如何成为一名成功的科学家如何成为一名成功的科学家IN GENERAL:Science involves a pursuit of knowledge covering general principles or the operations of fundamental laws. WHAT IS SCIENCE?Any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation.STANDARDS FOR MEASURING SUCCESSSOME EXAMPLESA successful scientistis one who:Is a leader in a particular fieldTrains and inspires a younger generation of scientistsEngages actively in political and social discourse of the day, especially pertaining to research related controversies in scientific and technical fieldsEinstein discovered light quanta by pondering experiments on particles discovered only a few years earlier.Einsteinsnewgeneraltheoryofrelativitypredictedthat:whenarayoflightpassesnearamassivebody,therayshouldbebent;e.g.,starlightpassingnearthesunshouldbedeflectedbyitsgravity.Dear Mother, - Good news today. H.A. Lorentz has wired me that the British expeditions have actually proved the light deflection near the sun.ALBERT: THE PHYSICIST OF ALL AGES!How strange is the lot of us mortals! Each of us is here for a brief sojourn; for what purpose he knows not, though he sometimes thinks he senses it. But without deeper reflection one knows from daily life that one exists for other people - first of all for those upon whose smiles and well-being our own happiness is wholly dependent, and then for the many, unknown to us, to whose destinies we are bound by the ties of sympathy. A hundred times every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving. http:/www.aip.org/history/einstein/E mc2= “I have called this principle, by whicheach slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection.”CharlesDarwinfromTheOriginofSpeciesDarwin was the first evolutionary biologists, the originator of the concept of natural selection. His principal works, The Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871) marked a new epoch. His works were violently attacked and energetically defended.CHARLES DARWIN: SCIENTIST WITH IMMENSE PERCEPTION!“Evolution or God, natural selection or divine intervention? Almost 200 years after his birth, the debate over Charles Darwins origin of our species still rages,” said Time magazine in a recent article. TheChurch of EnglandissuedanapologyforhavingmisunderstoodDarwinswork.“Two hundred years from your birth, the Church of England owes you an apology for misunderstanding you and, by getting our first reaction wrong, encouraging others to misunderstand you still,”itsaid.age7age30age49age55age65age71What I see in Nature is a magnificent structure that we can comprehend only very imperfectly, and that must fill a thinking person with a feeling of humility. This is a genuinely religious feeling that has nothing to do with mysticism. SCIENTISTS SHOULD BE GREAT PHILOSOPHERSA SUCCESSFUL SCIENTIST MUST BE A CLEAR/CRITICAL THINKER!Synthesize knowledge: see the “big picture” formulate insightful & testable hypotheses discipline & training to design pivotal experiments ability to critically & impartially evaluate both your work & that of othersA SUCCESSFUL SCIENTIST MUST BE AN EXCELLENT COMMUNICATORTHUS: You must develop the WRITING & ORAL capacity for being: concise clear articulate captivating (uninspired papers & lectures rarely contribute to your success)HOW CAN YOU DEVELOP THESE SKILLS?Coaching/Mentoring is FUNDAMENTAL to YOUR SUCCESSPractice makes for perfection!Set this as YOUR GOAL“In the HOLE!”An Example from my Own Training(a)Select a paper from a top journal(b)Cut & paste the FIGURES & TABLES into a blank document(c)Read the MATERIALS & METHODS(d)Write your OWN RESULTS Section(e)Compare your version with that of the authors. No Cheating Allowed!(f)With EXPERIENCE Try the DiscussionRemember: Practice Makes PERFECTCommonly Asked Question:“How Do I Get to be a GOOD SPEAKER?”Follow Some Simple RULES(a)Prepare your lecture well in advance last minute deals are generally disappointing for you & your colleagues (notes provide a good guideline)(b)Know your subject Builds SELF CONFIDENCE(c)Practice, practice, practice(d)Learn to speak clearly (generally requires opening your mouth!)(e)Learn to PROJECT your VOICE(f)Always ENGAGE your colleagues LOOK DIRECTLY at members of the AUDIENCE(g)Always convey your EXCITEMENT for the SUBJECTA: Choosing a Field & Specialty is Very Important Topic MUST Overlap with Your Passion Be Courageous, NOT TIMID! Be a LEADER, not a FOLLOWER Self Confidence is a MUST! Failures Along the Way are to be EXPECTED & Can be a great LEARNING EXPERIENCE ADVICE is Good, but it is YOUR CAREER!IMPORTANT DECISIONS AFFECTING YOUR SUCCESSB: Your Institution can be most Important Faculty and Infrastructure MUST be Current & Visionary Breadth of OPPORTUNITIES is critical! Be AGGRESSIVE & NEVER STOP LEARNING NEW APPROACHES Collegial Atmosphere is a MUST! PEERS Become Life-Long COLLEAGUES Location to GOOD housing & RELAXATION Facilities are a big BonusIMPORTANT DECISIONS AFFECTING YOUR SUCCESSC: Your Work Must be PUBLISHED in the RIGHT Journal(s) How Do YOU PLAN Your PAPER? When Should You SELECT the JOURNAL? Be AGGRESSIVE & AIM for the Very BEST How Can You GUAGE Your IMPACT: i.e., Successful Contribution, YES or No? Citation Indices: What Can They Tell YOU?IMPORTANT DECISIONS AFFECTING YOUR SUCCESSHow Do YOU PLAN Your PAPER? First Things FIRST: Take TIME to Become an EXPERT on the TOPIC of Interest! NEXT STEP: FORMULATE the QUESTION & Develop the Scientific HYPOTHESIS (Must be TESTABLE!) IMPORTANT STEP: Designing Experiments & Time Lines CONDUCT A SELF-TEST: Are You READY to WRITE the Introduction for the PAPER (YES or No)? When To SELECT the JOURNAL? From The Very BEGINNING: Take TIME to Become Familiar With the Style of Your TARGET Journal! ALWAYS AIM For the STARS: Go For the BEST! How Do YOU DEAL with the REVIEW Process? TIMING IS VERY IMPORTANT: But DO NOT Start to Write Before ALMOST ALL of the Results are in a FINAL Form NEVER Submit a Manuscript if YOU KNOW IT IS NOT YET PERFECT!ONE SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！27