研究生英语课件研究生英语课件1 1CATALOGUEBackground InformationOutlineLanguage PointsKeysOral Practice And DiscussiontextBackground Information1. Introduction to the Author1. Introduction to the AuthorSylvia Nasar discovered the remarkable story of Nobel laureate John Nash as an economics reporter for the New York Times. A veteran business journalist who had been on the staffs of Fortune and U.S. News & World Report, she was fascinated by Nashs intellectual achievements and triumph over schizophrenia（精神分裂症）（精神分裂症）. Her article, The Lost Years of the Nobel Laureate, depicted his life as a three-act drama on the mysteries of the mind: genius, madness, reawakening.Background Information2. Introduction to John NashJohn Nash was a mathematical genius whose 27-page dissertation, “Non-Cooperative Games”, written in 1950 when he was 21, would be honored with the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994.Background InformationHis most important work had been in game theory (博弈论博弈论), which by the 1980s was underpinning a large part of economics. When the Nobel Prize committee began debating a prize for game theory, Nashs name inevitably came uponly to be dismissed, since the prize clearly could not go to a mad man. But in 1994 Nash, in remission from schizophrenia, shared the Nobel Prize in economics for work done some 45 years previously.OutlineComments on NashDescriptions Genius (Para. 4)Nashs genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest of all sciences: It was not merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were non-rational. Originality(Para. 5)1.Nash acquired his knowledge of mathematics not mainly form studying what other mathematicians had discovered, but by rediscovering their truths for himself. 2.Eager to astound, he was always on the lookout for the really big problems. 3.When he focused on some new puzzle, he saw dimensions that people who really knew the subject (he never did) initially dismissed as naive or wrong-headed. OutlineOutlineDistain of authority (Para. 5)1.As a young man he was surrounded by the high priests of twentieth-century scienceAlbert Einstein, John von Neumann, and Norbert Wienerbut he joined no school, became no ones disciple, got along: largely without guides or followers.2.In almost everything he didfrom game theory to geometryhe thumbed his nose at the received wisdom, current fashions, established methods. Outline Faith in rationality(Para. 6)1.He was beguiled by the idea of alien races of hyper-rational beings who had taught themselves to disregard all emotion.2.Compulsively rational, he wished to turn lifes decisionswhether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marryinto calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition. Outline Peculiar personality(Para. 7)1.His contemporaries, on the whole, found him immensely strange. They described him as “aloof”, “haughty”, “ without affect”, “detached”, “spooky”, “isolated”, and “ queer”. 2.His mannerslightly cold, a bit superior, somewhat secretivesuggested something “mysterious and unnatural”.Peculiar personality(Para. 7)3. His remoteness was punctuated by flights of garrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences.4. “He is not one of us” was a constant refrain.OutlineOutline Achievements 1.Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the century.” Para. 3 2.In 1958, Fortune singled Nash out for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematicians. Para. 7Language Points1. strain (v.)to stretch sth tightly by pulling; to make the greatest possible effort; to injure or weaken a part of your body by stretching too much or trying too hard; to force sth beyond a limit of what is acceptable (Para. 1) 那条绳子快要被拉断了。那条绳子快要被拉断了。The rope was strained almost to the breaking point. 那位歌手声嘶力竭才把高音唱出来。那位歌手声嘶力竭才把高音唱出来。The singer had to strain to reach the high notes. 你在这样的光线下看书会伤害眼睛的。你在这样的光线下看书会伤害眼睛的。Youll strain your eyes trying to read in this light. 难民的涌入使我们有限的设施不堪重负。难民的涌入使我们有限的设施不堪重负。The influx of refugees is straining our limited facilities.Language Points2. burstto move, appear, send out or produce sth suddenly and unexpectedly (Para. 3) 观众爆发出一阵掌声。观众爆发出一阵掌声。The audience burst into applause. 2001年，这个年轻的政党突然出现在政治舞台上。年，这个年轻的政党突然出现在政治舞台上。The young party burst onto the political scene in 2001. 看到她脸上的表情，他们都大笑起来。看到她脸上的表情，他们都大笑起来。They all burst out laughing at the expression on her face.Language Points3. obsessto fill in the mind of sb continually; to think about sth much more than is necessary(AmE) (Para. 5) 他晚年一直受着死亡恐惧的困扰。他晚年一直受着死亡恐惧的困扰。The fear of death obsessed him throughout his old age. 你总是一心想着挣钱。你总是一心想着挣钱。Youve always been obsessed with making money. 他迷恋上了别人的妻子。他迷恋上了别人的妻子。He had become obsessed with another mans wife. 不要过于担心你的体重，你看上去很好。不要过于担心你的体重，你看上去很好。Stop obsessing about your weight. You look fine.Language Points4. be jealous offormal wanting to keep or protect something that you have because you are proud of it 小心守护，珍惜，惟小心守护，珍惜，惟恐失去恐失去 他们尽力维护自己的权利。他们尽力维护自己的权利。They are jealous of their rights. 这里的人们很珍惜他们的自由。这里的人们很珍惜他们的自由。The people here are jealous of their freedom. 她极度害怕失去她的男朋友。她极度害怕失去她的男朋友。She was extremely jealous of her boy-friend.Language Points5. get alongto have a harmonious or friendly relationship with sb; to progress in sth you are doing; leave a place (Para. 5) 我总觉得他有点难以相处。我总觉得他有点难以相处。Ive always found him a bit difficult to get along with. 你的女儿在大学学习怎么样？你的女儿在大学学习怎么样？Hows your daughter getting along at university? 是我们该走的时候了。是我们该走的时候了。Its time we were getting along.Language Points6. thumb ones nose atto show that you do not respect rules, laws etc or you do not care what someone thinks of you (Para. 5) 这是一个可以让他藐视权利的机会。这是一个可以让他藐视权利的机会。This was a chance for him to thumb his nose at authority. 帮我缝上这些纽扣好吗？我今天显得笨手笨脚的。帮我缝上这些纽扣好吗？我今天显得笨手笨脚的。Would you do up these buttons for me? I seem to be all thumbs today. 她把汤姆管住了。她把汤姆管住了。Shes got Tom under her thumb.be all thumbsbe very clumsybe under sbs thumbbe completely under sbs influence or controlLanguage Points7. on the lookout for/ look out forto watch a place or situation continuously in order to see, find or be aware of sb/sth (Para. 5) 警察随时注意可疑的人。警察随时注意可疑的人。Police were on the lookout for anyone behaving suspiciously. 我们密切注意寻找新的商机。我们密切注意寻找新的商机。We are always on the lookout for new business opportunities. 你在车站的时候，留神看着你姨妈。你在车站的时候，留神看着你姨妈。Look out for your Aunt while youre at the station.Language Points8. doubt是最一般的词，暗示没有足够的证据无法确信，以至不能是最一般的词，暗示没有足够的证据无法确信，以至不能形成意见或作出决定。形成意见或作出决定。 Theres some doubt whether he will come on time. It raised many doubts in their mind.暗示在无确凿证据的情况下不愿意相信，常意味带有习惯暗示在无确凿证据的情况下不愿意相信，常意味带有习惯性的怀疑脾气。性的怀疑脾气。 He greeted her protestations of innocence with amused scepticism. Talking to the medium had only increased his scepticism about spiritualism( (唯灵论；唯心论；精神性；唯灵论；唯心论；精神性；灵性灵性).).skepticism (scepticism)例：例：例：例：Language Points9. superior (to)better than average; better, stronger, etc than sb/sth else; higher in rank or position; showing that one thinks one is better than others (Para. 6) 这个候选人显然比别的候选人强。这个候选人显然比别的候选人强。This candidate is clearly superior. 新的新的IV型发动机优于其竞争产品。型发动机优于其竞争产品。The new Mark IV engine is superior to its rivals.Mark （与数字连用表示武器、机器等的）型，式（与数字连用表示武器、机器等的）型，式 我要把情况向你的上司报告。我要把情况向你的上司报告。I will report you to your superior officer. 他的态度如此傲慢，我真想往他脸上吐唾沫。他的态度如此傲慢，我真想往他脸上吐唾沫。He has such a superior attitude, I feel like spitting at him.Language Points10. disregardto ignore sth or treat is as unimportant (v.); lack of attention or care (n.)(Para. 6) 法官命令陪审团不要理会证人的最后陈述。法官命令陪审团不要理会证人的最后陈述。The judge ordered the jury to disregard the witnesss last statement. 我们可不能忽视安全问题。我们可不能忽视安全问题。We cant just disregard the security problems. 鲁迪驾车时全然不顾乘客的安全。鲁迪驾车时全然不顾乘客的安全。Rudi drove with total disregard for his passengers safety.Language Points11. divorce1)transitive formal to separate two ideas, subjects etc 2)completely 灵魂与肉体分开时，灵魂将如何？灵魂与肉体分开时，灵魂将如何？What happens to the soul when it is divorced from the body? 理论与实际不应脱离。理论与实际不应脱离。Theory and practice shouldnt become divorced.Language Points2) transitive to stop being involved in an activity, organization, situation etc他得抛开任何个人的考虑。他得抛开任何个人的考虑。He has to divorce himself from any personal considerations. 当今世界上愿望与可能愈来愈脱节。当今世界上愿望与可能愈来愈脱节。There is a growing divorce between desire and possibility in todays world. n. countable usually singular formal the fact of separating two related things 理论脱离实际理论脱离实际the divorce of theory from practiceLanguage Points12. more often than notusually (Para. 7) 他通常跟我们嚷嚷过后没几分钟就会来道歉。他通常跟我们嚷嚷过后没几分钟就会来道歉。More often than not hell come and apologize within minutes of shouting at us. 这些税法中的漏洞屡屡被人利用。这些税法中的漏洞屡屡被人利用。These loopholes in the tax laws are exploited only too often. 偶尔有检查员来查看这地方的情况。偶尔有检查员来查看这地方的情况。An inspector would come round every so often to check the premises.all too often/ only too oftenused to say that sth sad, disappointing, or annoying happens too muchevery so oftensometimesLanguage Points13. refrainto keep oneself from doing sth(v.); a remark or idea that is often repeated (n.); lines of a song or poem which are repeated, esp at the end of each verse(n.)副歌，叠歌副歌，叠歌(指指歌曲中重复演唱的部分歌曲中重复演唱的部分) (Para. 7) 在这房间内请不要抽烟。在这房间内请不要抽烟。Please refrain from smoking in this room. 我们的建议一再得到公司负担不起费用的答复。我们的建议一再得到公司负担不起费用的答复。Our proposal met with the constant refrain that the company could not afford it. 请大家一道来唱副歌好吗？请大家一道来唱副歌好吗？Will you all join in singing the refrain, please?Language Points14. obscurenot easily or clearly seen or understood (adj.); not well-known (adj.); to make sth obscure(v.) (Para. 7) 他犯罪的真正动机仍不清楚。他犯罪的真正动机仍不清楚。His real motive for the crime remains obscure. 那人只是一个名不见经传的诗人。那人只是一个名不见经传的诗人。The man is only an obscure poet. 近来的一些成功使人看不清公司依然处于困境。近来的一些成功使人看不清公司依然处于困境。Recent successes obscure the fact that the company is still in trouble.Language Points15. single outto select sb/sth from a group of similar people or things for special attention (Para. 7) 他的文章一开头就突出了美国对外政策的五个重要宗旨。他的文章一开头就突出了美国对外政策的五个重要宗旨。His article starts by singling out the five key goals of US foreign policy. 他们选出玛丽为客人唱歌。他们选出玛丽为客人唱歌。They singled out Mary to sing for the guests. 这份报告挑出克拉克先生给予特别的批评。这份报告挑出克拉克先生给予特别的批评。The report singles out Mr. Clarke for special criticism.KeysI.A. II.1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. DIII.6. B 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. D II. A. III.1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. C6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C KeysB. 1.disregard 2. on the lookout for 3. obsessed with 4. get along 5. superior to 6. thumbing nose at 7. burst onto 8. obscure 9. More often than not 10. singling out III. 1. stricken 2. distinguishes 3. resulted in 4. Cases 5. necessarily 6. unlike 7. fortunate 8. as to 9. collection 10. chronicKeysTranslation1.小约翰小约翰福布斯福布斯纳什纳什数学天才、理性行为理论的缔数学天才、理性行为理论的缔造者、预见思想机器出现的预言家造者、预见思想机器出现的预言家已经和来访者，也已经和来访者，也是一位数学家，共坐了近半个小时。是一位数学家，共坐了近半个小时。2. 他一直目光呆滞地盯着哈佛教授乔治他一直目光呆滞地盯着哈佛教授乔治麦克恩左脚前方麦克恩左脚前方不远的地方，除了一次次将垂在前额的略长的黑发拨开的不远的地方，除了一次次将垂在前额的略长的黑发拨开的动作，他几乎一动不动。动作，他几乎一动不动。3. 在后来十年，在那既以对人类理性抱有无尚信念而著称，在后来十年，在那既以对人类理性抱有无尚信念而著称，又以对人类生存怀有无尽忧虑而闻名的十年，纳什，用知又以对人类生存怀有无尽忧虑而闻名的十年，纳什，用知名几何学家米克哈尔名几何学家米克哈尔格罗莫夫的话说，证明了自己是格罗莫夫的话说，证明了自己是“20世纪后半叶最杰出的数学家世纪后半叶最杰出的数学家”。Keys4. 数学家保罗数学家保罗哈莫斯写道，天才哈莫斯写道，天才“分为两种：一种就像我分为两种：一种就像我们大家一样，只是更为出色；另一种则是那些明显具备超们大家一样，只是更为出色；另一种则是那些明显具备超凡人类灵感的人。我们都能跑步，有些人还能在四分钟内凡人类灵感的人。我们都能跑步，有些人还能在四分钟内跑完一英里；但是我们所做的一切无论如何也无法与创作跑完一英里；但是我们所做的一切无论如何也无法与创作出出G小调赋格曲相提并论。小调赋格曲相提并论。”纳什的天分就属于那种常与音纳什的天分就属于那种常与音乐和艺术而非最古老的科学紧密相连的神奇异禀。乐和艺术而非最古老的科学紧密相连的神奇异禀。5. 他具有一种难以抑制的理性，希望将生活中的决定他具有一种难以抑制的理性，希望将生活中的决定是是搭乘第一部电梯还是等待下一部，到哪里存钱，接受什么搭乘第一部电梯还是等待下一部，到哪里存钱，接受什么样的工作，是否结婚样的工作，是否结婚都转化为利弊得失的计算，转化为都转化为利弊得失的计算，转化为完全脱离感情、习俗和传统的算术法则或数学规则。完全脱离感情、习俗和传统的算术法则或数学规则。TranslationKeys6.他一贯冷漠，但一时兴起也会喋喋不休地谈论外太空和他一贯冷漠，但一时兴起也会喋喋不休地谈论外太空和7.地缘政治趋势，或做出孩子般的恶作剧，或者毫无征兆的地缘政治趋势，或做出孩子般的恶作剧，或者毫无征兆的8.勃然大怒。这些情感的迸发总是和他的沉默一样神秘莫测。勃然大怒。这些情感的迸发总是和他的沉默一样神秘莫测。9.“他和我们不一样。他和我们不一样。”是人们常说的一句话。是人们常说的一句话。7. 纳什对于人类竞争动态变化的洞察纳什对于人类竞争动态变化的洞察他的理性竞争与合他的理性竞争与合作理论作理论将会成为将会成为20世纪最具影响的思想理论之一。这一世纪最具影响的思想理论之一。这一理论改变着新兴的经济学，其作用无异于孟德尔的基因遗理论改变着新兴的经济学，其作用无异于孟德尔的基因遗传，达尔文的自然选择模式和牛顿的天体力学再造了当时传，达尔文的自然选择模式和牛顿的天体力学再造了当时的生物学和物理学。的生物学和物理学。TranslationOral Practice And Discussion1. What was Nashs view on extraterrestrials?He believed that extraterrestrials were sending him messages and that he was being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world. According to Nash, the ideas he had about supernatural beings came to him the same way that his mathematical ideas did. So he took them seriously.Oral Practice And Discussion2. How are geniuses defined according to the text? What category does Nash belong to?Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue.”Oral Practice And DiscussionNashs genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest of all sciences: It wasnt merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were nonrational：he saw the vision first, constructing the laborious proofs long afterward.Oral Practice And Discussion3. What are the paradoxes you find in Nash, based on the text?1) Nash was a mathematician, a man devoted to 2)reasoning and logical proof, but he believed in 3)extraterrestrials.2) Nash was compulsively rational, he wished to turn lifes decisionswhether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marryinto calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition. But his intuition was non-rational. Nash saw the vision first, constructing the laborious proofs long afterward.Oral Practice And Discussion3) Nash was known for his remoteness and silence, but there were occasions such as garrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences.4) Nash as a person was difficult to understand, but his ideas were quite popular.Oral Practice And Discussion4. Sum up Nashs achievements and his contribution to the world.Achievements: Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the century.” In 1958,Fortune singled Nash out for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematics.Oral Practice And DiscussionContribution: His ideas were of the deep and wholly unanticipated kind that pushes scientific thinking in new directions. And he did contribute, in a big way. Nashs insight into the dynamics of human rivalryhis theory of rational conflict and cooperationwas to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendels ideas of genetic transmission, Darwins model of natural selection, and Newtons celestial mechanics reshaped biology and physics in their day.Oral Practice And Discussion5. What do you think of John Nash?6. What do you know about Nashs game theory? Thank you! Thank you! 结束结束