连词conjunction 连词是一种虚词，连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任它不能独立担任句子成分。用来连接句子成分。用来连接词词，短语短语，从从句与句子句与句子。 连词主要可分为两类：连词主要可分为两类：l并列连词并列连词l从属连词从属连词一.一.并列连词并列连词表示词，短语，表示词，短语， 从句或句子之间具从句或句子之间具有并列关系。可以表示平行关系，转折关系，有并列关系。可以表示平行关系，转折关系，选择关系选择关系 和因果关系。和因果关系。and (and (和和) both ) both and and（和和, ,两者都）两者都）neitherneither nor nor（既不既不也不也不）not onlynot only but also( but also(不但不但 而且而且) )as well as (as well as (和和, , 也也, , 除除外外, , 而且而且) ) 1.1.表示平行关系的连词：表示平行关系的连词：as well (as well (也也, ,而且而且,) ,) 用于句末用于句末. .as well / as well as :He is a scientist, but he is a poet_.He is a scientist _ a poet.as well as well as2.2.表示转折关系的连词表示转折关系的连词: :but ; while (然而然而) ; yet (可是可是) ; however (而而)3.3.表示选择关系的连词表示选择关系的连词or(或则或则,否则否则) ; otherwise(要不然要不然) ;eitheror(或者或者 或者或者) 4.4.表示因果关系的连词表示因果关系的连词 so ; for（因为）（因为） ; therefore （因此）因此）注意：注意：and / orand / or还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。示条件。1. Make up your mind, and youll get the 1. Make up your mind, and youll get the chance.chance.= = If If you make up your mind, youll get the you make up your mind, youll get the chance.chance.2. One more effort, and youll succeed.2. One more effort, and youll succeed.= = IfIf you make one more effort, youll you make one more effort, youll succeed.succeed. 3. Hurry up , or youll be late.3. Hurry up , or youll be late.= = IfIf you you dontdont hurry up, youll be late. hurry up, youll be late.butbut表示转折，表示转折，whilewhile表示对比。表示对比。Some people love cats, _ others Some people love cats, _ others hate them.hate them. - Would you like to come to dinner - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?tonight?- Id like to, _ Im too busy.- Id like to, _ Im too busy.whilebut二二. .从属连词从属连词是用来引导连接主句和从句的连词。是用来引导连接主句和从句的连词。分为引导分为引导名词性从句名词性从句的连词的连词, ,定语从句定语从句的连词和的连词和引导引导状语从句状语从句的连词。的连词。 名词性从句名词性从句(一一)Noun clauses名词性从句的定义名词性从句的定义 在一个句子中，名词能在一个句子中，名词能作主语、宾语、作主语、宾语、表语和同位语表语和同位语。当我们在一个句子中用一。当我们在一个句子中用一个句子来担当个句子来担当主语、宾语、表语和同位语主语、宾语、表语和同位语时，这个句子就叫做主语从句、或宾语从时，这个句子就叫做主语从句、或宾语从句、或表语从句、或同位语从句。这些从句、或表语从句、或同位语从句。这些从句的统称句的统称为名词性从句为名词性从句。1. He asked 1. He asked if she would come.if she would come. 2. I had no idea 2. I had no idea that you were her that you were her friend.friend.3. The truth is 3. The truth is that the fog is too thick that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that farfor the bus to run that far. .4. 4. When we will startWhen we will start is not clear is not clear.Practice time：Predicative clause（表语从句）（表语从句）Subject clause（主语从句）（主语从句）Apposition clause（同位语从句）（同位语从句）Object clause(宾语从句）宾语从句） 引导名词性从句的引导词在语法上称为引导名词性从句的引导词在语法上称为连接词连接词。而连接词又根据它们在句子中的不同作用又被划而连接词又根据它们在句子中的不同作用又被划分为：分为：连接词：连接词：that, whether, if that, whether, if ( (不充当从句的任何成分）不充当从句的任何成分）连连接接代代词词：what, what, whatever, whatever, who, who, whoever, whoever, whom, whose, whichwhom, whose, which（主语或宾语）（主语或宾语）连接副词：连接副词：when, where, how, whywhen, where, how, why （状语）（状语）1.1.所有名词性从句都用所有名词性从句都用陈述句陈述句语序；语序；2.2.主语、表语和同位语从句中的主语、表语和同位语从句中的thatthat不能不能省略；省略；3.3.主语、表语和同位语从句中只能用主语、表语和同位语从句中只能用whetherwhether 不能用不能用if .if .The Subject Clause（主语从句）（主语从句）: 1. 1. that/ whatthat/ what 区别区别 2. that 2. that 引导的主语从句可转换为引导的主语从句可转换为it it 作作形式主语的句型形式主语的句型1.1._ he will come to the discussion is _ he will come to the discussion is certain. certain. 2.2. _ I like best is a book. _ I like best is a book. 3. _ I like the book best is known 3. _ I like the book best is known to everyone. to everyone. 4. _ she looked after the old patient 4. _ she looked after the old patient a whole year moves us all. a whole year moves us all. 5. _ puzzled the police was how the 5. _ puzzled the police was how the murderer died.murderer died.6. _ surprised me most was that she 6. _ surprised me most was that she looked after the old patient a whole looked after the old patient a whole yearyear . . the bookT That hat W Whathat T That hat T Thathat W What hat W Whathat That That 不充当成分不充当成分 WhatWhat充当主语或宾语充当主语或宾语1 1 _ we cant get seems better _ we cant get seems better than_ we havethan_ we have A AWhatWhat，what B. Whatwhat B. What，that that C. That C. That，that D. Thatthat D. That，what what 2. _ he said at the meeting astonished 2. _ he said at the meeting astonished everybody presenteverybody present A AWhat BWhat BThat That C CThe fact DThe fact DThe matterThe matter AAThe Predicative Clause（表语从句）（表语从句）:1.It looks 1.It looks as if it were going to rain.as if it were going to rain. 2. Wenzhou is not 2. Wenzhou is not what it used to be. what it used to be. 3. 3. The reasonThe reason for his absence was for his absence was thatthat he was ill.he was ill. 4. What she wants to know is 4. What she wants to know is which book which book she should buy.she should buy.5.That is 5.That is why he failed the exam.why he failed the exam. 6. That was 6. That was because he didnt pass the because he didnt pass the exam.exam.名词名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用示原因时要用that引导引导,不用不用because. 表语从句中的表语从句中的that, because和和whyThe reason why she was late was The reason why she was late was _ he didnt catch the bus._ he didnt catch the bus.She was late. Thats _ she She was late. Thats _ she didnt catch the bus. didnt catch the bus. （强调原因）（强调原因）She didnt catch the bus. Thats She didnt catch the bus. Thats _ she was late. (_ she was late. (强调结果）强调结果）thatbecausewhyThe Object Clause（宾语从句）（宾语从句）:主要考察语序、连接词和时态一致主要考察语序、连接词和时态一致注：注：that that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略充当成分，在口语当中往往省略1.1.I hear (that) _. I hear (that) _. （一小时后他会回来）一小时后他会回来）2.2.The teacher told us (that) The teacher told us (that) _. _. （地球围着太阳转）地球围着太阳转） he will be back in an hourhe will be back in an hour the earth moves around the the earth moves around the sunsun由连接代词由连接代词what, whom, whose, which, whatwhat, whom, whose, which, what及及连接副词连接副词 when, where, how, whywhen, where, how, why引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句1. He asked _. . He asked _. ( (谁能回答这个问题）谁能回答这个问题）2. Do you know_. 2. Do you know_. （他们在等谁）他们在等谁）3. He asked3. He asked _. _. （谁的书法是班上最好的）谁的书法是班上最好的）5. Please tell me _. 5. Please tell me _. （我们什么时候我们什么时候开会）开会）6. Can you tell me _. 6. Can you tell me _. （他在哪儿）他在哪儿）7. Could you tell me _.7. Could you tell me _.（我该怎么去（我该怎么去车站）车站）8. Would you tell me _8. Would you tell me _（为什么火车迟到了）为什么火车迟到了） who could answer the question whom they are waiting for whose handwriting was the best in the class when well have a meeting where he is how I can get to the station why the train is late由从属连词由从属连词whether, if whether, if 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句1. I want to know 1. I want to know _._. （他是否跟我他是否跟我们一起去公园）们一起去公园）2. Ask him _. 2. Ask him _. （他是否他是否能来）能来）3. I don3. I dont know t know _._.（是否要下雨）是否要下雨） if (whether) he will go to the park with if (whether) he will go to the park with us us whether (if) he can comewhether (if) he can come whether it is going to rain or whether it is going to rain or notnot当句末为当句末为or notor not时，引导词只能用时，引导词只能用whetherwhether而不能用而不能用if.if. 同位语从句跟在某些名词，同位语从句跟在某些名词， 如：如：idea, news idea, news ,fact, promise ,fact, promise 、thoughtthought、replyreply、reportreport、questionquestion、hopehope、wordword、suggestionsuggestion、doubtdoubt 等的后面等的后面, , 用来表示它们的具体内容用来表示它们的具体内容, , 引导词引导词有连词有连词that, that, 副词副词how, when, wherehow, when, where等。等。The Apposition Clause（同位语（同位语从句）从句）:1. I have no 1. I have no idea idea that he has already that he has already gone abroad. gone abroad. 2. The2. The news news that she had passed the that she had passed the entrance examination made her parents entrance examination made her parents very happy. very happy. 3. The text tells us a 3. The text tells us a factfact that that smoking does great harm to peoples smoking does great harm to peoples health. health. 4. He cant answer the 4. He cant answer the questionquestion how he how he got the money. got the money. 同位语从句同位语从句 PK PK 定语从句定语从句1.We heard the news 1.We heard the news thatthat our team our team had won the game.had won the game.2.The news 2.The news thatthat you told us you told us yesterday was really disappointing.yesterday was really disappointing.1. 同位语从句中，同位语从句中，that 是连词，不充当成分。是连词，不充当成分。2. 定语从句中，定语从句中，that 起连接作用外，还充当成分。起连接作用外，还充当成分。3. 同位语从句与前面的名词是同位语从句与前面的名词是同位同位关系，定语从句与前关系，定语从句与前面的名词是面的名词是所属所属关系，起关系，起修饰修饰作用。作用。4. 同位语从句的连词同位语从句的连词that 一般不能省略，定语从句中，一般不能省略，定语从句中，作宾语的作宾语的that 常可省略。常可省略。定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句Practice :Practice :判断下列各句是同位语从句还判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句是定语从句1.They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.2. The hope that she expressed is that they would come to visit China again. 3.The fact that she works hard is well known to us all. 4. I cant stand the terrible noise that she is crying loudly. 同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句Whether / if 辨析：辨析：表表“是否是否”时，在下列情况下用时，在下列情况下用whether:whether:a. a. 主语从句主语从句 b. b. 表语从句表语从句 c. c. 同位语从句同位语从句d. d. 介词后的宾语从句介词后的宾语从句e.e.后接动词不定式后接动词不定式 (whether to do (whether to do sthsth.) .) f. whether or not f. whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时连在一起引导宾语从句时不用不用ififg.g.作作discussdiscuss等动词的宾语时，用等动词的宾语时，用whetherwhether不用不用ifif。if / whether1. I asked her _ she had a bike.1. I asked her _ she had a bike.2._ we will hold a party in the 2._ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.open air tomorrow depends on the weather.3. Were worried about _ he is 3. Were worried about _ he is safe.safe.4. I dont know _ he is well 4. I dont know _ he is well or not.or not.5. I dont know _ or not he is 5. I dont know _ or not he is well.well.if / whetherWhetherwhetherwhetherwhetherif / whether6. The question is _ he should do 6. The question is _ he should do it.it.7.The doctor can hardly answer the 7.The doctor can hardly answer the question _ the old man will recover question _ the old man will recover soon.soon.8. I dont know _ to go.8. I dont know _ to go.9._ you are not free tomorrow, Ill 9._ you are not free tomorrow, Ill go without you.go without you.whetherwhetherwhetherIf1.doubta.a.Do you doubt _ he will win Do you doubt _ he will win the gamethe game？b.b. I doubt _ he will win the I doubt _ he will win the game.game.c.c. I dont doubt _ he will I dont doubt _ he will win the game.win the game.whether/ifwhether/ifthatthatthatthat2. be sure2. be sure a. Im sure _he will come. a. Im sure _he will come. b. Im not sure_ he will come. b. Im not sure_ he will come.thatthatwhether/ifwhether/if补充补充: :几种常见的含主语从句句型几种常见的含主语从句句型1.1.以以itit作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用句型有：句型有： 1. It+be+1. It+be+形容词形容词+that+that从句从句It is/was certain that It is/was certain that clauseclauseclearclearimportantimportantNecessary probableNecessary probable possible possible（1 1）It is certain It is certain that she that she will do well in her exam.will do well in her exam.（2 2） It is probable It is probable that he that he told me everything.told me everything.2 2、It + be + It + be + 名词词组名词词组 + that+ that从句从句It is / was a pity It is / was a pity that that clause shame clause shame duty duty (1) It is a pity (1) It is a pity that we canthat we cant go.t go.(2) It is no surprise (2) It is no surprise that our team that our team should should have won the game. have won the game.3 3、It + be + It + be + 过去分词过去分词 + that+ that从句从句It is said It is said that that clause reported clause reported thought thought hoped hoped believed believed known known (1) It is said (1) It is said that he is the that he is the best best student in the class. student in the class.(2) It is thought (2) It is thought that Joe that Joe drives drives badly. badly.4 4、It + seem, happen, appearIt + seem, happen, appear等不及等不及物物 动词动词 + that+ that从句。从句。(1) It seems (1) It seems that Alice is not that Alice is not coming to coming to the party at all. the party at all.(2) It happened (2) It happened that I was out that I was out that day.that day.2. It is +2. It is +一段时间一段时间 +since +since （一般过去时）（一般过去时） It is ( has been ) 5 years since his It is ( has been ) 5 years since his father died. father died. 3. It is +3. It is +具体时间具体时间+ when .+ when . “ “当当的时候，是的时候，是”。 It was 5 oclock when he came here. It was 5 oclock when he came here. 4. It be +4. It be +一段时间一段时间+ before .+ before . “ “之后之后”。 It was 3 days before he went to It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. Beijing. It will be not long before he It will be not long before he finishes his job. finishes his job. As 引导定语从句扫描引导定语从句扫描一、as引导引导限制性定语从句定语从句：thesameas、asas、suchas1.Itsthesamepersonaswewantedtofindyesterday.2.Doyouhavesuchbooksaswelike?3.Shewillmarryaswealthyamanasshecanfind.二、引导非限制性定语从句二、引导非限制性定语从句 as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾容，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾1.Aseveryoneknows,Chinaisabeautifulcountrywithalonghistory.2.Theearth,asweknow,movesroundthesun. 非限制性定语从句中的谓语为被动式时，常非限制性定语从句中的谓语为被动式时，常用用as做主语做主语be said /known /announced /reported/mentioned/expected/discussed1.Grammar,ashasbeensaidbefore,isnotasetofdeadrules.2.Asisknowntoall,TaiWanispartofChina.