Specialized English for AutomobileUnit oneAutomobile StructureContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.ExercisesvTypesofModernAutomobilesv1）cars v2）passengercarsv3）trucksv4）tractorsandvehiclecombinationv5）specialtypevehiclev6）Self-dumpingcarv7）farmvehiclev8)off-roadvehicleI.Pre-questionsSpecialvehiclecarTractorTruckPassengerCars2、with respect to engine arrangement and driving type engine arrangement and driving typediagramfront engine 、front-wheel drive front engine 、rear-wheel driveRear engine、 rear-wheel driveI.Pre-questionsvDoyouknowwhobuiltthefirstcarintheworldandwhen?vKarlBenzvIn1886I.Pre-questionsvHowmanymainpartsdoestheautomobileconsistof? 1-engine2-chassis 3-body4-electrical systemI.Pre-questionsvWhichiscalledthe“heart”ofautomobile?vAnenginethatisusedtosupplypowerforanautomobilevWhatisthechassiscomposedof?vdrivingsystem,runninggear,steeringsystemandbrakesystem.I.Pre-questionsDrivingsystemBrakesystemSteeringsystemrunninggearI. Pre-questionsvWhatistheelectricalsystemcomposedof?vTheelectricsystemincludesthebattery,generator,startingsystem,ignitionsystem,lightingsystem,hornsystem,radioandotherdevices.I. Pre-questionsvWhatarethefunctionsofthefoursystems?vDrivingsystemworksbytransmittingenginepowertothedrivingwheels.vSuspensionsystemsfunctionistoincreasestrengthanddurabilityofcomponentsandtomeetcustomersrequirementsforridingcomfortanddrivingsafety.vSteeringsystemisusedtocontrolthedrivingdirectionofanautomobile.vBrakesystemisusedtoretardthemotionofthevehicle.I.Pre-questionsvInotherwords,anyautomobileiscomposedofthesectionssuchasengine,chassis,bodyandelectricsystem.vInotherwords换句话说换句话说vbecomposedof由由.组成组成v译文：译文：换句话说，任何一辆汽车都是由发动机、换句话说，任何一辆汽车都是由发动机、底盘、车身和电器设备组成的。底盘、车身和电器设备组成的。II. Text ExplanationvInotherwordsvInotherwords,theyremainrelativelyconstantorstatic.换句话说，它们相对的稳定、静止。换句话说，它们相对的稳定、静止。vInotherwords,wehaveadheredtoscientificsocialism.也就是说，我们坚持了科学社会主义。也就是说，我们坚持了科学社会主义。vbecomposedofvNavymustbecomposedofsurfaceshipunitandsubmarineunit.v海军一定是由水面舰艇部队和潜艇部队组成。海军一定是由水面舰艇部队和潜艇部队组成。II. Text ExplanationvTheinternalcombustionengineburnsfuelwithinthecylindersandconvertstheexpandingforceofthecombustionor“explosion”intorotaryforceusedtopropelthevehicle.vTheinternalcombustionengine内燃机内燃机vConvert.into.使转变使转变,转换转换.vPropelvt.推进推进,驱使驱使v译文：译文：内燃机在汽缸内燃烧燃料，然后把燃烧或者内燃机在汽缸内燃烧燃料，然后把燃烧或者“爆炸爆炸”所产生的膨胀力变成旋转力，用以推动车辆所产生的膨胀力变成旋转力，用以推动车辆前进。前进。II. Text ExplanationvConvert.into.vTheyconvertedthegarageintoatheater.他们将车库改成戏院。他们将车库改成戏院。vconvertwaterintoice.v将水变成冰将水变成冰vconvertingfeetintometers.v将英尺换算成公尺将英尺换算成公尺II. Text ExplanationvBrakesystemisabalancedsetofmechanicalandhydraulicdevicesusedtoretardthemotionofthevehiclebymeansoffriction.vHydraulichai drlikadj.液压的液压的,水力的水力的vRetardri tdvt.延迟延迟,使减速使减速,阻碍阻碍vFriction friknn.摩擦摩擦,摩擦力摩擦力v译文：译文：制动系统是一套平衡的机械和液压设备，制动系统是一套平衡的机械和液压设备，它可通过摩擦来阻止车辆的运动。它可通过摩擦来阻止车辆的运动。II. Text Explanationvbymeansof用用.方式（方法），依靠方式（方法），依靠vTheysucceededbymeansofperseverance.v他们依靠坚忍不拔而获得成功。他们依靠坚忍不拔而获得成功。vHealwaysgoestoschoolbymeansofbikev他总是骑自行车上学他总是骑自行车上学II. Text ExplanationII. Text ExplanationuIn1956,theNo.1AutoPlantwasestablishedinChangchun,andturnedoutthefirstbatchofliberationautomobilesforourcountry.vestablishvt.建立建立,设立设立,确定确定vturnedoutvt.生产生产,起床起床,翻出翻出,制造制造,关掉关掉v译文：译文：在在1956年，一汽在长春成立了，并且为我年，一汽在长春成立了，并且为我们国家生产出了第一批解放牌轿车。们国家生产出了第一批解放牌轿车。vturnoutvAvastcrowdturnedouttowatchthematch.v大群的观众到场观看比赛。大群的观众到场观看比赛。vIfthedayturnsoutwetwemayhavetochangeourplans.v万一下雨的话，我们也许得改变计划。万一下雨的话，我们也许得改变计划。II. Text Explanation III. ExercisesuTranslatethefollowingexpressionsintoChinese.vchassisvdrivingsystemvinternalcombustionenginevsteeringsystemvbrakingsystemvclutchvgearboxvuniversaljointvpropellershaftvgeneratoru底盘底盘u传动系统传动系统u内燃机内燃机u转向系统转向系统u制动系统制动系统u离合器离合器u变速箱变速箱u万向节万向节u驱动轴驱动轴u发电机发电机vIdentifytheEnglishnamesofclutchaccordingtothepicture. III. Exercises1-engine;2-clutch;3-gearbox;4-propellershaft;5-differential;6-rearaxlevThemotorvehicleengineisbasicallyadeviceforconvertingtheinternalenergystoredinitsfuelintomechanicalenergy.Itisclassifiedasaninternalcombustionenginebyvirtueofthisenergyconversiontakingplacewithintheenginecylinders.Sincetheterm”energy”impliesthecapacitytoperformwork,theengineisthusabletopropelthevehiclealongtheroadand,withinlimits,overcomeunwantedoppositiontoitsmotionarisingfromrollingfrictionandairdrag.Tofacilitatethisprocesstheengineiscombinedwithatransmissionsystem. III. ExercisesvI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.vIneffect,thedrivingsystemworksbytransmittingenginepowertothedrivingwheels.v实际上，传动系统的作用是将发动机的动力传递到驱动车轮。实际上，传动系统的作用是将发动机的动力传递到驱动车轮。vTheelectricsystemsupplieslightinganddrivingpowerfortheautomobile.v电气系统可为汽车提供照明和驱动的电力。电气系统可为汽车提供照明和驱动的电力。vThebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernappearanceforthevehicle.v车身的式样为汽车提供了诱人的，多彩的，现代的外观形象。车身的式样为汽车提供了诱人的，多彩的，现代的外观形象。 III. Exercisesv汽车主要由四个部分组成，他们是：发动机、底盘、车身汽车主要由四个部分组成，他们是：发动机、底盘、车身和电气设备。和电气设备。vAnautomobileisgenerallycomposedoffoursectionssuchasengine,chassis,bodyandelectricalsystem.v传动系由离合器、变速箱、传动轴、后桥、差速器、从动传动系由离合器、变速箱、传动轴、后桥、差速器、从动轮组成。轮组成。vThe transmission system consists of clutch,gearbox, propeller shaft, rear axle ,differential andthedrivingroadwheels.。 III. ExercisesII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v气门机构的作用是及时地吸入新鲜的混合气和排气门机构的作用是及时地吸入新鲜的混合气和排出废气出废气vThevalvegearprovidestimelyadmissionofthefreshchargeintothecylindersandexhaustofspentgasesfromthem. III. ExercisesSpecialized English for AutomobileSpecialized English for AutomobileUnit 2-1Main Components of Engine ContentsPre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.ExercisesI.Pre-questionsTheheartofautomobilevWhatimpressionoftheengine?complicatedpowerI.Pre-questionsvWhataretheretypesoftheengine?velectricmotors,steamengines,andinternalcombustionenginesvWhatstheinternalcombustionengine?vburnsfuelwithinthecylindersandconvertstheexpandingforceofthecombustionintorotaryforceusedtopropelthevehicle.I.Pre-questionsSingle-cylinder enginecylinderpistonPiston pinConnecting rodcrankshaftOil pipeIntake valveExhaust valve Timing gearOil pumpvwhatisthepowersourceofautomobileandhowtoproduce?pistonpistonpinconnectingrodcrankshaftEnginePowerisproducedbythelinearmotionofapistoninacylinder.Theconnectingrodtransmitstheup-and-downmotionofthepistontothecrankshaft,whichchangesitintorotarymotion.I.Pre-questionsvTheenginecomprisestwomechanismandfivesystems,whatarethey?vcrankshaftandconnectingrodmechanism,vvalvegear,vcoolingsystem,vlubricatingsystem,vfuelsystem,vstartingsystem,vignitionsystemI.Pre-questionsconnecting rodflywheelcrankshaftpistonintake valveexhaust valvepush rodtappettiming gears Valve gear Connecting rod Engine cooling systemEngine lubricating systemFuel supply systemValve gearvWhatsthefunctionofthecrankshaftandconnectingrodmechanism?vItsfunctionistoconvertheatenergyintomechanicalenergyusedtodrivethevehicles.I.Pre-questionsvTheinternalcombustionengine,asitsnameindicates,burnsfuelwithinthecylindersandconvertstheexpandingforceofthecombustionintorotaryforceusedtopropelthevehicle.v译文：译文：内燃机，内燃机，顾名思义顾名思义，就是燃料在气缸内部，就是燃料在气缸内部燃烧，并且把燃烧时的膨胀力转化为驱动车辆的燃烧，并且把燃烧时的膨胀力转化为驱动车辆的旋转力。旋转力。II. Text ExplanationvOfallautomobilecomponents,anautomobileengineisthemostcomplicatedassemblywithdominanteffectsonthefunctionofanautomobile.vcomplicated kmplikeitidvadj.复杂的复杂的,难解的难解的vdominance dm nnsn.优势优势,统治统治v译文：译文：汽车发动机是一切汽车部件中结构最复杂，汽车发动机是一切汽车部件中结构最复杂，对汽车功能起支配作用的一个总成。对汽车功能起支配作用的一个总成。II. Text ExplanationvItsfunctionistoconvertheatenergyintomechanicalenergyusedtodrivethevehicles.vConvertinto.转变；变换转变；变换v译文：译文：它的作用就是将热能转换成机械能用来驱它的作用就是将热能转换成机械能用来驱动汽车动汽车。II. Text ExplanationvConvert.into.v转变；变换转变；变换vThatbuildinghasbeenconvertedintoaschool.v那座楼房改成学校了。那座楼房改成学校了。v兑换兑换vIwanttoconvertsomeHongKongdollarsintoAmericandollars.v我想把一些港元换成美元。我想把一些港元换成美元。v改变信仰、党派或意见等改变信仰、党派或意见等vShemanagedtoconverthimtoheropinion.v她终于设法说服了他接受她的意见。她终于设法说服了他接受她的意见。II. Text ExplanationvPowerisproducedbythelinearmotionofapistoninacylinder.vlinear liniadj.线的线的,直线的直线的,线线性的性的vpiston pistnn.活塞活塞II. Text ExplanationvThepistonattachedtothetopofaconnectingrodbyapin,calledapistonpinorwristpin.vattachtov.连接连接vconnectingrod连杆连杆vpistonpin=wristpin活塞销活塞销II. Text ExplanationvTheconnectingrodtransmitstheup-and-downmotionofthepistontothecrankshaft,whichchangesitintorotarymotion.vtransmitto把把传到传到vwhichchangesitintorotarymotion定语从句定语从句II. Text ExplanationvdieselenginesvwaterpumpvtheignitiondistributorvoilpanvtiminggearvcrankshaftandconnectingrodmechanismvvalvegearvfuelsystemvexhaustpipevexhaustmanifoldIII. ExercisesTranslate the following expressions into Chinese.u柴油发动机u水泵u分电器u油底壳u正时齿轮u曲柄连杆机构u配气机构u燃油系统u排气管u排气歧管v1-cylinderheadcoverv2-pistonv3-timingtoothedbeltv4-waterpumpv5-oilpanv6-oilpumpv7-crankshaftv8-flywheelv9-distributorv10-valveIII. ExercisesvThecrankshaftrepresentsthefinallinkintheconversionofreciprocatingmotionatthepistontooneofrotationattheflywheel.Inthecastofthemulti-cylinderengine,thecrankshafthastocontroltherelativemotionsofthepistons,whilereceivingtheirownimpulses.Aone-piececonstructionismostcommonlyusedforthemotor-vehiclecrankshaft,whichextendsthewholelengthoftheengineandmustthereforepossessconsiderablerigidity .III. ExercisesvThetiming-drivefortheenginevalvemechanismistakenfromthefrontendofthecrankshaft asisthepulleyandbeltdrivefortheengineauxiliaries,suchasthecoolingfanandthealternatorforelectricalsystem.attachedtotherearendofthecrankshaftistheengineflywheel.III. ExercisesvI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.v1Engineisthepowersourceoftheautomobile.Powerisproducedbythelinearmotionofapistoninacylinder.v发动机是汽车的动力源发动机是汽车的动力源.它通过汽缸内的活塞线性运动产生它通过汽缸内的活塞线性运动产生的的.v2Thefuelsystemworksaccordingtotherequirementsoftheengineasitprovidesanair-fuelmixturewhichmustbeinproportiontothespeedandloadplacedontheengine.v燃油系统的作用是根据发动机的转速和负荷提供一定比例燃油系统的作用是根据发动机的转速和负荷提供一定比例的可燃混合气以满足发动机的需求。的可燃混合气以满足发动机的需求。III. Exercisesv3Thevalvegearprovidestimelyadmissionofthefreshchargeintothecylindersandexhaustofspentgasesfromthem.v配气机构机构可定时的将新鲜气体充入气缸，并配气机构机构可定时的将新鲜气体充入气缸，并且将废气排放出去。且将废气排放出去。III. Exercisesv1发动机主要有两大机构五大系统组成。发动机主要有两大机构五大系统组成。vAnengineismainlycomposedoftwomechanismsandfivesystems.v2曲柄连杆机构主要包括机体组，活塞连杆组和曲轴飞曲柄连杆机构主要包括机体组，活塞连杆组和曲轴飞轮组。轮组。vThecrankshaftandconnectingrodmechanismmainlyconsistsoftheenginecrankcaseandcylinderblock,thepistonandconnectingrod,thecrankshaftandflywheel.III. ExercisesII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v3水泵工作时，可以将冷却液在发动机水套中和散热器水泵工作时，可以将冷却液在发动机水套中和散热器之间来回流动。之间来回流动。vWhenrevolving,thewaterpumpcirculatescoolantbetweentheenginewaterjacketsandtheradiator.III. ExercisesIII. ExercisesvPrinciple of Four-stroke Engine1、intake stroke 2、compress stroke 3、power stroke 4、exhaust stroke IntakevalveExhaustvalveSpecialized English for AutomobileSpecialized English for AutomobileUnit 2-2 Cylinder Block and Cylinder Head ContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.ExercisesEngine Bodycrankcasecylinder blockcylinder headcylinderoil passage and water passageoil panThecylindergasketvWhatistheengineblockcomprisedof?vthecylindersectionandthecrankcasesectionI.Pre-questionsthecylindercrankcaseI.Pre-questionsvHowmanytypeshastheenginearrangement,whatarethey?In-lineV-typeHorizontallyopposedtypevWhatsthefunctionandthematerialofthecylinderhead?vFunction：SealthetopthecylinderandformthecombustionchamberwiththepistonandthecylindervMaterial:greyironoralloyironaluminumI.Pre-questionscylinder gasket cylinder headcylinder coverpadto fit spark plugI.Pre-questionsvWhattypesofthecombustionchambersarethere?I.Pre-questionswedge-shapedbasin-shapedhemisphericalvTheengineblockisthemainsupportingstructuretowhichallotherpartsareattacheddirectlyorindirectly.vattachedt ttvt附上附上.的的vdirectlyadv.直接地直接地vIndirectlyadv.间接地间接地v译文：气缸体是主要的支承部件，它可以将其它译文：气缸体是主要的支承部件，它可以将其它部件直接或间接的装配在上面。部件直接或间接的装配在上面。 II. Text Explanation反义词反义词vThesurfacesaremachinedtoallowthepistonstomovewithminimumwearandfriction.vallowvt允许，承认允许，承认vallowsb.todosth.vallowdoingsth.vFriction friknn.摩擦摩擦,摩擦力摩擦力v译文：译文：加工出的表面允许活塞在最小磨损和摩擦力下运动。加工出的表面允许活塞在最小磨损和摩擦力下运动。 II. Text ExplanationvAllow使使成为可能，允许成为可能，允许v近义词：近义词：permitvThewindfallallowedmetobuyahouse.v这意外之财使我这意外之财使我得以得以购置一幢房子。购置一幢房子。vAllowmetointroducemyself.v请请允许允许我自我介绍一下。我自我介绍一下。 II. Text ExplanationvWiththeincreasedconcernforprovidinghigheroutputandlowerfuelconsumption,carmanufacturesaretryingtomakethevehiclelighter.vConcernvt.涉及涉及,关系到关系到n.关心关心,关注关注vconcernfor对对.的关心的关心/忧虑忧虑vconcernwith和和.有关（一般用有关（一般用.+beconcernedwith.）vconsumptionn.消费消费,消费量消费量v译文：译文：随着对汽车产量和低燃耗的关注度越来越高，随着对汽车产量和低燃耗的关注度越来越高，汽车生产厂家尽量把汽车做的轻一些。汽车生产厂家尽量把汽车做的轻一些。 II. Text ExplanationvConcernvt.v1.(不用被动语态不用被动语态)关于关于v2.涉及涉及,关系到关系到;影响到影响到Theletterischieflyconcernedwithexportcommodities.这封信主要是关于出口商品的。这封信主要是关于出口商品的。Thenewsconcernsyourbrother.这消息与你兄弟有关。这消息与你兄弟有关。v3.使担心使担心;使不安使不安(+about/for)vTheboyspoorhealthconcernedhisparents.那男孩健康状况不佳那男孩健康状况不佳,使他的父母亲忧虑。使他的父母亲忧虑。Heisconcernedforhersafety.他担心她的安全。他担心她的安全。v4.使关心使关心(+about/with)vHewasveryconcernedabouther.他对她非常关心。他对她非常关心。 II. Text ExplanationvItshouldbepaidattentiontothedirectionwhenfixing.vto是介词是介词,所以后面接名词以及动名词所以后面接名词以及动名词.vpayattentiontosth./doingsth.vPleasepayattentiontotakingcareofyourbaby.v请注意照顾好你的小孩请注意照顾好你的小孩.v译文：译文：应该注意装配时的方向。应该注意装配时的方向。 II. Text ExplanationCylinder gasketFunction ： fitted between the cylinder block and cylinder head to seal the area between them and prevent leakage of gas, oil and water . Pay attention to the direction when fixing II. Text ExplanationvInordertomakethealuminumstrongerandlesslikelytowarp,certainmaterialsareaddedtothemetalorasteellinerplacedintheblock.vInorderto为了为了vWestartedearlyinordertoarrivebeforedark.v为了在天黑前到达为了在天黑前到达,我们很早就动身了。我们很早就动身了。 II. Text Explanationvwarpw:pvn.弯曲弯曲,歪曲歪曲vt.弄歪弄歪,使翘曲使翘曲vi.变弯变弯,变歪变歪vaddedtovincresed（本身）增加（本身）增加vaddedto(别人，别的东西别人，别的东西)增加增加v译文：译文：为了使铝制材料强度更高，尽可能的减少为了使铝制材料强度更高，尽可能的减少弯曲变形，可加入一定的金属材料或者在缸体内弯曲变形，可加入一定的金属材料或者在缸体内镶钢缸套。镶钢缸套。区别区别 II. Text Explanationvcylinderblockvcylinderheadvoilpanvcylindergasketvcylinderlinervwedge-shapedcombustionchambervbasin-shapedcombustionchambervin-lineenginesvsparkplugsvinjectionIII. ExercisesTranslate the following expressions into Chinese.v气缸体气缸体v气缸盖气缸盖v油底壳油底壳v气缸垫气缸垫v缸套缸套v楔形燃烧室楔形燃烧室v盆形燃烧室盆形燃烧室v直列发动机直列发动机v火花塞火花塞v喷油器喷油器III. Exercises1-cylinderheadcover;2-cylinderhead;3-cylindergasket;4-cylinderblock;5-oilpanvIthaslongsincebeenestablishedpracticetocombinethecylinderblockandcrankcaseintoasingleunit,thisgenerallybeingtermed“monobloc”construction.Thehistoricaloriginsofthisformofconstructiondatebacktotheearly1920s,whentherewasageneraltrend towardssimplification oftheenginestructure.III. ExercisesvUntilthenthecylinderblockandcrankcasewereproducedasseparateunits,incastironandaluminumalloy respectively,andthenbolted together.Inrelationtomodernenginedesign,themonoblocconstruction providesaverynecessaryrigid foundationfortheengineandreducesmanufacturingcosts.III. ExercisesvI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.v1Inordertomakethealuminumstrongerandlesslikelytowarp,certainmaterialsareaddedtothemetalorasteellinerplacedintheblock.v为了使铝制缸体刚度更强和尽可能的减少磨损，可将一些为了使铝制缸体刚度更强和尽可能的减少磨损，可将一些材料加入其中或者在缸体中安装缸套。材料加入其中或者在缸体中安装缸套。v2Thecylindergasketsfunctionistosealtheareabetweenthemandpreventleakageofgas,oilandwater.v气缸垫的作用就是密封缸盖与缸体之间的区域，避免漏气、气缸垫的作用就是密封缸盖与缸体之间的区域，避免漏气、漏油和漏水。漏油和漏水。III. Exercisesv3Thecylindersofmulti-cylinderautomotiveenginesarearrangedinoneofthreeways.v多缸发动机的气缸排列方式是这三种形式之一。多缸发动机的气缸排列方式是这三种形式之一。III. ExercisesvII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1气缸垫安装时，要注意它的方向性。气缸垫安装时，要注意它的方向性。vItshouldbepaidattentiontothedirectionwhenfixingthecylindergasket.v2铝制缸体为了提高它的刚度，常常要在气缸中安装缸铝制缸体为了提高它的刚度，常常要在气缸中安装缸套。套。vInordertomakethealuminumstronger,asteellineroftenplacedintheblock.v3直列式是发动机中最简单的一种排列方式。直列式是发动机中最简单的一种排列方式。vIn-lineengineisthesimplestarrangement.III. ExercisesSpecialized English for AutomobileSpecialized English for AutomobileUnit 2-3Piston and Connecting RodContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.Exercisesvwhatdoesthepistonassemblyconsistof?vItmainlyconsistsofpiston,pistonrings,pistonpin,andconnectingrod.I.Pre-questionspistonpistonringspistonpinconnectingrodI.Pre-questionspistonpistonringspistonpinconnectingrodFunction?vFunction:vtransmittheforceofexpansiontocrankshaftthroughconnectingrodvWithstandinggaspressureI.Pre-questionscharacteristiclightrigidcylindricalshapedhollowI.Pre-questionscylindricalshapedhollowvWhatisthepistoncomposedof?vpistonhead,pistonlands,pistonskirtandpistonpinhole.I.Pre-questionsComponents piston toppiston headpiston skirtpistonpinholeI.Pre-questionsvWhatsthefunctionoftheconnectingrod?vtopassthereciprocatingpowerofthepistontothecrankshaft.I.Pre-questionsSmall endConnecting rod bushingConnecting rodBig endConnecting rod half shellsConnecting rod capvTowithstandtheheatofthecombustionchamber,thepistonmustbestrong.vWithstandvt.抵挡，经受住抵挡，经受住vthecombustionchamber燃烧室燃烧室vv译文：译文：活塞必须要坚固才能承受燃烧室的热量。活塞必须要坚固才能承受燃烧室的热量。II. Text ExplanationvInsomeapplication,anarrowgrooveiscutintothepistonabovethetopringtoserveasa“heatdam”toreducetheamountofheatreachingthetopring.vgroovegrvn.凹槽凹槽vheatdam隔热槽隔热槽v译文：译文：在有些结构中，为了减少传到顶部活塞环在有些结构中，为了减少传到顶部活塞环的热量，在活塞环的上部切割出一个很窄的环槽，的热量，在活塞环的上部切割出一个很窄的环槽，叫做叫做“隔热槽隔热槽”。II. Text Explanationvcutintov减少，侵犯减少，侵犯,打断打断vDontcutintothestory.v不要不要打断打断故事。故事。vTheknifeeasilycutintothecake.v刀一下子就刀一下子就切进切进了蛋糕。了蛋糕。vTheotherhousegotoldandshabby,andthatcutintothevalue.v周围的房子都破旧不堪周围的房子都破旧不堪,这使得他房子的价值这使得他房子的价值降低降低了。了。II. Text Explanationvserveasvt.担任担任(充当充当,起起.的作用的作用)vThesephilosophicalviewsserveasaguideinlife.v这些哲学观点可以这些哲学观点可以作为作为处世指南。处世指南。vHewillserveasmayorv他将他将任任市长一职。市长一职。v近义词：近义词：actas.v区别：区别：serve为为服务服务II. Text ExplanationvItmaybeflat,concave,andconvexoranyoneofagreatvarietyofshapestopromoteturbulenceorhelpcontrolcombustion.vconcave kn keivn.凹凹,凹面凹面vconvex kn veksvadj.表面弯曲如球的外侧表面弯曲如球的外侧,凸起的凸起的v译文译文：（活塞顶部）形状可以是平顶、凹顶、凸：（活塞顶部）形状可以是平顶、凹顶、凸顶或者其它各种形状，这些形状促进紊流或有助顶或者其它各种形状，这些形状促进紊流或有助于控制燃烧。于控制燃烧。II. Text Explanationvagreatvarietyofvadj.多种多种,各种各种,多种多样的多种多样的vWewillappealtoagreatvarietyofsourcesofinformation.v我们将求助于我们将求助于多种多种资料来源。资料来源。II. Text ExplanationClassification of piston topshapediagramflatconvexconcavevToavoidmisplacingtherodcapsduringassembly,theconnectingrodsandtheirmatingcapsaremarkedononesidewithserialnumbers,startingwiththefirstrodfromtheradiator,toidentifytheirlocationintheengine.v译文：译文：为了避免装配错误，从散热器的一侧为开为了避免装配错误，从散热器的一侧为开始，在连杆以及与其相配的连杆盖的一侧标注有始，在连杆以及与其相配的连杆盖的一侧标注有序列数以区分它们在发动机中的位置。序列数以区分它们在发动机中的位置。II. Text Explanationvavoidvt.避免避免(n./+v-ing)vTheyallavoidedmentioningthatname.他们都他们都避免避免提及那名字。提及那名字。Shebrakedsuddenlyandavoidedanaccident.她紧急刹车她紧急刹车,避免避免了一场车祸。了一场车祸。vtheradiatorn.散热器散热器vmisplacemis pleisvt.放错地方放错地方II. Text ExplanationuTranslatethefollowingexpressionsintoChinese.vpistonringvpistonpinvconnectingrodvexpansionforcevcylinderwallvinthebottomofthegroovesvpassthereciprocatingpowerofthepistonvconnectingrodsmallendvconnectingrodcapvconnectingrodbearinghalfshells III. Exercisesu活塞环活塞环u活塞销活塞销u连杆连杆u膨胀力膨胀力u汽缸壁汽缸壁u在槽的底部在槽的底部u传递活塞的往复动力传递活塞的往复动力u连杆小头连杆小头u连杆盖连杆盖u连杆轴瓦连杆轴瓦compression ringsoil ringspiston pinpistonconnecting rodconnecting rod boltcrank bearing half shellconnecting rod cap III. ExercisesvPistonringsareoftwobasictypes,thatis,compressionringsandoil-control rings.Theyperform importantfunctionsasfollows:theuppercompression ringsmustmaintainaneffectivesealagainstcombustiongasesleakingpastthepistonsintothecrankcase .Theloweroil-controlringsserve tocontrolandeffectivelydistributethelubricatingoilthrownontothecylinderwalls,consistentwithmaintaining goodlubricationandanacceptableoilconsumption .Theseringsalsoprovideameansbywhichsurplusheatistransmitted fromthepistontothecylinderwallandthentothecoolingjacket. III. ExercisesvI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.v1Thepistonconvertsthepotentialenergyofthefuelintokineticenergythatturnsthecrankshaft.v活塞将燃料燃烧的能量转换成驱动曲轴旋转的动能。活塞将燃料燃烧的能量转换成驱动曲轴旋转的动能。v2Thepistonandrodassemblytransmitsthepowerfromcombustionchambertothecrankshaft.v活塞连杆组将燃烧室的能量传递给曲轴。活塞连杆组将燃烧室的能量传递给曲轴。v3ShankoftheconnectingrodisprovidedwithanI-crosssectiontogivetherodmaximumrigiditywiththeminimumofweight.v为了使连杆得到最大的刚度和最小的重量，连杆杆身部分加工为了使连杆得到最大的刚度和最小的重量，连杆杆身部分加工为工形结构。为工形结构。 III. ExercisesvII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1活塞销装在活塞的环形的孔里。活塞销把活塞和连杆连接活塞销装在活塞的环形的孔里。活塞销把活塞和连杆连接起来。用来支撑活塞销的活塞厚的部分称为活塞销凸台。起来。用来支撑活塞销的活塞厚的部分称为活塞销凸台。vApistonpinfitsintoaroundholeinthepiston.Thepistonpinjoinsthepistontotheconnectingrod.Thethickpartofthepistonthatholdsthepistonpinisthepinboss.v2活塞销贯穿活塞，把连杆小头与活塞连在一起，并将连杆保活塞销贯穿活塞，把连杆小头与活塞连在一起，并将连杆保持在活塞中心的适当位置处。持在活塞中心的适当位置处。vThepistonpinfitsthroughonesideofthepiston,throughthesmallendoftherod,andthenthroughtheothersideofthepiston.Itholdstherodfirmlyinplaceinthecenterofthepiston. III. Exercisesv3顶部的两道保证活塞与气缸壁间密封的环叫做气环。顶部的两道保证活塞与气缸壁间密封的环叫做气环。底下的一道防止机油飞溅到缸筒从而窜入燃烧室的环叫做底下的一道防止机油飞溅到缸筒从而窜入燃烧室的环叫做油环。油环。vThetoptworingsaretokeepthegasesinthecylinderandarecalledcompressionrings.Theloweronepreventstheoilsplashedontothecylinderborefromenteringthecombustionchamber,andiscalledanoilring. III. Exercisesvvariablecompressionratio缩写缩写VCRv可变压缩比可变压缩比vFunction:vSatisfyinghighcompressionforstartingandlowercompressionunderload III. ExercisesSpecialized English for AutomobileSpecialized English for AutomobileUnit 2-4Crankshaft and Flywheel ContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.ExercisesI.Pre-questionsWhatsthecrankshaftassemblycomposedof?crankshaftbearingstiminggearflywheelbeltpulleyI.Pre-questionsvWhatisregardedasthe“backbone”oftheengineandwhy?vCrankshaft,becauseitcanchangethereciprocatingmotionofthepistonintorotarymotionandhandletheentirepoweroutput. Components：I.Pre-questionsrod journal crankshaft journalrear end balanced weightcrankfront endrod journal vWhatsthefunctionoftheflywheel?vhelpingtheenginetorunsmoothlybyabsorbingsomeoftheenergyduringthepowerstrokeandreleasingitduringtheotherstrokes；vcarryingtheclutch,whichtransmitsthedrivetothegearbox；vhasthestarterringgeararounditscircumference.I.Pre-questionsvWhereistheflywheelintheengine?vtherearofthecrankshaft.I.Pre-questionsthestarterringgearII. Text ExplanationvTheperiodicgasandinertiaforcestakenbythecrankshaftmaycauseittosufferwearandbendingordistortion.ubending bendi un.弯曲弯曲(度度),挠度挠度udistortiondis tnvn.扭曲扭曲,变形变形,曲解曲解,失真失真v译文：译文：周期性的气体作用力和惯性力作用于曲轴，周期性的气体作用力和惯性力作用于曲轴，会使曲轴遭受磨损、弯曲或扭曲变形。会使曲轴遭受磨损、弯曲或扭曲变形。vPeriodic,piridikadj.v周期的周期的,周期性的周期性的;定期的定期的v时而发生的时而发生的;间歇间歇(性性)的的vtheperiodicmotionofaplanetv行星的周期运动行星的周期运动vbetakenbyv对对.很喜爱，很喜爱，被被.迷住迷住,被被.吸引吸引II. Text ExplanationvInertiain:in.v1.惯性惯性;惯量惯量;惰性惰性Inertiacarriedthetrainpastthestation.惯性惯性使火车驶过了车站。使火车驶过了车站。v2.不活动不活动;迟钝迟钝;懒惰懒惰Igetafeelingofinertiaonahotsummerday.在盛夏我有一种在盛夏我有一种懒洋洋懒洋洋的感觉。的感觉。II. Text ExplanationvInordertoreduceoreliminatesuchvibration,itmustbeprovidedwithcounterbalancedweightsthatextendradicallyfromthecrankshaftcenterlineintheoppositedirectionofthecrankarms.v译文：译文：为了减少或消除振动，它必须装有平衡重，为了减少或消除振动，它必须装有平衡重，而且平衡重应径向地从曲轴中心线向曲柄相对的而且平衡重应径向地从曲轴中心线向曲柄相对的方向延伸安装。方向延伸安装。II. Text Explanationveliminatei limineitvt.排除排除,消除消除vvibrationvai breinvn.振动振动,颤动颤动,摇动摇动,摆动摆动vcounterbalancedweight平衡重平衡重vcrankarm曲柄曲柄II. Text Explanationvbeprovidedwith为为.提供提供.装备装备vprovidesbwithsth=providesthforsbv为某人提供什么为某人提供什么vSheepprovideuswithwool.v羊供给我们羊毛。羊供给我们羊毛。vTheyareillprovidedwithfood.v他们的食品不足。他们的食品不足。II. Text ExplanationvAswellasitsfunctionistohelptheenginetorunsmoothlybyabsorbingsomeoftheenergyduringthepowerstrokeandreleasingitduringtheotherstrokes；v译文译文：（飞轮）的作用是通过吸收作功行程的能量：（飞轮）的作用是通过吸收作功行程的能量和在其它行程释放能量，促使发动机平稳运转；和在其它行程释放能量，促使发动机平稳运转；II. Text Explanationvthepowerstroke作功行程作功行程vAswellas和，也，还和，也，还（连接词（连接词and）vThebossprovidedlunchaswellasbreakfast.v老板提供午餐还有早餐。老板提供午餐还有早餐。vShesingsaswellasplayingthepiano.v她不但会弹钢琴，而且会唱歌。她不但会弹钢琴，而且会唱歌。vIaswellastheyamreadytohelpyou.v不仅他们愿意帮助你，我也愿意帮助你。不仅他们愿意帮助你，我也愿意帮助你。II. Text ExplanationvTherodjournalsarehollowinordertoreducethecrankshaftinertia.vTherodjournals连杆轴颈连杆轴颈v译文：译文：为了减少曲轴的惯性，连杆轴颈是中空的。为了减少曲轴的惯性，连杆轴颈是中空的。II. Text Explanationvmainbearingjournalvrodjournalvcrankarmvcounterbalancedweightvtiminggearvfrontandrearsealsvtopdeadcentervmulti-cylinderenginevbearingcapvbeltpulley III. ExercisesTranslate the following expressions into Chinese.v主轴颈v连杆轴颈v曲柄v平衡重v正时齿轮v前后油封v上止点v多缸发动机v轴承v皮带轮 III. Exercisescranking claw timing gearmain bearingbelt pulleytortional vibration damper flywheelflywheel boltcrankshaftvThecrankshaft ,regardedasthe“backbone ”oftheengine,serves tochangethereciprocating motionofthepistonintorotarymotionandhandles theentirepoweroutput.Thecrankshaftisactuallymadeupofvarious partssuchasmainbearingjournal,rodjournal,crankarm,counterbalanced weightandflywheel.Theconnectingrodlinksitslargeendtothecrankshaftanditssmallendtothepiston. III. ExercisesvI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.v1Thecrankshaft,regardedasthe“backbone”oftheengine,servestochangethereciprocatingmotionofthepistonintorotarymotionandhandlestheentirepoweroutput.v曲轴作为发动机的支柱，可将活塞的往复运动转换成旋转曲轴作为发动机的支柱，可将活塞的往复运动转换成旋转运动，并且将整个能量输出。运动，并且将整个能量输出。v2Thecrankshaftiseitherforgedfromhighqualitysteelorcastinhigh-strongiron.v曲轴或者是用高质量的钢整体铸造而成，或者是用高强度曲轴或者是用高质量的钢整体铸造而成，或者是用高强度的铁铸成。的铁铸成。 III. Exercisesv3Thenumberofbearingsusedusuallydependsonthenumberofcylindersintheengine,andthedesignoftheengine.v曲轴主轴承的数量常常取决于发动机缸体的数量和发动机曲轴主轴承的数量常常取决于发动机缸体的数量和发动机的设计。的设计。 III. ExercisesvII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1曲轴的作用是把往复动力变为旋转动力。曲轴的作用是把往复动力变为旋转动力。vThecrankshaftservestochangethereciprocatingpowerintorotarypower.v2飞轮由碳钢制成。它安装在曲轴的后面。飞轮由碳钢制成。它安装在曲轴的后面。vTheflywheelismadefromcarbonsteel.Itfitsontotherearofthecrankshaft.v3飞轮可通过离合器，将动力传给变速箱。飞轮可通过离合器，将动力传给变速箱。vTheflywheelcancarrytheclutch,whichtransmitsthedrivetothegearbox. III. ExercisesvThemainbearingsaredesignedastwo-piecefriction-type.Halfthebearingisplacedintotheblock.Theotherhalfisplacedinthebearingcap.v主轴承被设计为两部分组成，一半装在缸体上，主轴承被设计为两部分组成，一半装在缸体上，另一半装在轴承盖上。另一半装在轴承盖上。 III. ExercisesSpecialized English for AutomobileSpecialized English for AutomobileUnit 2-5 Valve Gear ContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.ExercisesengineExpansionpowerproducecombustionValveGearIntakeandexhausttimingI.Pre-questionsvWhatisthefunctionofthevalvegearinaninternalcombustionengine?vOpentheintakevalveintimeandlettheair-fuelmixtureintothecylindersinintakestroke.vOpentheexhaustvalveintimeandlettheexhaustgasesoutofthecylinderinexhauststroke.I.Pre-questionsvWhatdoesthevalvegearofaninternalcombustionengineconsistof?I.Pre-questionsrockspushrodstappetscamshaftspringvalvesvWhichcomponentdrivesthecamshaft?vcrankshaftI.Pre-questionstension mechanismcrankshaft timing gearcamshaft timing geartooth synchro-belt vWhatisthefunctionofthevalvespring?vThevalvespringprovidestheforcenecessarytoclosethevalveandholdittightlyagainstitsseat.I.Pre-questionscamshaftcamshaftpistonspringvInaninternalcombustionengine,thevalvegearprovidestimelyadmissionofthefreshchargeintothecylindersandexhaustofspentgasesfromthem.v译文：译文：在内燃机中，配气机构能定时地将新鲜的在内燃机中，配气机构能定时地将新鲜的混合气充入气缸，并且将废气从气缸中排出。混合气充入气缸，并且将废气从气缸中排出。II. Text Explanationvinternalcombustionengine内燃机内燃机vvalvetrain配气机构配气机构vtimelyadj及时的，适时的及时的，适时的vfreshcharge新鲜混合气新鲜混合气II. Text ExplanationvCamshaftsfunctionistoopentheenginevalvespositivelyandtimely,inadefinitesequence,andtocontroltheirclosingagainstthereturnactionofthevalvesprings.v译文：译文：凸轮轴的功用是按特定的顺序准确适时地凸轮轴的功用是按特定的顺序准确适时地打开气门并通过气门弹簧的回位作用控制气门的打开气门并通过气门弹簧的回位作用控制气门的关闭。关闭。II. Text ExplanationvPositively断然地，肯定地，明确的断然地，肯定地，明确的vHesaidquitepositivelythathewouldcome.v他很他很明确地明确地说他会来的。说他会来的。vDoyoubelievehim?Positively.你相信他吗你相信他吗?当然。当然。vinadefinitesequencev以一定的次序，以一定的顺序以一定的次序，以一定的顺序II. Text ExplanationvThevalvegeariscomposedoftiminggears,acamshaft,tappets,pushrods,rocks,valves,valveseats,springwithfastenersandvalveguides.vbecomposedof由由组成组成vtappet挺杆挺杆vfastener紧固件紧固件vvalveguide气门导管气门导管II. Text ExplanationvThetiminggearsinmostenginesarehousedinaspecialcasefittedatthefrontendoftheengine.vThetiminggears正时齿轮正时齿轮v译文：译文：在多数发动机中，正时齿轮都是用特殊的在多数发动机中，正时齿轮都是用特殊的方式安装在发动机的前端。方式安装在发动机的前端。II. Text Explanationvfitv1.(衣服衣服)合合.身身;与与.相称相称vThisdressdoesntfitme.v这件衣服不适合我穿。这件衣服不适合我穿。v2.适合于适合于;使适合使适合(+for)vHertrainingfitsherforthejob.v她所受的训练使她能胜任这项工作。她所受的训练使她能胜任这项工作。v3.安装安装Canyoufittheelectricfireforme?你能替我装上电炉吗你能替我装上电炉吗?II. Text ExplanationvThevalveheadhasanarrowchamferof45or30referredtoasvalveface.vThevalvehead气门头部气门头部v译文：译文：气门头部有气门头部有45或或30的气门锥角窄斜面作的气门锥角窄斜面作为气门密封面。为气门密封面。II. Text Explanationvbereferredtoas被称作被称作/当作当作.vTheteacherreferstothepoorchildashisownson.v老师把这个穷孩子当成自己的孩子来看待。老师把这个穷孩子当成自己的孩子来看待。II. Text ExplanationValveFunction Open a passage when moving in one direction and to close it when moving in the opposite direction. valve headstemII. Text ExplanationII. Text ExplanationValve seat angle veccentricwheelvtiminggearvtappetvpushrodvvalvespringvvalveclearancevvalvestemvvalveseatvvalveguidevoilpump III. ExercisesTranslatethefollowingexpressionsintoChinese.u偏心轮偏心轮u正时齿轮正时齿轮u挺柱挺柱u推杆推杆u气门弹簧气门弹簧u气门间隙气门间隙u气门杆气门杆u气门座气门座u气门导管气门导管u油泵油泵v1-rocksv2-valvespringv3-valveguidev4-valvev5-valveseatv6-camshaftv7-tappetv8-pushrod III. ExercisesvInthepast,mostengineshadtwovalves foreachcylinder,oneisfortheintakeandtheotherfortheexhaust .Nowadays,however ,manysmallerandhighperformanceenginesusetwointakevalvesandtwoexhaustvalvespercylinder.Thisdesignmakessmallerenginesmorepowerful .Theexhaustvalvesareusuallysmaller indiameterthantheintakeones.Thevalvesarelocated withinthecylinderheadonmostenginesdesignedtoday.Thevalveguideistheholethatsupportsthevalveinthecylinderhead.Ithelpstoholdandcenter thevalveso thatcorrectseatingcanbeobtained. III. ExercisesvI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.v1Thereisthevalveclearancebetweentherockercontactpadandthevalvestemtip,sothatthevalvewillbetightlypressedagainstitsseatwhenhot.v当受热时，为了保证气门与气门座紧密压紧，在摇臂接触当受热时，为了保证气门与气门座紧密压紧，在摇臂接触处与气门杆顶部之间留有气门间隙。处与气门杆顶部之间留有气门间隙。v2Rockerarmsaredesignedtochangethedirectionofthecamliftingforceandprovideacertainmechanicaladvantageduringvalvelifting.v摇臂可用来改变凸轮提举力的方向并且当气门升起时可提摇臂可用来改变凸轮提举力的方向并且当气门升起时可提供一些机械的供一些机械的(省力省力)优势。优势。 III. Exercisesv3Valveguidesupportsthevalvestemandguidesitsmovementsothatthevalvefaceremainsperfectlyconcentricwiththevalveseatandfitsitwithoutanyskewing.v气门导管可支承气门杆部并且对气门的运动起导向作用，气门导管可支承气门杆部并且对气门的运动起导向作用，因此气门与气门座要毫无偏差的同心配合。因此气门与气门座要毫无偏差的同心配合。 III. ExercisesvII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1气门由头部和杆部组成。vAvalveconsistsofaheadandstem.v2配气机构由正时齿轮、凸轮轴、挺杆、气门、带有锁紧装置的气门弹簧和气门导管组成。vThevalvegeariscomposedoftiminggears,acamshaft,tappets,valves,springwithfastenersandvalveguides. III. Exercisesv3摇臂的一端安装调整螺钉用来调节摇臂与气门杆尾端之间的气门间隙。vThevalveclearancecanbeadjustedbyadjustingscrewoftherockerarm. III. ExercisesValveclearance III. Exercisesvalve stemrockerValve clearanceSpecialized English for AutomobileSpecialized English for AutomobileUnit 2-6Cooling SystemContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.ExercisesvWhatisthefunctionofthecoolingsystem?vKeepingtheenginetemperatureinsuitableoperatingscopeandmakingtheengineworkmosteffectively.I.Pre-questionsClassification Water-cooling system Air-cooling system vWhatdoesthewater-coolingsystemconsistof?vtheenginewaterjacket,thermostat,waterpump,shutter,radiator,radiatorcap,fan,fandrivebeltandnecessaryhoses.I.Pre-questionsshutterradiatorfanwaterpump waterpipethermostatI.Pre-questionsvHowdoesthecoolantcirculatewhenthethermostatopens?thecylinderheadathermostattheradiatorwaterpumpI.Pre-questionsCylinderblockvWhatisthefunctionoftheradiator?vFunction:dissipate the heat which the coolant has absorbed from the engine. I.Pre-questionsI.Pre-questionsradiator pressure capfinupper tanklower tankvClassification of radiator coreThe fin and tube typeThe ribbon cellular typeI.Pre-questionsvWhereisthefanusuallymounted?vonanextensionofthewaterpumpshaftandisdrivenbyaV-beltfromapulleymountedonthefrontendofthecrankshaft.I.Pre-questionsI.Pre-questionsbeltalternatorfancrankshaftvThismeansthattheenginecanworkeffectivelyonlywhentheheatenergyisequallyhandledsoastokeeptheenginetemperatureinbalance.veffectivelyifektivliadv.有效地有效地有力地有力地v译文：译文：这意味着只有均等地处理热能以保持发动这意味着只有均等地处理热能以保持发动机温度的均衡，发动机才能有效地工作。机温度的均衡，发动机才能有效地工作。II. Text ExplanationvTheradiatorcapservednotonlytopreventthecoolantfromsplashingoutthefilleropening,butalsotopreventevaporationofthecoolant.vTheradiatorcap散热器盖散热器盖vsplashn.vt.喷，飞溅喷，飞溅vEvaporationiv preinn.蒸发蒸发v译文：译文：散热器盖不仅可以防止冷却液溢出，而且散热器盖不仅可以防止冷却液溢出，而且还可防止冷却液蒸发。还可防止冷却液蒸发。II. Text ExplanationvWaterpumpsareofmanydesigns,butmostarethecentrifugaltype.vWaterpumps水泵水泵vCentrifugalsen trifjuadj.离心的离心的v译文：译文：水泵有很多种形式，但是多数都采用离心水泵有很多种形式，但是多数都采用离心式水泵。式水泵。II. Text ExplanationvAslongasthecoolanttemperatureremainslow,thethermostatstaysclosed.vAslongas只要只要vthethermostat节温器节温器v译文：译文：只要冷却液的温度仍很低，节温器就会维只要冷却液的温度仍很低，节温器就会维持关闭的状态。持关闭的状态。II. Text ExplanationvUsuallythesamebeltdrivesthealternator,andbelttensionisadjustedbyswingingthealternatoronitsmounting.vthealternator发电机发电机vswingswi v.摇摆摇摆,摆动摆动n.摇摆摇摆,摆动摆动v译文：译文：通常同一根皮带还要驱动发电机，并且皮通常同一根皮带还要驱动发电机，并且皮带的张紧度可通过摆动装在上面的发电机来调整。带的张紧度可通过摆动装在上面的发电机来调整。II. Text Explanation III. Exercisesv1radiatorv2water-coolingsystemv3air-coolingsystemv4coolantv5antifreezev6waterjacketv7thermostatv8waterpumpv9radiatorcapv10centrifugalpumpuTranslatethefollowingexpressionsintoChinese.u散热器散热器u水冷系统水冷系统u风冷系统风冷系统u冷却液冷却液u防冻液防冻液u水套水套u节温器节温器u水泵水泵u散热器盖散热器盖u离心式水泵离心式水泵Water pump housingimpellerInlet water pipeOutlet water pipe Centrifugal water pump III. ExercisesFunction Alternating the circuit of cooling water according to the load of the engine and the temperature of water and then controlling the water flow. Wax-element Thermostat main valvespringthermostat coverrubber pipewaxpush rod III. Exercises III. ExercisesForm engineForm engineTo Simple circulatingTo radiatorLow temperatureHigh temperaturevItisacommonexperiencethatheatalwaysflowsfromahottersubstancetoacoldersubstance,andaphysicalprinciplethatthegreaterthetemperaturedifference betweenthemthemorerapidlyistheheattransferred.Withaircooling,theforcedcirculation ofairaroundtheengineisgenerallyprovidedbyacentrifugal fanorimpeller,whichrotates inaspiral-shapedhousing. III. ExercisesvThistypeoffaniscapable ofovercomingtheappreciableresistance offeredtotheairasitflowsaroundtheductedandfinned cylindersandcylinderheads.Thefanisdriven byaV-beltandpulleysystemfromtheengine. III. Exercisesv.TranslatethefollowingexpressionsintoChinese.vThepurposeofthecoolingsystemistokeeptheengineatitsmostefficientoperatingtemperatureatallspeedsunderalldrivingconditions.v冷却系统的作用是在任何行驶条件下的任何转速中，发动冷却系统的作用是在任何行驶条件下的任何转速中，发动机都能维持最有效的工作温度。机都能维持最有效的工作温度。vAsfuelisburnedintheengine,aboutone-thirdoftheheatenergyinthefuelisconvertedintopower.v发动机中的燃料燃烧时，大约有三分之一的热能被转化成发动机中的燃料燃烧时，大约有三分之一的热能被转化成了动能。了动能。vThethermostatisclosedwhentheengineiscoldtoallowtheenginetowarmupmorerapidly.v当发动机温度低时，节温器关闭使发动机能快速预热。当发动机温度低时，节温器关闭使发动机能快速预热。 III. ExercisesvII.IdentifytheEnglishnamesofautomobileassembliesaccordingtothepicture.v水冷系是以水作为冷却介质用以在发动机中循环的。vThewatercoolingsystemmeansthatwaterisusedasacoolingagenttocirculatethroughtheengine.v温度太高或太低都会对发动机的正常运转有直接的影响。vTheenginetemperatures,eithertoohighortoolow,wouldhavedirecteffectsonthenormaloperationoftheengine.v如果用水冷却，发动机所产生的热量由冷却水带至散热器散发。vWithawatercoolingsystem,theheatproducedbyanengineiscarriedbycoolingwatertotheradiatorfordissipation. III. ExercisesSpecialized English for AutomobileSpecialized English for AutomobileUnit 2-6 LubricationSystem ContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.ExercisesvWhatisthefunctionoflubricatingoil?vreducingfrictionandminimizingwear.vabsorbingandcarryingtheheatawayfromtheenginepartsvwashingoffdirtawayfromtheenginepartsvabsorbingshocksvformingagoodsealbetweenpistonringsandcylinderwallsI.Pre-questionsI.Pre-questionsPrinciple of lubricatingbearingshaftLubricating oilvWhatelsedoesthelubricationsystemcontain,apartfromthelubricatingoil?vOilpan,oilpump,oilfilters,oilpressureregulators,oilcoolersandoilsensorsI.Pre-questionsI.Pre-questionsoilgalleryoilpumpoilpanoilfiltermainoilgalleryvHowistheoilsuppliedforthemovingpartsoftheengine?I.Pre-questionsOilpumpOilpanOilfilterthemainoilgallerythemovingpartsoftheengineEQ-6100 Oil Line of Lubricating Systemmain oil lineoil pumpfine filterrough filtersuction filteroil panI.Pre-questionsOil filterappearanceinterior structureI.Pre-questionsI.Pre-questionsOil dipstick (oil lever stick)Oil coolerFunction keeping the oil at its most efficient temperature. I.Pre-questionsvlubricatingsystemsaredividedintotwotypes,whatarethey?vsplashlubricatingvpressurelubricatingI.Pre-questionsvfirstofall,theoilformsaprotectivecoatingonthemetalsurfaceandpreventsametaltometalcontact,thusreducingfrictionandminimizingwear.v译文：译文：首先，（润滑）油可在金属表面形成一层首先，（润滑）油可在金属表面形成一层保护膜避免金属与金属的直接接触，因此降低了保护膜避免金属与金属的直接接触，因此降低了摩擦和减少了磨损。摩擦和减少了磨损。II. Text Explanationvfirstofall第一，首先第一，首先vprotectivecoating保护膜保护膜vfriction friknn.摩擦摩擦,摩擦力摩擦力II. Text ExplanationvThereareseveraltypesofpumps,suchasgearpumpandrotorpump.vgearpump齿轮泵齿轮泵vrotorpump转子泵转子泵v译文：译文：有许多类型的机油泵，如齿轮泵，转子泵。有许多类型的机油泵，如齿轮泵，转子泵。II. Text ExplanationGear-type oil pumpOutlet port Inlet portDriving gearDriven gearhousingRotary oil pumphousingexternal rotorinner rotorOil inlet portoutlet portvManyautomobileshavetwokindsofoilfilters,thosenamedsuctionfilterandroughfilteroroilfilter.vsuctionfilter集滤器集滤器vroughfilter粗滤器粗滤器voilfilter机油滤清器机油滤清器II. Text ExplanationvThirdly,astheoilcirculatesthroughthemovingpartsoftheengine,ittendstowashoffdirtawayfromtheengineparts.vCirculates:kjuleitvvt.vi循环流动循环流动,（使）流通（使）流通vwashoff冲洗，洗去冲洗，洗去v译文：译文：第三，当润滑油在发动机的运动部件中流第三，当润滑油在发动机的运动部件中流动时，便于冲洗走发动机部件上的污垢。动时，便于冲洗走发动机部件上的污垢。II. Text ExplanationvgearpumpvrotorpumpvbypassvalvevsuctionfiltervroughfiltervoilpressuresensorsvlubricationsystemvoilfiltervsplashlubricatingvpressurelubricatingIII. ExercisesTranslate the following expressions into Chinese.u齿轮泵u转子泵u旁通阀u集滤器u粗滤器u机油压力传感器u润滑系统u机油滤清器u飞溅润滑u压力润滑v1-oilfilterv2-draincockv3-suctionfilterv4-oilpanv5-oillineIII. ExercisesvA-bypassvalvevB-housingvC-PaperfilterelementvD-inletportvE-outletportIII. ExercisesvInmodernpractice,positivedisplacementpumpsoftherotarytypeareusedtodeliveroilanddeveloppressureintheenginelubricationsystem.Theterm “positivedisplacement”isusedinhydraulicengineeringtodescribeanypumpthatdisplacesadefinevolumeoffluidwitheachrevolutionofitsdriveshaft,regardlessofpressureconditionsinthecircuititsupplies.III. ExercisesvInotherwords,thepressuredevelopedbytheoilpumpdependsentirelyupontheresistanceofferedtotheflowofoilintherestofthelubricationcircuit.Theprincipaladvantage ofusingthistypeofpumpisthatcompactindesign.III. ExercisesvI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.vThelubricationsystemiscomposedofoilpan,oilpump,oilfilters,oilpressureregulators,oilcoolersandoilsensors.v润滑系统主要有油底壳、油泵、机油滤清器、机油压力调润滑系统主要有油底壳、油泵、机油滤清器、机油压力调节器、机油冷却器、机油传感器组成。节器、机油冷却器、机油传感器组成。vToremovemechanicalimpuritiesfromtheoilcirculatingthroughtheenginelubricationsystem,theoilfilterisused.v在发动机润滑系统中，为了将机械杂质从循环流动的润滑在发动机润滑系统中，为了将机械杂质从循环流动的润滑油中清除，采用了机油滤清器。油中清除，采用了机油滤清器。III. ExercisesvII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1发动机润滑系通常有压力润滑和飞溅润滑两种方式。vEnginelubricatingsystemsareusuallydividedintotwotypes:splash,pressurefeed.v2机油在活塞环和汽缸壁之间形成密封油膜。vTheoilformsagoodsealfilmbetweenpistonringsandcylinderwalls.v3.机油进入气缸盖，通过油道流入凸轮轴轴瓦和配气机构。vTheoilissenttothecylinderhead,thenflowsintothecamshaftbearingsandvalvegearthroughdrilledoilpassages.III. ExercisesSpecialized English for AutomobileSpecialized English for AutomobileUnit 2-8Electronic Fuel Injection SystemContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.ExercisesvWhatistheEFIsystemconsistof?vthefueldeliverysystemvairinductionsystemvtheelectroniccontrolsystem.I.Pre-questionsvWhatisthefueldeliverysystemcomposedof?vthefueltank,fuelpump,fuelfilter,vfueldeliverypipe(fuelrail),fuelinjector,fuelpressureregulator,andfuelreturnpipe.vSomeenginesalsohavepulsationdamper.I.Pre-questionsthefueldeliverysystem输油管输油管冷起动喷油器冷起动喷油器油压调节器油压调节器喷油器喷油器油压脉动油压脉动衰减器衰减器燃油滤清燃油滤清器器油箱油箱fueltankfuelpumppulsationdamperfuelinjectorfuelpressureregulatorFuelpressureregulatorfueldeliverypipevWhatdoestheairinductionsystemconsistof?vtheaircleaner,airflowmeter,throttlevalve,airintakechamber,intakemanifoldrunner,andintakevalve.I.Pre-questionsAir supply systemAir cleanerAir flow meterthrottleECUIdle speed control valvevHowdoesEFIsystemoperate?I.Pre-questionsFuel pressure regulatorFuel tankFuel pumpCoolant Temperature sensorThrottle position sensorECUinjectorInput pipeIntake Air Temperature Sensor Engine speed sensorAir flow sensorFiltervTheairinductionsystemconsistsoftheaircleaner,airflowmeter,throttlevalve,airintakechamber,intakemanifoldrunner,andintakevalve.vTheairinductionsystem进气系统进气系统vairflowmeter空气流量计空气流量计vthrottlevalve节气门节气门vintakemanifold进气歧管进气歧管v译文：译文：进气系统由空气滤清器、空气流量计、节进气系统由空气滤清器、空气流量计、节气门、空气进气室、进气歧管管道和进气门组成。气门、空气进气室、进气歧管管道和进气门组成。II. Text ExplanationvTheactuatorscontainsfuelpumprelay,injector,MalfunctionIndicatorLight(MIL),EVAPcanisterpurgesolenoidvalve,airconditionerrelay,coolingfanrelays,idlecontrolvalve,etc.vTheactuators执行器执行器vfuelpumprelay燃油泵继电器燃油泵继电器vMalfunctionIndicatorLight故障指示灯故障指示灯II. Text ExplanationvEVAPcanisterpurgesolenoidvalvev燃油蒸发炭罐净化电磁阀燃油蒸发炭罐净化电磁阀vidlecontrolvalve怠速控制阀怠速控制阀v译文：译文：执行器包括燃油泵继电器，故障指示灯，执行器包括燃油泵继电器，故障指示灯，燃油蒸发炭罐净化电磁阀，空调继电器，冷却风燃油蒸发炭罐净化电磁阀，空调继电器，冷却风扇继电器，怠速控制阀等。扇继电器，怠速控制阀等。II. Text ExplanationvWhentheinjectoristurnedon,itopens,sprayingatomizedfuelatthebacksideoftheintakevalve.vatomizetmaizv.将将喷成雾状喷成雾状vturnedon被闭合被闭合v译文：译文：当喷油器线路闭合，喷口打开，将雾状的当喷油器线路闭合，喷口打开，将雾状的燃油喷射到进气门的后方。燃油喷射到进气门的后方。II. Text ExplanationvTheECUsignalstheinjectortodeliverjustenoughfueltoachieveanidealair/fuelratioof14.7:1,oftenreferredtoasstoichiometry.vanidealair/fuelratio空燃比空燃比vreferredto查阅查阅,提到提到,谈到谈到,打听打听vstoichiometrymrmrn.化学计量法化学计量法v译文：译文：ECU常常参照化学计量法向喷油器发出信常常参照化学计量法向喷油器发出信号输送足够的燃油以达到号输送足够的燃油以达到14.7的空燃比。的空燃比。II. Text ExplanationvThebasicfunctionoftheECUistocontrolthepulsewidthoftheinjector.vthepulsewidth脉冲宽度脉冲宽度v译文：译文：发动机控制单元的基本功能是控制喷油器发动机控制单元的基本功能是控制喷油器的脉冲宽度。的脉冲宽度。II. Text ExplanationvTheECUmonitorsvariablessuchascoolanttemperature,enginespeed,throttleangleandexhaustoxygencontentandmakesinjectioncorrectionswhichdeterminefinalinjectionquantity.vmonitormmvn.班长班长,监听器监听器,监视器监视器,监控器监控器vt.监控监控vcoolanttemperaturev冷却液温度冷却液温度II. Text ExplanationvthrottleWrWrn.节气门节气门voxygenn.氧气氧气v译文：译文：ECU监控的变量有冷却液温度，发动机转监控的变量有冷却液温度，发动机转速，节气门开度，废气中的含氧量，根据这些，速，节气门开度，废气中的含氧量，根据这些，ECU可对喷射的燃油做出修正以确定最终的喷油可对喷射的燃油做出修正以确定最终的喷油量。量。II. Text Explanationvmassairflowsensorvthrottlepositionsensorvintakeairtemperaturesensorvcrankshaftpositionsensorvexhaustgasoxygensensorvfuelpressureregulatorvair/fuelratiovLtypeEFIsystemvpulsationdampervidlecontrolvalveIII. ExercisesTranslate the following expressions into Chinese.v空气流量传感器v节气门位置传感器v进气温度传感器v曲轴位置传感器v氧传感器v油压调节器v空燃比vL型电喷系统v脉动衰减器v怠速控制阀v1-theaircleanerv2-airflowmeterv3-throttlevalvev4-idlespeedcontrolvalvev5-intakemanifoldv6-intakevalvev7-injectorv8-airintakechamberIII. ExercisesvA-coldstartinjector,B-pulsationdamper;C-fuelfilter;D-fueltank;E-fuelpump;F-fuelpressureregulator;G-injectorIII. ExercisesvTheengineintakeairfirstpasses throughanaircleanerandisthenmeasuredforquantitybyanairflowmeter.Thisincorporatesaspring-returnedrotatableflapinitsairpassage.Astheairflowsthroughthemeteritdeflectstheflap,untilaconditionofequilibriumismaintainedbetweentheairpressureandtheclosingtorqueontheflap.III. ExercisesvTheanglethroughwhichtheflapisrotatediselectronicallymonitored,sothattheEFIcontrolunitcancomputethequantityoffueltobeinjected.Astheflapoftheairflowmeterisrotatedacomplementarydamperplate,workingwithinaclose-clearanceairchamber,ensuresthattheflapisnotdisturbedbypulsationsintheintakemanifold.III. ExercisesvI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.v1theengineECUcalculatestheoptimumfuelinjectionvolume,andcausestheinjectorstoinjectthefuel.v发动机发动机ECU计算出最适宜的燃油喷射量，然后计算出最适宜的燃油喷射量，然后使喷油器喷射燃油。使喷油器喷射燃油。v（见（见TextExplanation）III. ExercisesvII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1ECU可根据传感器信号计算最佳喷油持续期。vTheECUcalculatestheoptimumfuelinjectionvolumeinaccordancewiththesignalsfromthesesensors.v2曲轴位置传感器用于检测曲轴转角和发动机速度。vThecrankshaftpositionsensorisusedtodetectthecrankshaftangleandenginespeed.v3发动机怠速运转所需要的空气可以来自怠速控制阀。vTheairneededforaengineidlecancomefromanidlecontrolvalve.III. ExercisesSpecialized English for AutomobileSpecialized English for AutomobileUnit 2-9Emission Control System ContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.ExercisesvWhatisthefunctionoftheemissioncontrolsystem?vTolimitthepollutioncausedbytheharmfulproductsofstoringandburningfuel.I.Pre-questionsvWhataretheemissionscontrolsystem?vPositivecrankcaseventilationsystemvEvaporativeEmissionControlsvExhaustEmissionControlsI.Pre-questionsvWhatisthePositivecrankcaseventilationsystemconsistof?I.Pre-questions1-crankcase;2-intakemanifold;3-PCV;4-ventilationpipe;5-ventilationoutletfilter;6-cylinderheadcovervWhatisthefunctionofEGR?vToreduceemissionsofnitrogenoxidesvWhatisthemeaningofEGR?vexhaustgasrecirculationI.Pre-questionsI.Pre-questionsuWherearetheCatalyticconverterslocated?uTheyarelocatedintheexhaustsystembetweentheengineandthemuffler.uWhatisthefunctionoftheCatalyticconverters?utoconvertharmfulpollutantssuchasHC,CO,andNOxintoharmlessgases.I.Pre-questionsvUsuallythefueltank,exhaustgases,crankcaseareaproducethemajorityofpollutionintheautomobile.vmajority是名词是名词,通常用法通常用法:themajorityof.vmost是形容词或副词是形容词或副词v区别区别:majority只能修饰可数名词，只能修饰可数名词，most可数不可数不可数均可可数均可v译文：译文：通常汽车中油箱、废气、曲轴箱区域通常汽车中油箱、废气、曲轴箱区域产生的污染物占大多数。产生的污染物占大多数。II. Text ExplanationvTheseemissionsareeasilycontrolledbythepositivecrankcaseventilation(PCV)system.v译文：译文：这些排放物利用曲轴箱强制通风系统这些排放物利用曲轴箱强制通风系统是很容易控制的。是很容易控制的。II. Text ExplanationvEmission排放物排放物vthepositivecrankcaseventilationv曲轴箱强制通风曲轴箱强制通风v缩写缩写PCVII. Text ExplanationvThemethodusedtoreduceoxidesofnitrogenistocooldownthecombustionprocessbyusinganexhaustgasrecirculation(EGR)valve.v译文：译文：用来降低氮氧化物产生的方法就是利用废用来降低氮氧化物产生的方法就是利用废气再循环阀来使燃烧过程中的温度降低。气再循环阀来使燃烧过程中的温度降低。II. Text Explanationvnitrogen naitrdnn.氮氮voxygenn.氧氧voxidesofnitrogen氮氧化物氮氧化物vexhaustgasrecirculation（valve）v废气再循环废气再循环(阀阀)v缩写缩写PCVII. Text ExplanationvInaddition,airinjectionsystemcanbeusedtoreducetheamountofhydrocarbons(HC)andcarbonmonoxide(CO)intheexhaustisbyforcingfreshairintotheexhaustsystemaftercombustion.vhydrocarbonhaidrunvn.烃烃,碳氢化合物碳氢化合物vcarbonmonoxide一氧化碳一氧化碳v译文：译文：除此之外，空气喷射系统也能降低废气中除此之外，空气喷射系统也能降低废气中HC和和CO的数量，它是将新鲜的空气充入到燃烧的数量，它是将新鲜的空气充入到燃烧后的排气系统中。后的排气系统中。II. Text ExplanationvCatalyticconvertersarelocatedintheexhaustsystembetweentheengineandthemuffler.vbelocatedin/on/at位于位于.vCatalyticconverters催化转化器催化转化器vmuffler mfln.消声器消声器v译文译文：催化转化器在排气系统中位于发动机和排催化转化器在排气系统中位于发动机和排气消声器之间。气消声器之间。II. Text ExplanationvfueltankvEGRvalvevmufflervactivatedcharcoalvevaporativeEmissionControlsvexhaustgasrecirculationsystemvcarboncanistervpositivecrankcaseventilationvcatalyticconvertersvEmissionControlSystemIII. ExercisesTranslate the following expressions into Chinese.v油箱v废气再循环阀v消声器v活性炭v蒸汽回收控制v废气再循环系统v炭罐v曲轴箱强制通风v催化转换器v排放控制系统v1-Vacuumsolenoidvalvev2-throttlev3-Catalyticconvertersv4-oxygensensorv5-coolant temperature sensorv6-EGRvalveIII. Exercises6vA-fueltank;B-vaporventilationpipe;vC-Canistercontrolsolenoidvalve;D-intakemanifold;E-CarboncanisterIII. ExercisesvManypollutioncontroldevicesaredesignedtoreduceemissionsfromtheexhaustsystem.Thisisdonebyusingmanynewsystemsandmodifyingothers.Thesemodificationsincludedesignchangestotheignitionsystem,carburetor,intakemanifold,combustionchamberandcamshaft.Otherchangesincludeusingahighertemperaturethermostatandloweringcomperssionratios.Thisresults inlowercombustiontemperaturesandthereforereducesNOx.III. ExercisesvI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.v1Inoperation,partoftheexhaustgas(usuallylessthan10%)issentbackthroughtheintakemanifold.v在工作中，废气中有一部分气体（常常是低于在工作中，废气中有一部分气体（常常是低于10%）通过）通过进气歧管返回。进气歧管返回。v2Whencombustiontemperatureisincertainhighdegrees,nitrogenmixeswithoxygenandproducesoxidesofnitrogen.v当燃烧的温度达到一定高度时，氮气和氧气混合产生氮氧当燃烧的温度达到一定高度时，氮气和氧气混合产生氮氧化物。化物。III. Exercisesv3Thesevaporsaredrawnupthroughavacuum-and-spring-controlledventilatingvalveandintotheintakemanifold.v这些被吸出的蒸汽通过真空和弹簧控制的通风阀进入进气这些被吸出的蒸汽通过真空和弹簧控制的通风阀进入进气歧管。歧管。III. ExercisesvII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1催化转化器提供了另一种废气处理的装置。催化转化器提供了另一种废气处理的装置。vCatalyticconvertersprovideanothermethodoftreatingexhaustgases.v2炭罐是蒸汽回收控制系统中用来减少污染物排放的一个重要炭罐是蒸汽回收控制系统中用来减少污染物排放的一个重要装置。装置。vCarboncanisterisanimportantdeviceofwhicharebeingusedtoreducetheseemissions.v3汽油车的排放物通常有以下四个来源：油箱、燃油喷射系统、汽油车的排放物通常有以下四个来源：油箱、燃油喷射系统、曲轴箱通风、排气系统。曲轴箱通风、排气系统。vEmissionsfromagasolinedrivenmotorvehicleusuallycomefrom4sources:thefueltank,fuelinjectionsystem,thecrankcase,andtheexhaustsystem.III. ExercisesSpecialized English for AutomobileSpecialized English for AutomobileUnit 2-10Intake and Exhaust Systems ContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.ExercisesvWhataretheairintakeandexhaustsystemsusedtodo?vtocleantheaircominginandreducethenoisecomingoutI.Pre-questionsvWhatdoestheintakesystemconsistof?vairfilter,intakeducting,intakemanifolds,andintakeairtemperaturesensor.vSomeengineshavesuperchargerintheintakesystem.I.Pre-questionsI.Pre-questionsairfilterintakemanifoldsintakeductingvintakemanifoldsI.Pre-questionsvWhatdoestheexhaustsysteminclude?vanexhaustmanifold,vexhaustpipe,vcatalyticconverters,vmuffler,vandtailpipe.I.Pre-questionsI.Pre-questionsvWhatisthepurposeoftheairfilters?vTotrapcontaminants,vToprovideafreeflowofairintotheengineI.Pre-questionsvAirfilterI.Pre-questionsvForanenginetooperatecorrectly,airmustflowintoandoutoftheenginewithoutrestriction.vrestrictionris triknn.限制限制,约束约束v译文：译文：为了使发动机正常工作，空气必须为了使发动机正常工作，空气必须要不受任何限制的流进或流出发动机。要不受任何限制的流进或流出发动机。II. Text ExplanationvCatalyticconvertersareemissioncontroldevicesthatcontainchemicallytreatedsubstancesthatconvertharmfulemissionsintoharmlesscarbondioxideandwatervapor.v译文：译文：三元催化转化器是一种排放控制装置，三元催化转化器是一种排放控制装置，它可以通过内部的化学物质将有害的排放物它可以通过内部的化学物质将有害的排放物转化成无害的二氧化碳和水蒸气。转化成无害的二氧化碳和水蒸气。II. Text ExplanationCatalyticconverterII. Text ExplanationvCatalyticconverterII. Text ExplanationvThemufflerisemployedtoreducetheexhaustsoundoftheengine.vmuffler mfln.消声器消声器vemployvt.使使采、利采、利用用,雇用雇用,使忙于使忙于,使从事于使从事于v译文：译文：消声器是用来降低发动机中排气噪消声器是用来降低发动机中排气噪声的装置。声的装置。II. Text ExplanationvAturbochargerisadeviceusedtosuperchargeanengine.vturbochargern.涡轮涡轮增压器增压器vsupercharge sjupvvt.增压增压v译文：译文：涡轮增压器是一套用来为发动机增涡轮增压器是一套用来为发动机增压的设备。压的设备。II. Text ExplanationII. Text Explanationv1-compressor;2-turbine;3-freshairin;v4-intakeducting;5-piston;6-exhaustducting.II. Text ExplanationvairfiltervintakeductingvintakeairtemperaturesensorvsuperchargervturbochargervtailpipevcompressorvmufflervexhaustmanifoldvpaperelementIII. ExercisesTranslate the following expressions into Chinese.v空气滤清器空气滤清器v进气管进气管v进气温度传感器进气温度传感器v增压器增压器v涡轮增压器涡轮增压器v排气管排气管v压缩机压缩机v消声器消声器v排气歧管排气歧管v纸质滤芯纸质滤芯III. ExercisesintakemanifoldsmufflerCatalyticconvertersvTheexhaustpipeistheconnectingpipebetweentheexhaustmanifoldandthemufflerorcatalyticconverter.Catalyticconvertersareemission controldevicesthatcontain chemicallytreatedsubstancesthatconvertharmful emissionsintoharmless carbondioxideandwatervapor.Thecatalyticconverterisinstalledtoreducehydrocarbons(HC),carbonmonoxide(CO),andnitrousoxides(NOx).Thecatalyticconverterdoesthisbyoperatingathightemperature,whichburnstheunwantedbyproductsofcombustion.III. ExercisesvI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.v1Thestraightpipereducesexhaustbackpressure,butitdoesnotreducethesoundasmuchasthebaffletype.v直管可减少排气的阻力，但是它减少的噪音没有带障碍板类型直管可减少排气的阻力，但是它减少的噪音没有带障碍板类型的多。的多。v2High-velocityexhaustgasespassoutoftheexhaustportsandthenthroughaturbine.v高速的废气通过排气装置，然后穿过涡轮。高速的废气通过排气装置，然后穿过涡轮。v3Theairfilterisusedonenginetotrapcontaminants,yetprovideafreeflowofairintotheengine.v空气滤清器可用来阻止杂质进入，从而保障空气自由地流入发空气滤清器可用来阻止杂质进入，从而保障空气自由地流入发动机中。动机中。III. ExercisesvII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1发动机进排气系统可以净化流入的空气，降低流出气体的噪声。vTheengineintakeandexhaustsystemsaredesignedtocleantheaircominginandreducethenoisecomingout.v2排气歧管用螺栓固定在发动机缸盖上。vTheexhaustmanifoldisboltedtothecylinderheadoftheengine.v3废气先经过催化器转换，再通过消声器系统排到外部环境。vIttakestheexhaustgasesawaythroughthecatalyticconverter,thenthroughthemufflersystemtotheoutsideenvironment.III. ExercisesSpecialized English for Automobile