翻翻译译理理论论与与实实践践 主讲蔡子亮Wet paint湿的漆湿的漆油漆未干油漆未干John was a fool for danger.约翰对危险是个傻子约翰对危险是个傻子没有一个中国人能懂。只有把没有一个中国人能懂。只有把fool从反面说从反面说过去，才能豁然开朗。过去，才能豁然开朗。约翰是天不怕地不怕的。约翰是天不怕地不怕的。这就是正说反译，反说正译法这就是正说反译，反说正译法 negation正说反译、反说正译法正说反译、反说正译法Negation 在语法与翻译两个不同的学科中在语法与翻译两个不同的学科中含义不同。含义不同。Negation作为一种翻译技巧，指在翻译实作为一种翻译技巧，指在翻译实践中，为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地践中，为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中的肯传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。而语法中的而语法中的negation则指则指“否定否定”，含完，含完全否定，部分否定，双重否定等。全否定，部分否定，双重否定等。正说反译、反说正译法正说反译、反说正译法1、正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）2、正说反译法（形容词）正说反译法（形容词）3、正说反译法（名词）正说反译法（名词）4、正说反译法（虚词）正说反译法（虚词）5、正说反译法（短语）正说反译法（短语）正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）含否定意义动词可反译含否定意义动词可反译fail,miss, lack,ignore,refuse,withhold,refrain,deny, overlook,exclude,neglect等等The revolutionaries were beaten,refused anything to read,kept for a time in semi- darkness as well as in chains.那些革命者当时受到拷打，那些革命者当时受到拷打，不准不准阅读任何书刊阅读任何书刊.The window refuses to open.窗户打不开。窗户打不开。She was refused admittance by them.他们不许她进去。他们不许她进去。正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）Please refrain from smoking.请不要吸烟。请不要吸烟。Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country.怀特先生并没有对该国的政变发表正式评论怀特先生并没有对该国的政变发表正式评论She refrained from laughing.她忍住了，没有发笑。她忍住了，没有发笑。正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）He shot at it,but missed.他朝它开了枪，但未射中。他朝它开了枪，但未射中。I arrived too late and missed the train.我抵达时已太迟了，没有赶上火车。我抵达时已太迟了，没有赶上火车。She went to the station to meet her husband,but missed him in the crowd.她去车站接丈夫，但在人群中没有见到他。她去车站接丈夫，但在人群中没有见到他。Hes missed school three days this week.他这星期有三天没有去上学。他这星期有三天没有去上学。正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）The minister has denied these allegations部长不承认这些指控。部长不承认这些指控。Permission to enter was denied.不准入内。不准入内。I was denied the chance of going to university.我得不到上大学的机会。我得不到上大学的机会。正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）Today he failed to get to school on time.他今天没有准时到校。他今天没有准时到校。If the crops fail there will be a serious food shortage.如果谷物收成不好，将会出现严重的粮荒如果谷物收成不好，将会出现严重的粮荒 The letter failed to arrive.信没有送到。信没有送到。His secretary failed to tell him about it.他的秘书没有告诉他。他的秘书没有告诉他。正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）They excluded children from getting in.他们不准小孩入内。他们不准小孩入内。The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt.证据确凿，毋庸置疑。证据确凿，毋庸置疑。People under 21 are excluded from joining the club.二十一岁以下的人不得参加这个俱乐部二十一岁以下的人不得参加这个俱乐部The plan failed and for years he lost his political power.计划失败了，他在政治上多年不得志。计划失败了，他在政治上多年不得志。Such a chance was denied me.我没有得到这样的机会。我没有得到这样的机会。Ex-Governor Stark remained a private citizen.前州长斯塔克从此一直没能当官。前州长斯塔克从此一直没能当官。Their action amounted to treason.他们的所作所为无异于卖国。他们的所作所为无异于卖国。正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）Avoid operating the keys roughly.使用按键不要用力过猛使用按键不要用力过猛Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you ？你知道她为什么总是不想见到你吗？你知道她为什么总是不想见到你吗？He tried to avoid answering my questions.他试图避而不答我的问题。他试图避而不答我的问题。正说反译法（形容词）正说反译法（形容词）There are two aspects to everything,to say there is only one is to be aware of one aspect and to be ignorant of the other.任何事物都有两点，说只有一点叫只知其一任何事物都有两点，说只有一点叫只知其一不知其二。不知其二。The County Party Committee here is ignorant of conditions at the lower levels.那里的县委不了解下情。那里的县委不了解下情。 He is not only stupid,but also ignorant.不仅愚蠢，而且无知。不仅愚蠢，而且无知。正说反译法（形容词）正说反译法（形容词）Slips are scarcely avoidable when youre new to your work.工作没有经验，出点差错在所难免。工作没有经验，出点差错在所难免。A young clerk new to the job对工作还不熟悉的年轻办事员对工作还不熟悉的年轻办事员He is often absent-minded.他常常心不在焉。他常常心不在焉。The teacher found some students absent.老师发现有些学生不在。老师发现有些学生不在。正说反译法（形容词）正说反译法（形容词）She said angrily,the men are all bad!她愤愤地说，男人都不是好东西！她愤愤地说，男人都不是好东西！You are a bad boy!你是个不听话的孩子！你是个不听话的孩子！The companys failure was due to bad management.公司因经营不善破产。公司因经营不善破产。Bad living habits不良的生活习惯不良的生活习惯正说反译法（形容词）正说反译法（形容词）His key was lost.他的钥匙不见了。他的钥匙不见了。He was reading his book,completely lost to the world.他正在看书，对周围的一切都不加注意。他正在看书，对周围的一切都不加注意。Good advice is lost on him.忠告对他不起作用。忠告对他不起作用。正说反译法（名词）正说反译法（名词）And this failure to recognize and analyze the inter-relationship of linguistic and non- linguistic problems produces two major signs of ineffectiveness.由于看不到、也不去分析语言问题与非语言问题之由于看不到、也不去分析语言问题与非语言问题之间的相互关系，产生了两大不足间的相互关系，产生了两大不足This failure was the making of him.这次不成功是他成功的基础。这次不成功是他成功的基础。The governments failure to carry out their election pledge政府对选举时所作的保证没有付诸实行。政府对选举时所作的保证没有付诸实行。Tom will be in charge of the office during my absence.我不在的时候，办公室由汤姆负责。我不在的时候，办公室由汤姆负责。Why does he say nothing about the total absence from his list poems about the Paris Commune?他开的单子里根本没有关于巴黎公社的诗他开的单子里根本没有关于巴黎公社的诗歌，对此他为什么只字不提呢？歌，对此他为什么只字不提呢？正说反译法（名词）正说反译法（名词）He tries to overcome the lack of technical data.他试图克服技术资料的不足。他试图克服技术资料的不足。Her abstraction was not because of the tea party.她那心不在焉的神情，并不是因为茶话会她那心不在焉的神情，并不是因为茶话会Silence reigned all over for a while.全场寂静无声。全场寂静无声。正说反译法（介词）正说反译法（介词）Capitalism is beyond all comparison superior to feudalism.资本主义无可比拟地比封建主义优越。资本主义无可比拟地比封建主义优越。To do this is beyond my ability.干这事我力不胜任。干这事我力不胜任。The problem,which was in the past beyond the capacity of any single family, was solved quickly by the collective.个别家庭无力解决的这个问题，通过集体个别家庭无力解决的这个问题，通过集体能迅速得到解决。能迅速得到解决。正说反译法（介词）正说反译法（介词）There is nothing in this shop above $5.这家商店卖的东西价钱都不超过这家商店卖的东西价钱都不超过5美圆。美圆。Leifengs noble deeds are above all praise雷锋的高尚事迹令人赞扬不尽。雷锋的高尚事迹令人赞扬不尽。He is above meanness and deceit.他不至于做卑鄙和欺骗人的事情。他不至于做卑鄙和欺骗人的事情。Her behaviour was above suspicion.她的品行不容怀疑、她的品行不容怀疑、正说反译法（虚词）正说反译法（虚词）Few of my friends speak French.我的朋友中几乎没有人说法语。我的朋友中几乎没有人说法语。This was the last place the colonialists would leave,for in it lay rich resources.这是殖民主义者最不愿离开的地方，因为这是殖民主义者最不愿离开的地方，因为.That is the last thing I should expect him to do.那是我认为他最不可能做的事情。那是我认为他最不可能做的事情。正说反译法（虚词）正说反译法（虚词）He gained little advantage from the plan.他从这项计划中没有获得什么利益。他从这项计划中没有获得什么利益。Some people think that man is the least reliable scientific instruments.有些人认为人是最不可靠的科学仪器。有些人认为人是最不可靠的科学仪器。But firemen succeeded in confirming the outbreak to warehouses containing less inflammable materials.消防队员成功把火势控制在存放不易燃烧物消防队员成功把火势控制在存放不易燃烧物品的仓库范围内。品的仓库范围内。正说反译法（副词）正说反译法（副词）He has become understandably restless.他变得焦躁不安，这是不难理解的。他变得焦躁不安，这是不难理解的。He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued Mr. And Mrs. Glen.他没有脱衣服就跳进水里去救格伦夫妇。他没有脱衣服就跳进水里去救格伦夫妇。Soaking the welfare state likewise set badly with party elders.削减福利同样使党内的元老感到不安削减福利同样使党内的元老感到不安正说反译法（短语）正说反译法（短语）某些固定短语一般要译作否定某些固定短语一般要译作否定.1. far from, free from, prevent from, protect from.2. but for, but that, anything but, cannot but.Other than, rather than, more thancan,比较级比较级+ than to doInstead of, in place of, short of, in the absence ofBecause Manhattan is so small,the city has to grow upwards instead of outwards因为因为城市只能向空中而不是向外发展。城市只能向空中而不是向外发展。The world today is far from peaceful.今天的世界还很不安宁。今天的世界还很不安宁。Far from admiring his paintings I dislike them intensely.我不但不钦佩反而十分讨厌他的画。我不但不钦佩反而十分讨厌他的画。He wishes to live a life free from care.他希望过无忧无虑的生活他希望过无忧无虑的生活.But for the workers help,we should not have succeeded in this experiment.没有没有工人们的帮助我们这个实验不会成功工人们的帮助我们这个实验不会成功But that you aided me, I should have failed如果你不帮助他如果你不帮助他,我就会失败我就会失败.That city is an ice-free port and a nuclear-weapon-free zone.那城市是不冻港和无核区（那城市是不冻港和无核区（free from不受）不受）I am wiser than to believe that.我不至于蠢到竟然相信这件事我不至于蠢到竟然相信这件事.Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people.人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号I borrowed some books other than novels.我借了几本书我借了几本书,都不是小说都不是小说.How can machine work in the absence of electricity?没有电没有电,机器怎么运转机器怎么运转?反说正译法反说正译法1、反说正译法（动词）反说正译法（动词）2、反说正译法（形容词）反说正译法（形容词）3、反说正译法（副词）反说正译法（副词）4、反说正译法（名词）反说正译法（名词）5、反说正译法（介词短语）反说正译法（介词短语）反说正译法（动词）反说正译法（动词）英语中作反面表达的动词如加了否定前缀英语中作反面表达的动词如加了否定前缀的动词在译文中可以从正面表达。的动词在译文中可以从正面表达。Why do you dislike her so much你为什么那么讨厌她？你为什么那么讨厌她？We disagreed over what should be done我们对应采取什么措施意见有分歧。我们对应采取什么措施意见有分歧。The pipes blocked,we must unblock it.管道堵塞了，我们必须疏通它。管道堵塞了，我们必须疏通它。Unbuckle解开，解开，unload-卸下，卸下，undress-脱下，脱下，unburden除去负担除去负担反说正译法（形容词）反说正译法（形容词）同样的，加了否定前缀或者后缀的形容词，同样的，加了否定前缀或者后缀的形容词，也可采用反说正译法表强调。也可采用反说正译法表强调。He returned home with a hopeless face.他满脸灰心绝望地回到了家他满脸灰心绝望地回到了家It is noiseless around here at midnight.午夜时分，周围都静悄悄的（一片寂静）午夜时分，周围都静悄悄的（一片寂静）Weve been very unlucky with that car-its always breaking down.我们坐那辆车总是很倒霉我们坐那辆车总是很倒霉反说正译法（副词）反说正译法（副词）He was unaccountably delayed.他莫名其妙地被延迟了。他莫名其妙地被延迟了。Unaccustomedly silent反常地沉默反常地沉默He answered unassumingly.他谦逊地回答。他谦逊地回答。She uncannily resembles my dead sister.她跟我死去的姐姐出奇的相像。她跟我死去的姐姐出奇的相像。He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了Never-总，永远总，永远The windows there were never open.那里的窗门总是关着。那里的窗门总是关着。We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。The idea that he should become an assistant has never deserted him.他一直希望自己能成为助理。他一直希望自己能成为助理。反说正译法（名词）反说正译法（名词）Dislike-厌恶厌恶 Disbelief-怀疑怀疑Disappearance-消失消失 Disagreement-分分歧歧 Unhappiness-伤心伤心Disadvantage-缺点缺点Disappointment-失望，沮丧失望，沮丧Disapproval-反对，责难反对，责难Disarray-混乱，杂乱混乱，杂乱He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business.他对父亲的生意表示出强烈的厌恶情绪。他对父亲的生意表示出强烈的厌恶情绪。反说正译法（介词短语）反说正译法（介词短语）Notuntil 直到直到才才Notbefore 到到再再Dont make your conclusion before the end of the year.到年底再下结论吧。到年底再下结论吧。The child can walk without any help now这小孩现在完全能自己走路了。这小孩现在完全能自己走路了。She came into the room with no shoes on她光着脚走进了房间她光着脚走进了房间反说正译法（介词短语）反说正译法（介词短语）The train coming from Moscow will arrive in no time.来自莫斯科的火车很快就会到达。来自莫斯科的火车很快就会到达。Dont lose time in closing the windows.赶快关上窗户赶快关上窗户No smoking!严禁吸烟严禁吸烟练习练习We cant exclude the possibility that his wife killed him.Her absence is not without excuse.Stop talking nonsense!His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation.A real great man is above flattery.The last thing the company would allow is to sell the milk at a lower price.Little did he dream of hearing such exquisite music by the Chinese artists.The danger of attack is far from over.We cannot get something for nothing.There was nothing which you could do but I had not already done.The young man was not little disappointed at her absence.I am more diligent than intelligent.The long absence in England, he explained, “put my business so much behind-hand, that I have been in a continual hurry ever since my return.”Disaster wears many masks.