物流英语物流英语葡沛毡遭申钮害纬暂王果美棱屿委藕暑墩仑泅胯串沪莫工永种迟壮椒猾瘴教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/20241Learning objectivesLearning objectives3. 3. Questions forQuestions for Discussion Discussion 1. 1. MainMain ContentContent2.2. Phrases andPhrases and Terms Terms4. Case Study4. Case StudyChapter 2 Supply Chain Management购渴猿尉差奈伊甭冯卿淮绩驼品豪珊眼寓失筏徽寒臂屋饵参诺袱志塘尚插教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/20242Learning Objectives 1.Gain an understanding of the characteristics of supply chain management 2.Learn the definition of QR, ECR, ERP, CPFR, JIT 3.Get an overview of supply chain management principles and their implications for enterprises 4.Get an overview of how a supply chain system comes out犯识沥霜怯龄寨鲍绪澈函挖莉绷抉狸糜侦忠番机誉舷错悔配离楼膜凶桌捂教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202432.1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 2.1.1Definition of Supply Chain Management Supply chain management (SCM) is the control of the supply chain as a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. Supply chain management does not involve only the movement of a physical product (such as a microchip) through the chain but also any data that goes along with the product (such as order status information, payment schedules, 递钙阜岛帖捉烘绪畏茬尖俱出击腾跌府耶汇趣潞咨檄祥隔戌弧潦恍冀值弄教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/20244 and ownership titles) and the actual entities that handle the product from stage to stage of the supply chain. There are essentially three goals of SCM: to reduce inventory, to increase the speed of transactions with real-time data exchange, and to increase revenue by satisfying customer demands more efficiently. Supply chain management is getting the right things to the right places at the right times for maximum profit. It is a process used by companies to ensure that their supply chain is efficient and cost-effective. Many important效船俞丧桑护条扎笛田吓沙倘议澜掣挑慑稗右龟春膛湍敲肥你忌流捞洋衫教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/20245 实时数据库可用于工厂过程的自动实时数据库可用于工厂过程的自动采集、存储和监视，可在线存储每采集、存储和监视，可在线存储每个工艺过程点的多年数据，可以提个工艺过程点的多年数据，可以提供清晰、精确的操作情况画面，用供清晰、精确的操作情况画面，用户既可浏览工厂当前的生产情况，户既可浏览工厂当前的生产情况，也可回顾过去的生产情况，可以说，也可回顾过去的生产情况，可以说，实时数据库对于流程工厂来说就如实时数据库对于流程工厂来说就如同飞机上的同飞机上的“黑匣子黑匣子”。栅柬翰胀缺娶幻戮送筏崔廷拼吉股寺甸结厨雌零欣唇郸联下粟富冀恭宇钩教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/20246 strategic decisions impact the supply chain: how to coordinate the production of goods and services, including which suppliers to buy materials from; how and where to store inventory; how to distribute products in the most cost-effective, timely manner; and how and when to make payments. A typical supply chain is made up of many interrelated firms linked by a core enterprise. As shown in Figure 2.1, component and subassembly suppliers are upstream from the manufacturer. Further up the chain are the梅友标圭娟热哑院卜十衫恃痞筷衰内蜜荫累鞭遥蚌办刘奎稗定女敲蛀刻簿教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/20247 suppliers suppliers, who provide raw materials. Downstream from the producing firm are the resellers, then the retail channels and finally the customers. Thus, the supply chain encompasses the flow and transformation of goods, services and information from the raw materials stage to the consumers.2.1.2 Differences between Logistics and Supply Chain Management A widely adopted textbook defines logistics management as follows: “the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, effective 湖盏匹疑浮慧界溺认夸彬疗炽沪失浩轴散业嚼粗涟削蓄业仅猜浩旁叼坞檄教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/20248汪瘦聪忧单峭阑钳铀甘搪稼栏戮残瓶辖瘤喊吐靳危坞坠政湛抢琅皮柜爸捷教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/20249 flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements”. Starting from the late 1980s, logistics has been extended to cover a wider range of interest and activities. Such an enlarged concept and practice is called Supply Chain Management. A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, 煤双意渔惋搓墙臆撼鲸聘吞婴蕉镇界痊盼大栏创氰杠瞎坟穷犯撤哦疙巨旭教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202410 and the distribution of these finished products to customers. Supply chains exist in both service and manufacturing organizations. Taking into account the most recent development of logistics and supply chain management, we describe logistics with the following definition: process of the location, movement and storage of resources from the point of origin, through various economic activities, to the final consumer. This definition provides logistics with a comprehensive dimension and allow organizations to take full advantage of the philosophy, the way of thinking拿吠蚊排维至庶构酣崩恍坡奔阵授蕴梨吼辆庙泊波绘侵做坪忍渠蓄镣垒桶教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202411 and the practice of logistics during the entire process of all logistics related activities to enhance the system efficiency in different areas. To better understand the exact meaning and scope of logistics we need to explain this definition by looking at some of its key words. First we should look at the word process. This means that logistics is not an isolated action, it is rather a series of continuous and interrelated activities in which principles of logistics thinking, planning, organization, management and operation apply. Therefore logistics is a process感睁唐轩嵌骇挛臣棠遭曹淫陡臂遥可迈议朽炎第四沸趴委违亭簇漱翁境痴教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202412 concerned with various activities within an organization from the overall thinking to each individual operational task. Logistics is also a process that covers every element that associates with the product from the origin of resources to the final stage of consumption. Logistics does not only concern materials. It interests in all resources needed for having the right product or service at the consumers disposal. The resources here mean materials, capital, people, but they also include information, technology , etc. 佯钦山茫趴剖瘴屋蹄意毫松瞎错阅跟怒帕札耸舒那棉拾躬屋侥幌侗蚊粪串教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202413 Logistics should include two levels of planning and organizing activities. The first is about where and when to get resources and products and where to send them, therefore a problem of location. This is the major difference between the traditional logistics concept and supply chain management, as the former is concentrating on “flows”, while the latter concerns the problems of location as well. The second level concerns how to get the resource and products from the origin to the final destination, thus a problem of movement and storage. So far much attention促噪涨弯叭毖泻窄曲祈戎券绚锋缚湖赡剪万革兢甚鹃属管畏醇挠族嘱羹尼教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202414 has been paid to the second level of logistics or to the movement and storage of resources, but not enough to the fundamental question of location or in other words where the resources should be secured and transformed. Logistics itself is not a new activity in the organization, it is rather a new way of thinking and organizing the existing activities under an integrated concept of logistics. It is a process of optimizing the system systematically which includes each activity so that the total benefit can be maximized钉铀芝挎玩仑珍惜窘呢脾恿议渣跃让批途佣圆工拿养枪拄碰闽弹对浅等亚教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202415 and the best overall result can be achieved. Optimization means to organize all relevant activities for the purpose of minimizing the total cost of providing the consumer with the value required. This implies the elimination or minimization of all unproductive activities and activities that do not provide or provide less value added. The optimization is to be assured on the entire process of providing the product or service instead of on only a part of it.川猖滋樊靠狙醚镊掇阿毋盂胸读慑表釜鸿于晃唐虐期奢编跋漓汕飞放硷霓教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202416 2.1.3 Supply Chain Management Process Typically, supply chain management is comprised of five stages: plan, develop, make, deliver, return. The first stage in supply chain management is known as Plan. A plan or strategy must be developed to address how a given goods or service will meet the needs of the customers. A significant portion of the strategy should focus on planning a profitable supply chain. Develop is the next stage in supply chain management. It involves building a strong relationship with suppliers of the raw materials needed in making挥计虹敝疽寄蜂渤找贱淘榔吗剖留厄芋英几考伤呆霉雇军蚂耪斟钓涨焚滴教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202417 the product the company delivers. This phase involves not only identifying reliable suppliers but also planning methods for shipping, delivery, and payment. At the third stage, Make, the product is manufactured, tested, packaged, and scheduled for delivery. Then, at the logistics phase, customer orders are received and delivery of the goods is planned. This fourth stage of supply chain management stage is aptly named Deliver. The final stage of supply chain management is called Return. As the name suggests, during this stage, customers may return defective products.臼眉靴俞耽几裂猿权乘谅娇债优禁矗架磨嚣删抽恃贯慧板歇泥并疮锯缎颈教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202418 The company will also address customers questions in this stage. Companies use forecast-distribution models in order to have the appropriate inventory, or safety stock, necessary to meet fluctuations in customer demand. Under this model, participants In the lower-end of the supply chain, rather than those near the end-customer, Increase their orders frequently when there is a rise in demand. 2.1.4 Importance of an Effective Supply Chain Management Better supply chain helps not only manufacturers约侦醉肋麻窟填掣压抠二妮菩折区抵劳曲蜗莎籍淑黄技搏姻寸镑霞刮造逞教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202419 of goods, but also some service businesses, Including those requiring creativity, Imagination and specialized knowledge. For example, using a virtual reality system and ultrasound data sent through the Internet, a medical specialist in Dallas can give an opinion to a patient in New York, or London, or Bombay. A virtual reality system worn around the hand and arm allows a physician to feel pressure sensations from computer images and make an informed diagnosis in real time 伸苟腑寐煞虎界奖忿磐扯罗锣短寒剐伯迪胆铲认惑隆牵咋还黑疗截卧郑诚教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202420 halfway around the globe. Todays most efficient supply chains use the Internet and associated technologies to move information in real time to those who need it. These bits of data-digital strings of zeroes and ones-can be shipped anywhere in the world in seconds at virtually no cost. And with digital products there are no time-to-manufacture delays, Inventory shortages or delivery problems. While supply chain management is as old as trade itself, new information and communications technologies have made todays supply chains better, faster半执绅鲍琴易罩杆钞某饮顾体嫡佳肿侩舆蹦开氨宿勿麻烤令孽嗓叛悯涛效教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202421 and cheaper. Information engineering that combines new information technologies with improved production, Inventory, distribution and payments methods has revolutionized supply chain operations. For example, one way to buy a computer is to get on Dells web site and configure and price a system exactly as you want it. As soon as you submit the online order, all of Dells global suppliers-those providing chips, monitors and so on are immediately notified of the sale and go to work so that you receive your computer typically 珊矾擞冷腿粪毁笋好二伯残讹匆酉吭举巴式仇藻唱帖旺休衫检拔羔醉馏迅教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202422 within a week. Contrast this direct sales model with yesterdays supply chain. The old model required the customer to go to a store in search of a product that the manufacturer thinks you want to buy. But now, in some cases, the middlemen between you and the manufacturer can be eliminated. Moreover, in the direct sales model, the upstream suppliers play a key real-time role in keeping production and distribution flowing smoothly. 避坚堑伏痪忱颤铣朝谭姚怪怯狐嫉坤语波失举赁薄踢婪造魏囤奎梨偿值失教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202423 2.1.5 Supply Chain Management Eras. Throughout history, new ideas and technologies have revolutionized supply chains and changed the way we work. Two hundred years ago, giant machines replaced manual labor to complete tasks in large factories. Railroads, electricity and new communication media expanded markets and made supply chains better, faster and cheaper. (1) Mass Production Era. In the early 1900s, Henry Ford created the first moving assembly. This reduced the time required to build a Model T from 鹰碌遭牛犀洗岸银矗蚕庐液漏述拙啥坐催赋酱烘氓斜植盈狰当如凡戊败彼教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202424 728 hours to 1.5 hours and ushered in the mass production era. Over the next 60 years, American manufacturers became adept at mass production and streamlined supply chains with the help of scientific management methods and operations research techniques. (2) Lean Manufacturing Era. In the 1970s, U. S. manufacturings superiority was challenged. Foreign firms in many industries made higher quality products at lower costs. Global competition forced U. S. manufacturers to concentrate on improving quality by reducing谜福床迢笋广曙禄滴鳖夸稠韭茫烈粉摔乒柱测粒够睁沉臀擞榷茶们疏题掳教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202425 defects in their supply chains. Good to know: Six-sigma: This quality control idea was pioneered by Motorola as a way to improve processes that are already under control. The outputs of such processes typically have a normal distribution, and the process capability is expected to be within plus or minus three standard deviations of the mean. Each standard deviation is one sigma, so the total process capability covers six sigma. Total quality management: This idea emphasizes multifunctional teams to solve quality related 售摆撼讲览柯秒铀涵机肄疤朱显航租僻染晕秤滴春雁会诺闹姥饥怯商离垣教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202426 problems. Such teams are trained to understand basic statistical tools and then collect and analyze data to resolve quality problems. (3) Mass Customization Era. Beginning around 1995 and coinciding with the commercial application of the Internet, manufacturers started to mass-produce customized products. Henry Fords famous statement you can have any color Model T as long as its black no longerapplies. Perhaps a more accurate term would be the information engineering or information management era. Firms are effectively using巨锨分抨辩忻喷群农哎星渐呜搪眼德啤猿则您虽胚铁灭阅湛向践艰守也杖教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202427 new information technologies to Improve service and delivery processes. Through secure systems and business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce platforms, firms focus on improving information management by integrating internal systems with external partners. For example, through its web site, Amazon. com gives customers the ability to track the delivery status of their purchases. And Wal-Mart routinely shares all sales data in real time with its upstream suppliers and manufacturers.忍嫌焉具铅京舆届打撂遂氢它爷各聪溪狈而拔昂弯玫策鲤慢臀填萤疡拼逻教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/2024282.2 Principles of Supply ChainManagement There are altogether seven principles in managing supply chains. 1. Segment customers based on the service needs of distinct groups and adapt the supply chain to serve these segments profitably. Segmentation has traditionally grouped customers by industry, product, or trade channel and then taken a one-size-fits-all approach to serving them, averaging costs and profitability拄缄瑟时寅辽豺肝源兔莲图康晶朝造效乌院本芳措奔危用章漏葛耽壳拓炽教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202429 within and across segments. But segmenting customers by their particular needs equips a company to develop a portfolio of services tailored to various segments. Surveys, Interviews, and industry research have been the traditional tools for defining key segmentation criteria. Viewed from the classic perspective, this needs-based segmentation may produce some odd couples. Research can establish the services valued by all customers versus those valued only by certain segments. Then the company should apply a disciplined, cross-functional process to develop a避三簇戚度动做龚吕跺钢藉阴敏盂期盖吻碎越霞伐鸳冶尉智烂锰俭荡瘁卧教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202430 menu of supply chain programs and create segment-specific service packages that combine basic services for everyone with the services from the menu that will have the greatest appeal to particular segments. This does not mean tailoring for the sake of tailoring. The goal is to find the degree of segmentation and variation needed to maximize profitability; 2. Customize the logistics network to the service requirements and profitability of customer segments. Companies have traditionally taken a monolithic approach to logistics network design in organizing their inventory, warehouse, and transportation activities艺肿葛酷莉征炕须奔粗税凤约挫摄帆跑仿椿左怨籽磷玻擦俄瞥意粳述拓蹭教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202431 to meet a single standard. This can not achieve superior asset utilization or accommodate the segment-specific logistics necessary for excellent supply chain management. In many industries, especially such commodity industries as fine paper, tailoring distribution assets to meet individual logistics requirements is a greater source of differentiation for a manufacturer than the actual products, which are largely undifferentiated; 3. Listen to market signals and align demand planning accordingly across the supply chain, ensuring consistent 暑胯乘髓疾是掇坷抚图拍趴涡座颧肪腹亿肪遮势媚盘你炭诉诣芳户爸箩蹈教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202432 forecasts and optimal resource allocation; 4. Differentiate product closer to the customer and speed conversion across the supply chain; 5. Manage sources of supply strategically to reduce the total cost of owning materials and possessed services; 6. Develop a supply chain-wide technology strategy that supports multiple levels of decision making and gives a clear view of the flow of products, services, and information; 7.Adopt channel-spanning performance measures to gauge collective success in reaching the end-user effectively and efficiently. 袄个想恩喘僧盈辖缀唤垦滤池将寄洱悍康嘿狰堕佩丹凯烩潜里椅溢殉陇如教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202433WRITTEN EXERCISES 1.Filling (1)Mass Production Era was in the early , the symbol of this era was creating by Henry Ford; Lean Manufacturing Era was in the and Mass Customization Era beginning around . (2) There are principles in managing supply chains in total. The first is based on the service needs of distinct groups and adapt the supply chain to serve these segments profitably. 宗愚握迸玖第租讥烦汹宵迫觉较湘卢峨臀舵炬沙笑斯沫陵昂羹帧程或冈融教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/2024342.SPECIAL TERMS(1) normal distribution(2) standard deviations(3) Total quality management(4) the process capability(5) tracking the delivery status(6) a portfolio of tailored services(7) key segmentation criteria3. QUESTION What specific role does logistics play in supply chain operations?英卤纂邮穴仲缎酮看昌统影宴泪挛莫谴粪锌顿诱廉甭阎筒谩蜜俞椿椒链卓教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/2024352.3 Methods Concerning Supply Chain Management The generation of supply chain management theory lags vt.落后于落后于 far behind the specific technologies and methods， as the former was shown initially by the latter. The most common methods in supply chain management are Quick Response (QR), Efficient Consumer Response (ECR), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Just in Time (JIT), Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment n.补货、补给补货、补给 (CPFR), etc. 岂苞渐户蔡潮舞滴燥展把赛较埔昨夺譬潜紧贯忧眨赔悦娥劫哄渐工阮瞄钞教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202436 1. QR The gap between demand for consumer goods and their efficient supply is greater now than at any other time, and is widening as consumers wants become less predictable, and suppliers struggle to meet them. Quick Response is both a management paradigm (n.范范式、范例式、范例) and a methodology (n.n.方法学，方法论方法学，方法论) that allows supply systems to react quickly to changes while improving their performance. QR aims to help organize a business in the face of problems associated with the vast array of goods and services now to be found in consumer markets. 磺冗氟耽枪举曝淋遣井侵溜我站呵番届同掣反叹剥惧眠驱壕励其族赞帮捅教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202437 It is particularly relevant to the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) and Fashion industries. QR works by compressing the time between product or service design concept and appearance on the retail shelf. It then takes advantage of such recent technologies as Point of Sale (POS) tracking and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to constantly up-date estimates of true consumer demand, and then places intelligent re-orders for goods with flexible manufacturers and their suppliers.掣鸿铱趴鞍梁剖茫焙袒扼唐耿悼揭夫祁元落泻柳几没队霍如刺按朋娘返姿教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202438 2. ECR Efficient Consumer Response or ECR is a business concept aimed at better satisfying consumer needs, through businesses and trading partners working together. In doing so, ECR best practices will deliver superior business results by reducing costs at all stages throughout the supply chain, achieving efficiency and streamlined processes. ECR best practices can deliver improved range, value, service and convenience offerings. This in turn 子替呐瓶率讯铺欲屹彼陨潍秀谱更扯疹壶乔磅技秽汝骚滓种芬圃胸枕瑶次教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202439 will lead to greater satisfaction of consumer needs. ECR principles support the belief that business success comes from delighting the consumer through meeting or exceeding their expectations. This can only be done through working together to remove inefficiencies and costs that add little value to the consumer. This principle applies to (适应于适应于) the grocery industry and many, if not all, other industry sectors.节绘符刻钱弟胆茫参寝耙比轰逮贸部缝健悯尧缎驻盔梨傣瘟克妙乞挛遗啄教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202440 3. ERP ERP stands for enterprise resource planning is a way to integrate the data and processes of an organization into one single system. Usually ERP systems will have many components including hardware and software, in order to achieve integration, most ERP systems use a unified database to store data for various functions found throughout the organization. The term ERP originally referred to how a large organization planned to use organizational wide resources. 稠驴屯虐茸孟毗绷荒又龄凿叫淋僚蛾抛种漏踪控皖铸蛔熏吠们致渝椎滨痰教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202441 In the past, ERP systems were used in larger more industrial types of companies. However, the use of ERP has changed and is extremely comprehensive, today the term can refer to(适用适用于于) any type of company, no matter what industry it falls in（投入投入）. In fact, ERP systems are used in almost any type of organizationlarge or small. In order for a software system to be considered ERP, it must provide an organization with functionality for two or more systems. While some ERP packages exist that only cover two functions for an organization, 棱蛀碧掖抗佛转瘟柜暇糕滑哨随宠俏已篮熬拍过撤釜倦宗氨辞颁鲤缴檄篡教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202442 most ERP systems cover several functions. Todays ERP systems can cover a wide range of functions and integrate them into one unified database. For instance, functions such as Human Resources, Supply Chain Management, Customer Relations Management, Financials, Manufacturing functions and Warehouse Management functions were all once stand alone software applications, usually housed with their own database and network, today, they can all fit under one umbrellathe ERP system.抒姿宋谨既驳去匝刽问吻刻冕野肢谦犹切呆诚绩亦届疵枕孵具腋揭住砂沾教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202443 4. JIT JIT, or “just in time”, is a strategy used in inventory management. With the JIT strategy, companies aim to decrease waste and inventory costs by receiving goods only when they are needed to produce products. JIT inventory management thus increases efficiency, and is used by companies that prefer to keep low inventory levels. JIT is the opposite of JIC, or “just in case”(应急制应急制) , in which companies carried large inventories in the event that demand spiked(尖的、突增的的、突增的) . 漾江缕苛虾掂柒碘葡汞遭偷瓤顿冤爷递涯曼杂里椽挪塑考镰针划脯怒轨零教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202444 In order for JIT to work correctly, the company must be able to predict demand for the product and how much inventory will be needed at what stages of production. JIT also depends on a reliable supply chain for the effective, timely delivery of parts. 5. CPFR Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment is a collaborative business practice that enables partners to have visibility into one anothers demand, order forecast and promotional data to anticipate and satisfy future demand. This is done through a systematic 傈碰溢关氢通禽巳捎粉叔噶锯读凌稼科苏申无诧欧渤普连尼阮编未漂囚额教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202445 process of information and knowledge sharing. CPFR links sales and marketing best practices, such as category management (商品品类管理商品品类管理是外资零售企业普遍采用的商品管理方法，通过与供应是外资零售企业普遍采用的商品管理方法，通过与供应商合作进行商品品类管理，可以及时响应消费者的需求，商合作进行商品品类管理，可以及时响应消费者的需求，提高商品的周转率和货架使用。提高商品的周转率和货架使用。), to supply chain planning and execution processes. In this way， product availability（产品的可获得性、产品产品的可获得性、产品的现货供应能力的现货供应能力）can be increased while reducing inventory, transportation and logistics costs. 楷顺脂像卧祁俘化蒂钥黑白荆猩观脖虽养穆冉捷驭旱瞄云褒纂崎椽养剂僧教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202446 CPFR goes beyond current internal system implementations (n.执行执行) and builds the next level of information sharing out to trading partners. The objective often is to foster a strategic partnership and establish an enabling process(保障流程保障流程) for all other supply chain improvement initiatives (n.方案方案).门堤德呻字棕塌棘扭念醛佛锭星泥住伴求尝烧蔚酌淫朝箱炕鸯排讣鸡哦壕教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202447 2.4 Developing Supply Chain Systems After a company defines its supply chain strategy and sets the performance targets for the markets it serves, the next step is to develop the systems needed to implement the strategy. Often existing systems need to be enhanced and new systems need to be built. This section presents aprocess to follow to create the detailed system designs and to build those systems. This processcontains ten steps.赛洒臼币利财挫状总褥汇洞钩孰讨耙锗象蒋狭黍因彤黄哗豺韧磅衅吮胃叙教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202448 1.Organizing the systems development project There are three steps in creating new systems, namely, define, design and build. Each step has a certain amount of time and budget ( (预算经费预算经费) ) that should be allocated to( (按股份、按股份、规定、计划等规定、计划等) )分配分配 it. Organize and run the project so that the work that needs to be done in each step is done within the boundaries of these time and budget limits. To run a project well, a company needs to appoint( (分配；指派分配；指派)a full-time leader with overall responsibility and the appropriate authority and define a set of measurable and non-overlapping objectives to accomplish the project goal or mission. Then, 沼律矮语雍等呀锚院蜜寞酝鼠躇泌侨玻粘笋坎付拙劫蚕宰盒尾疥赛檄冰竞教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202449 assign project objectives to teams of two to seven people with hands-on（有实践经验的）（有实践经验的）team leaders and the appropriate mix of business and technical skills. Besides, project office staff and project leader and team leaders should work with each other closely in order to update plans and budgets. 2Designing supply chain systems The purpose of the design step is to flesh out（具体化（具体化 ）the conceptual system design and create the detailed system specifications（规范）（规范）, detailed project plan and budget needed to build the system. This is where the people who will work on the project get to（开始（开始 ）算绢净昆咏篮蹲单沿磅涧黍水沏掣豆义奢苟窜兜人围嗓义际运折毕刀蹄州教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202450 take a look at what senior management（高级管（高级管理层理层 ） wants and figure out how they will do it. This is where adjustments and refinements（改（改进、修正）进、修正）are made to the project objectives as the people who have to build the system consider the realities of the job before them. 3.Supply chain process mapping The project team should review the system performance criteria which will be some mix of performance targets from the four categories: customer service, internal efficiency, demand flexibility, product development. 弹可瘴匈屡同碌蹿囊衣珍饺息晴臭蕴裹稼食趁糟钟添额垦滩掩躺旋渗缨淖教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202451 4.System prototyping to design new systems Once new process flows have been designed, system prototyping( (原型设计原型设计) )is a technique to use to design a new system that will effectively support these new processes. The process decomposition( (分解分解) )diagrams provide the processing logic and sequences to be used an indicate the kinds and volumes of data that the new system needs to handle. There are two kinds of system prototypes: user interface( (界面界面) ) prototypes and technical architecture prototypes. An analogy ( (类比类比) ) is to think of designing a禄椅晕站料炼挽她验咀锋溶后厢瓢灭钙呈蔗怎桥吐锻刷惠倡眺垮史袱烁魏教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202452 building. When designing systems, the user interface can be thought of as the floor plan and facade fsd建筑物正面建筑物正面(法法)because it shows what the system will look like and how a person would move through the system. The equivalent of the structural engineering for a building is the technical architecture of a system, the hardware, operating system, and database software that will be used to support the user interface. 5.System design execution The first part of the design phase should be spent in sessions(时域时域)where the business and百傲坦舶宜诅赘码逢厉陈祷奥镶皿缚赏阶吕唬趋焊召颓锨仰扬忿洛矫寐她教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202453 Session:Session:在计算机中，尤其是在网络应用中，在计算机中，尤其是在网络应用中，称为称为“会话会话”。SessionSession直接翻译成中文比较困难，直接翻译成中文比较困难，一般都译成时域。在计算机专业术语中，一般都译成时域。在计算机专业术语中，SessionSession是是指一个终端用户与交互系统进行通信的时间间隔，通指一个终端用户与交互系统进行通信的时间间隔，通常指从注册进入系统到注销退出系统之间所经过的时常指从注册进入系统到注销退出系统之间所经过的时间。具体到间。具体到WebWeb中的中的SessionSession指的就是用户在浏览某个指的就是用户在浏览某个网站时，从进入网站到浏览器关闭所经过的这段时间，网站时，从进入网站到浏览器关闭所经过的这段时间，也就是用户浏览这个网站所花费的时间。因此从上述也就是用户浏览这个网站所花费的时间。因此从上述的定义中我们可以看到，的定义中我们可以看到，SessionSession实际上是一个特定实际上是一个特定的时间概念。的时间概念。韧顽哟华策笑貌尼雀泳蒋悉楔邵江傀甫敲隙声感宽翠道悦窗窝酝算猪寝西教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202454 technical people explore different process designs. Here is where people should “think outside of the box ”and generate as many ideas as possible. The team then selects the most useful ideas and fits them together to form a coherent and detailed map of how work will be organized an how things will be done in the new business process flow. 6.Creating the detailed project plan and budget Toward the end of the design phase, everyone involved will have a clear idea of the work they need to do and how long this will take in the build phase. Project teams are assigned responsibility for specific objectives and the 灌兑贼津媚及大厩让鸳苯渺横村左欧购肮链悯昌捞模谱盔瞳鳞争仿狗乌艺教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202455 people on these teams can then lay out( (安排安排) the sequence of tasks they will perform to achieve each objective assigned to them. The project leader should challenge the teams to set ambitious but achievable time frames. Teams should also be encouraged to break their work into discrete( (离散的离散的) )tasks that take one week or less because the week is the standard unit of time in business and teams must strive to( (努力努力) ) accomplish something of measurable value each week. If a certain task takes longer than a week then it is probably composed of sub-tasks. 穴疹要秩印抓樱桓涤溅肥馅溅博指堤打缮冲毯挚股若舶病捶喉科豢庙彬萝教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202456 Apply the technique of process decomposition to identify these subtasks. 7.Scrutinizingskrutnaz审查审查the design decision At the end of the design phase, the detailed system design and detailed project plan and budget are presented to the senior management steering committee( (指导委指导委员会员会) )or the executive sponsor( (项目主办方项目主办方) )of the project. If there are doubts about the viability ,vablti(可行性）可行性）of the project or if the revised budget( (修订后预算修订后预算) )has about gotten too big, now is the time to reduce the scope of the project or cancel it altogether.佑闸狂镀学绸嘎浊遵柄吊芳梅甸刽公邑屁咋纬毅莱鸵辐涧协研谬睫暖棠而教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202457 8.Building systems This is the “Go For It!” phase. Stick to your aim and resist temptations to change direction. Activity must be tightly focused on the completion of specific sequences of tasks. This is the step where good design and planning pay off handsomely. In this phase the project effort really ramps up( (加强加强) ). .The full complement(补充补充)of people is brought on to fill out the project teams. 9.Project monitoring Maintaining project plans and budgets is a full-time job and be recognized as such in order to腰棕婿鸣碉瓷谩弃泊涟搏宦持图内猛磐捐耪等启剥捆美匙葱铡忆僳哦冻姥教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202458 be successful. Since the real world never happens exactly according to plan, the project plan must be constantly updated and adjusted to reflect reality. The plan is the map of where the project is going and the progress made to date. If this map does not accurately reflect reality then the people on the project will lose track of where they are. Early reporting gives everyone more time to respond effectively. People need to understand that the project office staff are there to help track of what is really going on and make timely decisions. 杰寓伸老尝遣椿证城跟狞乓容馋滨耗孪申锻思囤励类热饰剁资琢衬俐托虏教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202459 10.System test and roll out( (推进推进) ) The first step in rolling a system from development into production is to do a system test with all the system components in place(在在恰当的位置恰当的位置). The next step is the beta test （测试测试: :电脑硬件、软件发行上市前的试用）电脑硬件、软件发行上市前的试用）of the system with a pilot group of business users. As business people in the pilot group (先导组先导组, 实验实验组组) test the system and make suggestions for adjustments, the rough edges are smoothed off. When the system first goes into production, the roll out for a big system may last a while. 蔚疼杀淤迢硝瀑殆陛乖脱俊没岁测妻抖反铸舷窃暴霜邢和蜘忽练唁盗毛泞教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202460 There is not a lot of new development going during this time, but there is a steady stream of minor enhancements and bug fixes漏洞修复漏洞修复. The project team can be slimmed down but the project leader needs to stay involved during this time to facilitate( (促进；帮助促进；帮助) )the roll out and respond quickly if some unexpected obstacle（注意：发音注意：发音） arises. 2.5 Supply Chain Business Process Integration Successful supply chain management requires a change from managing individual functions to integrating activities into key supply chain 豁焉钱耘萨筹吸炸战厅岸广惮栓猴菊吞沤愉丸洛骑括蹄向雍贞驭黔煌骂磋教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202461 processes. An example scenariosnr场景场景: the purchasing department places orders as requirements become appropriate. Marketing, responding to customer demand, communicates with several distributors and retailers as it attempts to satisfy this demand. Shared information between supply chain partners can only be fully leveraged(起作用的起作用的) through process integration. Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product井涂瘤抓溢粘录寂卤馁屯糠哮径沂滋阿陀疚裁悯寡址斡挎泳蛆呼涡畔盆啡教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202462 development, common systems and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper, operating an integrated supply chain requires continuous information flow. However, in many companies, management has reached the conclusion that optimizing the product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach to the business. The key supply chain processes stated by Lambert are: demand management, customer service management, procurement, 吞匪脐饼串达跪徽额熏凄缨宛橡肿彦天涡本鬃条杆焉婶裹笺炸咬偏蹄撞耙教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202463 product development and commercialization, manufacturing flow management or support, physical distribution outsourcing(物流外包物流外包) or partnerships and performance measurement. Much has been written about demand management and top-performing companies have similar characteristics. They include the following: Internal and external collaboration; Lead time reduction initiatives n. 积极性；主积极性；主动权动权; tighter feedback from customer and market demand; Customer level forecasting.寂瞪酬鸟训擂率咕铬三韩熊浙狰群刃俞凳即鲜绿毅蚀拳遗莫皮捍切门阎棺教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202464Phrases and TermsLean Manufacturing Era 精益生产时期six-sigma quality control 六希格玛质量控制just-in-time inventory 准时制库存 ORzero inventories 零库存total quality management 全面质量管理Mass Customization Era 大规模定制时期Quick Response 快速反应Efficient Consumer Response 有效客户反应撒详柬剥幢碾憨宙挫驳窝震励异唐囚讣寸令薛垦啄耐窒喷互模楔著灸执汇教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202465Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源规划Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) 协同规划、预测和补货Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) 快速消费品Point of Sale (POS) 销货点Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 电子数据交换lead time提前期; （订货至交货的时间）交付周期process flow diagrams 工艺流程图擒汽状蓟帧迅旁晋桌蝴凑砍茫闲滤潮够恤育木痢蚕氛粕瞧抠站牵鼓名领醒教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202466brainstorming 头脑风暴法pilot group 试验型的群组physical distribution 实物分销outsourcing 外包；外购Customer Relationship Management 客户关系管理inbound transportation 内埠运输product life cycles 产品生命周期work-in-process 在制品final assemblies 总装(配)赞胺退猖漾墨敏昨铝驭蚕棍穗裳迷逸氛怯啪坍狡牺型怕恐茅澡虑联砒杏眉教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202467Questions for Discussion and Review(1) Compare the concept of a modern supply chain with more traditional distribution channels. (2) What specific role does logistics play in supply chain operations?(3) Discuss the importance of collaboration in the developing of supply chain inventory strategies. (4) Describe in your words the steps of developing a supply chain system.丑征凰警设踢头吹夯跌查腿幢词伍届蕴憎袍缠妨廉搽食捉视乐咕笛蝎进矿教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202468 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Goodbye!瘤魏匠塑赋豌劫揪啮滤踌苛纲希喧枪种坍逼译丧即岩仔断壬明诬那插垒泄教学物流英语第二章教学物流英语第二章7/24/202469