的动词是表示心理后面的动词是表示心理状态的词（状态的词（know, understand, believe, wonder等）等）6.I began to believe his story.关于分词选定的原则 分词短语做定语时，分词的选定依据分词与被其修饰的名词的关系而定。如果名词是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词；如果名词是分词动作的承受者，用过去分词。分词短语做状语时，则要看分词与句子主语的关系。如果句子的主语是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词；如果主语是分词动作的承受者，用过去分词。(1)Seen from the mountain，the city looks beautiful.(2)Seeing from the mountain，we can see the river running through the city.现在分词跟过去分词作状语现在分词跟过去分词作状语1.现在分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达现在分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。完成意义最好用定语从句。2.The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.2. done, to be done, being done作定语的作定语的区别区别The meeting being held now is of great importance.The meeting held yesterday was of great importance.The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.熟熟 读读 深深 思思with复合结构复合结构 (1)With_the_children_following_him(由于孩子跟着他), he had to go back to the park.(2) With the work finished, he could go home.(3) With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.(4) His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand (a book in her handbook in hand)(5) The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.归归 纳纳 总总 结结 with复合结构既可看作介词短语，在句子中作定语；也可看作独立主格结构，常在句中充当状语。它由“with宾语补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。其结构为：With 宾语 adv./prep.如：(4)。adj.如：(3)。doing(主动，同时)/being done(正在被)， 如：(1)、(5)。done(被动或完成)，如：(2)。to do(与宾语有动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作)另外，在确定用另外，在确定用-ing形式形式还是用是用-ed形式，用形式，用to do还是用是用to be done时，都是由，都是由该非非谓语动词与与逻辑主主语是主是主动关系关系还是被是被动关系来确定关系来确定的。那么，如何找出非的。那么，如何找出非谓语动词的的逻辑主主语？这与非与非谓语动词在句中作何种成分有关，在句中作何种成分有关，详见下表：下表：充当句充当句子成分子成分宾语 表表语状状语定定语宾补逻辑主主语句子的主句子的主语所修所修饰的的词句子的句子的宾语1 【误误】 We dont allow to smoke in the lecture hall. 【正正】 We dont allow smoking in the lecture hall. 【正正】 We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture hall.【解析解析】 考查固定结构。考查固定结构。allow doing sth.; allow sb. to do sth.2 【误误】 She was the first person thinking of the idea. 【正正】 She was the first person to think of the idea. 【解析解析】 当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时，当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时，此定语通常由不定式来充当。此定语通常由不定式来充当。专题七专题七 反面解读反面解读3【误误】 The question being discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【正正】 The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【解析解析】 being discussed表示动作正在进表示动作正在进行，而根据行，而根据at tomorrows meeting可判断动作可判断动作发生在将来，故用发生在将来，故用to be discussed表示。表示。4【误误】 This boy was seen come late this morning. 【正正】 This boy was seen to come late this morning. 【解析解析】 see，watch等动词转换为被动结构等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式一般需要带时，其后不定式一般需要带to。5Ive been looking forward to hear from you.【答案答案】 hear 改为改为hearing。 【解析解析】 短语短语look forward to中，中，to为介词，为介词，所以应用动名词作宾语。所以应用动名词作宾语。6He admitted to have stolen the car.【答案答案】 to have改为改为having。【解析解析】 admit 后面跟动词的后面跟动词的ing形式作宾形式作宾语。语。7This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.【答案答案】 This改为改为 It。【解析解析】 作形式主语，代替动词的作形式主语，代替动词的ing形式，形式，只能用只能用it。8The flowers need being watered. 【答案答案】 being watered改为改为watering或者或者to be watered。【解析解析】 need, want, require等动词的等动词的主语为物时，后面跟动名词主动形式或接不主语为物时，后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构，表示定式的被动结构，表示“需要被需要被”。9现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语。补语。(1)【误误】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated. 【正正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated. (2) 【误误】 The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 【正正】 The book written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 10作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动为同一人或同一事，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。(1) 【误误】 Having found the cause, the experiment continued. 【正正】 Having found the cause, they continued the experiment. (Having foundAfter/When they had found)(2) 【误误】 Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 【正正】 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. (SeenWhen the city is seen)11非谓语的否定式中，非谓语的否定式中，not必须放在非谓语的最前面。必须放在非谓语的最前面。(1) 【误误】 Having not finished his homework, he didnt want to go to bed. 【正正】 Not having finished his homework, he didnt want to go to bed.(2) 【误误】 Mother warns us to not play in the street. 【正正】 Mother warns us not to play in the street. 过去分词过去分词 v-ed不定式不定式 to + v动词的动词的v-ing非非谓谓语语动动词词表将来，主动。表将来，主动。表进行，主动表进行，主动表完成，被动表完成，被动不定式的被动式不定式的被动式在表示在表示被动的同被动的同时还兼表示未来时还兼表示未来。现在分词的完成式也表现在分词的完成式也表示完成，示完成，尤其是表示有尤其是表示有明显先后时间关系的完明显先后时间关系的完成成。现在分词的被动式在现在分词的被动式在表示表示被动的同时还将被动的同时还将表示进行表示进行。6.考查非谓语动词用作结果状语考查非谓语动词用作结果状语I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed.She fell off the bike, breaking her left leg.解析解析不定式：出乎意料的结果不定式：出乎意料的结果现在分词：往往与主句有因果关系现在分词：往往与主句有因果关系考点击破考点击破一、单句填空：一、单句填空：用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。1. _ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old. (全国全国)2. Eugenes never willing to alter any of his opinions. Its no use _(argue) with him. (上海上海)3. Please remain _(seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon. (辽宁辽宁)4. Can I smoke here? Sorry. We dont allow _(smoke) here. (江苏江苏) Walking arguing seated smoking 5. It is difficult to imagine his _(accept) the decision without any consideration. (陕西陕西)6. I cant stand _(work) with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _(stop) talking while she works. (北京北京)7. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need _ (repair). (陕西陕西)8. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _ (live) alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home. (湖南湖南)accepting to stop workingto be repaired living 9. _ (dress) in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.10. I sent you 100 dollars today with the rest _ (follow) next week.11. _ (lose) in the mountains for weeks, the two students were finally saved by the local police.12. _ (put) into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.Dressedto followLostPut 2. _ of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it. AConvinced BConvincingCTo convince DHaving convinced【解析解析】 A动词动词convince表示表示“使使确信确信”；be convinced of sth.“确信确信，相信，相信”；此处用过去分词；此处用过去分词作状语。作状语。也可说，也可说，此处此处convinced of the truth of the reports是形容词短语作状语，表示原因。是形容词短语作状语，表示原因。 _ in thought， he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练实战演练3 Be careful! Dont forget you are on a ladder. But you are holding it for me, nothing _ . Aworry about Bto worry aboutCis worried about Dworrying about【解析解析】 B考查非谓语动词。考查非谓语动词。“小心点。别忘了你小心点。别忘了你在梯子上。在梯子上。”“但是你扶着呢，没什么可担心的。但是你扶着呢，没什么可担心的。” nothing与与不定式短语不定式短语to worry about连用，构成独立主连用，构成独立主格结构，作补充说明性的状语，格结构，作补充说明性的状语，相当于相当于But you are holding it for me, so there is nothing to worry about/so I have nothing to worry about. 其中其中to worry about作后置定语。作后置定语。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练4He looked at me, with an expression _ that he felt even more puzzled. Aindicate BindicatesCindicating Dindicated【解析】 Cwith an expression indicating为with复合结构，其中an expression为逻辑主语，indicate与这个逻辑主语之间有主动关系，故用现在分词。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练7He claimed _ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. Abeing badly treatedBtreating badlyCto be treated badlyDto have been badly treated【答案】 D专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练8 Why are the students working so hard these days? _ ready for the coming entrance examination. ATo get BGet CGetting DGot【解析】 A本题考查非谓语动词。联系语境可知，这些日子学生们努力学习是为即将到来的考试做准备，动词不定式作目的状语。故A项正确。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练9 If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades _ ，water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world. Acoming Bhaving comeCto come Dto be coming【解析】 C本题考查非谓语动词。用不定式表示将要到来的。句意为：如果在将来的几十年水资源变得稀少，那么水资源的缺乏将会成为全球比较热门的一个话题。10The party was a success，but we thought it a pity not _ you. Ato invite Bto be invitingCto have invited Dto be invited【答案】 C专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练11Hearing the 2009 World Winter University Games _ open，all the people in the Harbin Sports Center Gym burst into cheers. Adeclare BdeclaredCdeclaring Dto be declared【解析】 B考查过去分词的用法。很显然选项B和其逻辑主语the 2009 World Winter University Games是被动关系，选B。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练12As the light turned green，I stood for a moment, not _ and asked myself what I was going to do. Amoved BmovingCto move Dbeing moved【解析】 Bmove的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，所以用现在分词，not moving 作伴随状语。如果不注意分析，很容易受并列的谓语动词stoodand asked干扰而误选A。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练13An offer of a reward has caused many students in our school _ actively in the competition. Aparticipate BparticipatedCparticipating Dto participate【解析】 D句意为：比赛有奖，这使得我校很多学生积极参加了比赛。cause sb. to do sth. 为固定用法。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练16 Where is Tom？I have something important to tell him. I last saw him _ in the library reading. Asit Bseated Cseating Dsat【解析】 B本题考查非谓语动词。题干句子空白处用seated作宾语补足语，因为seat是及物动词和宾语him之间的逻辑关系是动宾关系。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练192010江苏卷 The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _ the students to return to their classrooms. Aenabling Bhaving enabledCto enable Dto have enabled【解析】 A本题考查非谓语动词。现在分词短语作谓语动词donated的结果状语。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练21Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _ from the library.Ato borrow Bto be borrowedCborrowed Dborrowing【解析】 C考查非谓语动词的用法。borrowed短语作后置定语，表示一个被动的、已经完成的动作。222010上海卷 That is the only way we can imagine _ the overuse of water in students bathrooms.Areducing Bto reduce Creduced Dreduce【解析】 B此处考查非谓语动词。the way to do sth.意为“做某事的途径、方式”。we can imagine 作定语，前面省略了that。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练232010陕西卷 _ from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. ASeen BSeeing CHaving seen DTo see【解析】 A本题考查非谓语动词。句子的主语和see构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词短语作状语。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练262010四川卷 In many peoples opinion，that company，though relatively small，is pleasant _. Ato deal with Bdealing with Cto be dealt with Ddealt with【解析】 A考查非谓语动词的用法。这里用“形容词动词不定式”结构，动词不定式主动形式表示被动意义。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练272010山东卷 I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. Acompleting Bto completeCcompleted Dbeing completed【解析】 B根据动词短语have sth. to do，且本句有时间状语the end of this term，选B。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练29Mr Wang made up his mind to devote all he could _ his oral English before going abroad.A. improve B. to improveC. improving D. to improving【解析】 D考查非谓语动词的用法。 此题中包含固定短语devoteto，其中to为介词，后面应接动名词。动词devote后接的宾语为all，all又为先行词，后又包含一个定语从句he could (do)。此题很容易以为could后应接动词原形；而误选A项。答案为D项。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练30Im busy now. Im sorry I cant help _ the flowers.A. watering B. wateredC. waters D. to water【解析】 D考查非谓语动词的用法。 答案为D项。此题中的cant help并不是表示 “情不自禁做某事”的意思，根据上文可知其意为 “不能帮助做某事”，其结构为cant help (to) do。专题七专题七 实战演练实战演练