非谓语动词非谓语动词什么是非谓语动词什么是非谓语动词特殊动词的搭配特殊动词的搭配动词不定式与介词动词不定式与介词to词组总结词组总结现在分词与过去分词现在分词与过去分词 非谓语动词非谓语动词: :在句中不单独作谓语的动词叫非在句中不单独作谓语的动词叫非谓语动词谓语动词。例例: He likes to read the novel.: He likes to read the novel.例：例：He enjoyed traveling around world.He enjoyed traveling around world.例：例：John made Tom go with him.John made Tom go with him.解析：解析： 英语的单句中，可能有两个动词，动词英语的单句中，可能有两个动词，动词2 2根据根据动词动词1 1的而变化。而我们看到的动词的而变化。而我们看到的动词2 2，及，及(to (to do, doing, donedo, doing, done等形式，就是非谓语动词）等形式，就是非谓语动词） 单句中的动词1与动词2，动词1是谓语，有各种时态、语态、语气的变化动词2根据动词1而变化例: He wanted to do thatI am enjoying seeing the filmLet us go!非谓语动词的种类非谓语动词的种类1.不定式 to do 有还没有做的含义.2.动名词doing 表示抽象的名词意义3.现在分词doing 表示主动或进行的意义.4.过去分词done 表示被动或完成的意义.v.to doV ving只加不带toto do, doing意思相同意思相同绝大部分动词是此形式详见第9篇Let/make sb dobegin/start/like to do, doing意思不同意思不同do或doing详见10-17篇see, watch, observe, notice等等详见18篇只加ving的词Avoid避免; consider考虑; delay拖延; deny否认; dislike不喜欢; enjoy欣赏; excuse原谅; fancy幻想; forgive原谅; finish完成; imagine设想; keep保持; mind介意; pardon原谅; prevent阻止; practise练习; resist坚持; risk冒险; suggest建议; understand理解- 动名词与不定式语义不同动名词与不定式语义不同1.stop to do 2.forget to do3.remember to do 4.regret to do5.cease to do 6.try to do7.go on to do8.Be afraid to do 9.mean to do1.stop doing 2.forget doing3.remember doing 4.regret doing5.cease doing 6.try doing7.go on doing8.Be afraid doing 9.mean doing1) stop doing/to do stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing停止做某事。停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，他们停下来，抽了根烟。抽了根烟。I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。我必须戒烟了。典型例题典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have restedB. resting C. to restD. rest答案：答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth. 停下来停下来去做另一件事去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。不正确。 2) forget doing/to doforget to do忘记要去做某事忘记要去做某事。(未做未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。忘记做过某事。(已做已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动没有做关灯的动作作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作已做过关灯的动作)典型例题典型例题- The light in the office is still on.- Oh，I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：答案：C。由。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth. 而而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。符合题意。 3) remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事记得去做某事 (未做未做)remember doing记得做过某事记得做过某事 (已做已做) Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。记着放学后去趟邮局。 Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 4)regret doing/to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。对要做的事遗憾。(未做未做) regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做已做) I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。 I dont regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.to do B. to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案：答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到对已发生的事感到遗憾。遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。5) cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。长时间，甚至永远停做某事。 cease doing 短时短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。6) try doing/to do try to do努力，企图做某事努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。试验，试着做某事。 You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我试着种果木我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。花卉，但未成功。7) go on doing/to do go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事。继续做原来做的事。 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。做完数学后，他接着去做物理。8) be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为意为怕怕；be afraid of doing担心出现担心出现doing的状况、结果。的状况、结果。 doing 是是客观上造成的，意为客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕生怕，恐怕”。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。她生怕吵醒她丈夫。9) mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想打算、想mean doing意味着意味着I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。赠加工资意味着增加购买力。感官动词感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调强调我看见了我看见了这个事实这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 （强调（强调我见他正干活我见他正干活这个动作）这个动作）典型例题典型例题1）They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 答案：答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正而非正 在长的动作，因此用在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。的句型。2）The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playingC. playD. to play答案答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。句型。动词动词 + to do动词动词+疑问词疑问词 + to do 动词动词 + it(形式宾语）形式宾语）+宾补宾补 +to do常见动词有常见动词有 agree,decide ,fail, hope, wish , want, plan，learn, would like, cant wait(迫迫不及待不及待) cant afford（负担不起）（负担不起） 等等I dont know what to do .Can you tell me how to get there ?I cant decide which to choose.I find it important to learn English.I think it necessary to drink the water. 用法用法 ：作宾语作宾语一些省略一些省略to的句型的句型（1）Why not +动词原形动词原形（2）Why dont you+动词原形动词原形（3）Youd better +动词原形动词原形（4）Youd better not +动词原形动词原形（5 ) Will you please +动词原形动词原形（6）Will you please not +动词原形动词原形（7）sb do nothing but（只是，只不过）（只是，只不过）例例: They didn nothing but complain 常见固定搭配常见固定搭配1.too to doThe desk is too heavy to carry .2.be + adj + enough to doThe room is big enough for 10 people to live in .3.Its time to do sth 或Its time for sb to do sth . Its time to have a rest.4.It takes sb some time to do sth . It takes me three days to finish the job .5.be + adj （glad . sorry .sure . happy . afraid等表情感的形容词后）+ to do sth .(1) Im sorry to trouble you . 介词介词+doing look forward to doing sth. （盼望）（盼望） pay attention to doing sth. （注意）（注意） be used to doing sth. （习惯于）（习惯于） prefer doing sth to doing sth.（更喜欢）（更喜欢） devote to doing sth （致力于）（致力于） make a contribution to doing （做贡献）（做贡献）分词分为分词分为现在分词现在分词和和过去分词过去分词。 分分 词词4区别：区别：现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如：如：The man standing by the windows is our teacher.站在门边的人是我们的老师。站在门边的人是我们的老师。The house built last year has become our lab.去年建的房子已成了我们的实验室。去年建的房子已成了我们的实验室。1现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示完成现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示完成的动作。的动作。如：如：falling leaves 正在飘落的树叶正在飘落的树叶fallen leaves 落叶（已落下）落叶（已落下）developing country 发展中国家发展中国家developed country 发达国家发达国家 .用括号中动词的适当形式填空用括号中动词的适当形式填空 _(fish)is my favourite sport.I often _(fish) for hours without _(catch) anything. But this doesnt worry me.Some of the fishermen_ (be) unlucky.Instead of _(catch)fish,they catch old shoes.I am even less lucky.I never catch anything not even old shoes .After_ (spend)whole mornings on the river,I always go home with an empty bag,“You must give up_(fish)!”My friends say.“Its a waste of time.”But they dont know one important thing.Im not really interested in _(fish).Im only interested in _(sit)in a boat and_(do) nothing at all. 课时训练课时训练 Fishing fish catching are catching spending fishing fishing sitting doing 主语：常置于句末，而用主语：常置于句末，而用itit代替其做形式主语。代替其做形式主语。例：例：To go in for sportsTo go in for sports helps you stay fit. helps you stay fit. It helps you stay fit It helps you stay fit to go in for sports.to go in for sports. It is dangerous It is dangerous to swim in the deep sea to swim in the deep sea on your own. on your own.注：此句式中不定式逻辑上的主语可由注：此句式中不定式逻辑上的主语可由forfor或或ofof引出，引出， 逻辑主语由逻辑主语由ofof引出时，表语的形容词为引出时，表语的形容词为kindkind，nicenice， good good，politepolite，cleverclever，foolishfoolish，rightright，wrongwrong等等 表示性格品质评价的形容词。表示性格品质评价的形容词。 例：例：ItIts right of him s right of him to refuse the invitationto refuse the invitation. . (him (him为逻辑主语为逻辑主语) ) 点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，除了点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，除了直接作主语直接作主语外，外， 常放在：常放在： It is It is adjadj（形容词）（形容词）to do sthto do sth或或 It is It is n n（名词）（名词）to do sthto do sth句型中，句型中， it it仅作形式主语。仅作形式主语。 返回返回 动动 词词 宾宾 语语 此种情况可按固定搭配或句式去记。此种情况可按固定搭配或句式去记。例：例：would you like to see my photos?would you like to see my photos? Kevin planned to visit his uncle Kevin planned to visit his uncle类似用法的词还有：类似用法的词还有： startstart，wantwant，agreeagree，hopehope，beginbegin，decidedecide agree agree，lovelove，like like ，hate hate ，preferprefer等。等。I found it very difficult to get a job.(itI found it very difficult to get a job.(it为形式宾语为形式宾语) )点击规律：点击规律： 这些动词后面除接不定式外，还可以接动名词，意思这些动词后面除接不定式外，还可以接动名词，意思 区别不大区别不大提示板：提示板：like doinglike doing指经常性动作，而指经常性动作，而like to dolike to do指一次性的动作。指一次性的动作。 I like swimming I like swimming，but I donbut I dont like to swim nowt like to swim now 我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。 stopstop，forgetforget，rememberremember，go on go on ，trytry等词或短语后面可以等词或短语后面可以接不定式。接不定式。 点击规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。点击规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。 提示板：提示板： 1 1）stop to do sthstop to do sth：停止一件事，去做另一件事。：停止一件事，去做另一件事。 stop doing sthstop doing sth：停止正在做的事。：停止正在做的事。 例句：例句： When the teacher came in When the teacher came in，the students stopped the students stopped talking talking；当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话；当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话； when he came out when he came out，the students stopped to talkthe students stopped to talk 当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。 2 2）思考：）思考：forgetforget，rememberremember，go ongo on，trytry等词或短语后面接等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别？不定式和动名词用法有何区别？ 点击规律：在点击规律：在findfindfeelfeelititadjadjto do sthto do sth句型中，句型中，itit是是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如：形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如： The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep I feel it easy to recite the text I feel it easy to recite the text 点击规律：某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语，点击规律：某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语， 又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造 句子加以区分，如上页的句子加以区分，如上页的stopstop例句。例句。 返回返回表表 语语放在连系动词放在连系动词bebe后面后面 例句：例句：His wish is to become a scientistHis wish is to become a scientist Our duty is to protect the enviroment. Our duty is to protect the enviroment. The first important thing is to save theThe first important thing is to save the soldiers soldiersliveslives 当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。 点击规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系点击规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。 返回返回 定定 语语 动词不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词动词不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词 、代词的后面。、代词的后面。例：例： He is the first person to sail around the world. He is the first person to sail around the world. I have a lot of work to do I have a lot of work to do The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boyThe doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy 点击规律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、点击规律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、 代词之后。代词之后。 提示板：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，提示板：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系， 且动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉后面的介词。如：且动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉后面的介词。如： I have a small bedroom to live I have a small bedroom to live inin Have you got some pens to write Have you got some pens to write withwith？ 返回返回 作作 状状 语语 a a目的状语：放在目的状语：放在gogo，comecome，useuse，livelive，in orderin order等词后面等词后面. .如：如： I come to see you I come to see you He runs fast in order to get there in time He runs fast in order to get there in time They brought in photos of their families for me to They brought in photos of their families for me to look at look at b b原因状语：放在原因状语：放在sorrysorry，gladglad，surprisedsurprised， disappointeddisappointed， excited excited等词后面。（等词后面。（有些资料上把这类称为不定式在有些资料上把这类称为不定式在表示心理、情感、评价等的形容词后，对其进行补充说明，表示心理、情感、评价等的形容词后，对其进行补充说明， 作形容词补足语作形容词补足语）如：）如： I am glad to see you here I am glad to see you here I am sorry to trouble you I am sorry to trouble you c c作结果状语。如：作结果状语。如： Some of the apples are hard to reach Some of the apples are hard to reach The room is large enough to hold 1000 people The room is large enough to hold 1000 people 返回返回宾语补足语宾语补足语(1)(1)在多数复合宾语及物动词后要带在多数复合宾语及物动词后要带toto： telltell，askask，wantwant，orderorder，teachteach，inviteinvite，warnwarn，wishwish，helphelp，getget，wishwish，等词后面常接不定式作宾补。，等词后面常接不定式作宾补。例：例： I Iaskedaskeda afriendfriendtotoreadreaditittotomeme I tell him not to go there by bus I tell him not to go there by bus EdisonEdisons mother taught him to read and writes mother taught him to read and write (2)(2)在表示感觉、致使等意义的动词在表示感觉、致使等意义的动词(see(see，watchwatch，hearhear，feelfeel，makemake，letlet，havehave， observeobserve， noticenotice， helphelp等等) )后后不带不带toto 的不定式作宾补。如：的不定式作宾补。如： The boss makes them work 16 hours a dayThe boss makes them work 16 hours a day I heard her sing in the next roomI heard her sing in the next room 提示板：若变成提示板：若变成被动语态被动语态，在上述结构中，在上述结构中，不定式符号不定式符号toto要加上要加上。如：如： They are made They are made toto work 16 hours a day by the bosswork 16 hours a day by the boss She was heard She was heard toto sing in the next roomsing in the next room 返回返回 “疑问词不定式疑问词不定式”用法用法 不定式前可带不定式前可带whatwhat，whowho，whichwhich，wherewhere，whenwhen，how, how, whosewhose，等疑问词，这种不定式短语在句中作宾语、宾语补足语、，等疑问词，这种不定式短语在句中作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。主语等。例：例：He didnHe didnt tell me where to go. (t tell me where to go. (直宾直宾) ) I don I dont know what to say now.(t know what to say now.(宾语宾语) ) I dont know what to do next I dont know what to do next（宾语）（宾语） He taught us how to use the computer He taught us how to use the computer（宾语补足语）（宾语补足语） Its still a question how to get there Its still a question how to get there（主语）（主语） 在初中阶段还涉及到在初中阶段还涉及到“不定式被动语态一般式不定式被动语态一般式(to be+(to be+过去分词过去分词) )”例：例：There are twenty more trees to be planted. There are twenty more trees to be planted. 返回返回根据句意，用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。根据句意，用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。 1Its time for us _（have）supper 2Would you like_（go）shopping with me？ 3It took us half an hour_（work）out the problem 4He is old enough_（join）the army 5I feel strange_（have）a twin sister 6I am very glad_（meet）you here 7They prefer_（stay）at home rather than go out 8We saw them_（come）into the room just now 9What he said made me_（feel）sorry 10I am sorryI forgot_（tell）you the news 11His plan is_（spend）a few days in the mountains 12Have you got anything_（say）？）？ 13Have you decided which one_（choose）？）？ 14Do you know when_（start）？）？ 15He is too weak_（carry）the big stone to go 主语主语to go 宾语宾语to work 主语主语to join 结果状语结果状语to have 形容词补足语形容词补足语(原原)to meet 形容词补足语形容词补足语(原原)to stay 宾语宾语to come 宾补宾补to feel 宾补宾补to tell 宾语宾语to spend 表语表语to say 定语定语to choose 定语定语to start 不定式短语作宾语不定式短语作宾语to carry 结果状语结果状语