.动词v.ing形式的完成式作状语1动词ing形式的完成式指分词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前。若动词的ing形式所表示的动作与主语之间是主谓关系，则用having done；若是动宾关系，用having been done。动词ing形式的完成式在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、让步等。Period FourGrammar：Adverbial Clauses: (having done) & Verbs followed bying or the infinitive with to Having worked in the country for three years, he knew how to grow vegetables.在乡下工作了三年之后，他学会了如何种菜。(时间状语)Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.已经被告知多次，他仍然犯同样的的错误。(让步状语)2否定形式为not having done/not having been done Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examination.因为没有努力学习，所以他考试不及格。3动词ing形式的一般式所表示的动作与主句谓语动词所表示的动作往往同时发生，而完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。Turning to the right at the crossing, you will see the post office right before you. 在十字路口向右拐，你会发现邮局就在你前面。4过去分词和动词的ing形式完成被动式的区别：过去分词表示完成、被动意义，着重状态；动词的ing形式的完成被动式侧重动作。表达意义不明显时，常优先使用比较简洁的过去分词。He walked along the street, lost in thought. 他漫步街头，沉浸在思索中。【单项填空】_ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.AFail BFailed CTo fail DHaving failed答案D句意：通过电话没有联系上他们，我们就发了一封电子邮件。现在分词的完成式在此作原因状语，表示其动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。.后接ing或带to的不定式的动词1下列动词只能跟动词的ing形式作宾语：admit，appreciate，delay，enjoy，excuse，finish，imagine，resist，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，suggest等。He enjoys listening to light music.他喜欢听轻音乐。 John admitted breaking the glass window. 约翰承认打碎了玻璃窗。2下列动词只能跟不定式作宾语：agree，ask，manage，choose, decide, demand, expect, hope, long，arrange, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等。Ive decided to work harder.我已决定更加努力工作。3有些动词，如begin，start，continue，prefer等，其后接动名词或不定式意义没有区别，或者区别不大。He began learning/to learn English at the age of ten. 他10岁时开始学英语。4在demand，deserve，need，require，want等动词后面的v.ing的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动语态。My shirt needs ironing.(My shirt needs to be ironed) 我的衬衫该熨了。Your car urgently required seeing to.(Your car urgently required to be seen to.)你的车急需修理。5下列动词词组常要用动词ing形式作宾语：look forward to, lead to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, give up, feel like, insist on, put off, be busy(in)等。He objected to accepting our suggestion. 他拒绝接受我们的建议。My father gave up smoking ten years ago. 我父亲十年前就戒烟了。They couldnt help jumping up at the news. 听到这个消息他们不禁跳了起来。Sorry, I cant help to clean the room for you. I must go at once.对不起，我不能帮你打扫房间了，我必须马上走。I regret to tell you that all the tickets have been sold out. 我遗憾地告诉你，所有的票都卖光了。Mary regretted telling lies to her mother. 玛丽后悔向母亲撒了谎。7在动词allow，advise，forbid，permit后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语：allow/advise/forbid/permit doing sth/sb to do sth等。We dont allow smoking here.这里不允许吸烟。We dont allow students to smoke.我们不允许学生吸烟。【单项填空】There is nothing more I can try _ you to stay, so I wish you good luck.Abeing persuaded Bpersuading Cto be persuaded Dto persuadeWhile shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really want.Ato persuade Bpersuading Cbeing persuaded Dbe persuadedYou were brave enough to raise the objections at the meeting.Well, now I regret _ that.Ato do Bto be doing Cto have done Dhaving done答案D句意：既然我无法再说服你留下来，那我祝你好运。I can try是定语从句，动词不定式短语to persuade you to stay作目的状语。C句意：购物时，有时候人们禁不住被说服买一些实际上并不需要的东西。cant help表示“禁不住”时，其后接动名词作宾语，又persuade与people之间为动宾关系，故此处用动名词的被动形式。D考查regret的用法。regret doing/having done sth表示“后悔做了某事”，regret to do sth表示“很遗憾去做某事”。以人物为主的记叙文【写作任务】请根据下述内容，以“How Wang Fang and I Became Good Friends”为题，用英语写一篇短文。【写作内容】1王芳和我成为好朋友已经三年了，她性格活泼，心地善良，乐于助人，学习也非常好。2我永远忘不了第一次见面时的情景。3她对我很好，但在学习上对我很严格。4尽管我们有时吵架，但不久就和解了。她永远是我的好朋友。【写作要求】1不要逐字翻译，可适当发挥。2词数：120150左右。【写作分析】第一步：认真审题1以写人为主的记叙文，应注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及细节描写；写作时，根据题目需要灵活掌握，突出重点。叙述中讲究一定的写作顺序。记叙文常见的写作顺序是以事件发生的时间先后为顺序，也可根据文章需要采用倒叙或者插叙。有时候，按文章顺序列出写作要点(主要名词和动词及短语)能更容易帮助构建文章框架，避免遗漏要点。2人称和时态的选用对记叙文非常重要。记叙文一般都记叙过去发生的事情，因而短文所使用的时态通常是与过去相关的时态。当然，也可根据具体的情况使用其他的时态，本文是描写人物并叙述过去发生的事情，应该以一般过去时态为主。3在人称使用上，本文应以第一人称为主来描述本人所经历或耳闻目睹的事件，用第一人称能让人身临其境，使文章更加生动、形象。第二步：提炼要点1be good friends for three years2personality3be kind and be ready to do4be good at5at first sight6be strict in7quarrel 8make up9be friends forever第三步：扩点成句1Wang Fang and I have been good friends for three years.2She has a lively personality, which makes her popular with everyone.3She is kind and always ready to help others. Whats more, she is good at her lessons.4On the first day, when she was led into our classroom, I found she was a beautiful girl with a big smile on her face. I liked her at first sight.5Shes kind to me, but she is very strict in my study.6Although we quarrel sometimes, we make up soon. I think we will be good friends for ever.【参考范文】How Wang Fang and I Became Good FriendsWang Fang and I have been good friends for three years. She has a lively personality, which makes her popular with everyone. She is kind and always ready to help others. Whats more, she is good at her lessons.Never shall I forget the day when she came to our class. On that day, when she was led into our classroom, I found she was a beautiful girl with a big smile on her face. I liked her at first sight. And fortunately, she became my deskmate. Naturally, we became good friends later.Shes kind to me, but she is very strict in my study. One day, while we were having a maths test, I couldnt work out some of the problems. So I asked her to allow me to copy her answers. But she refused firmly. After class, she helped me work out the problems. Although we quarrel sometimes, we make up soon. I think we will be good friends for ever.2此话题常用的句型：Friends give us.朋友给予我们A good friend is someone we can.一位好朋友就是一个我们能够的人。The first time I met.，he was.当我第一次遇到的时候，他Friendship plays an important part in.友谊在中扮演一个重要角色。You can.to be a good friend.你可以来成为别人的好朋友。We can turn to.when we feel down.当我们心情糟糕时，可以求助于.makes a good friend.成为好朋友。A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。.is one of the things people value most in a friend. 是人们在朋友身上最重视的东西。.have a friend of.years with sb与某人有着年的友情。 从语序变化之妙看词组运用 一些固定词组在实际运用中，特别是在一些不需要说出主语的句子和一些复杂句式中很灵活，充分体现出语言的交际性、多样性、实用性和丰富性。下面从几个角度谈谈词组的运用。一、从关系词的句法功能角度破解定语从句【例1】 You can hardly imagine the difficulty the woman had_ her children.Abrought up Bto bring up Cbringing up Dto have brought up答案C面对该题，很多同学束手无策，看不明白本题是对have some trouble/difficulty in doing sth的考查。我们可以从关系词的句法功能角度去讲解。先把原句改为You can hardly imagine the difficulty that the woman had in bringing up her children.点明that的功能：(1)引导定语从句；(2)替代先行词；(3)充当句子成分。具体地讲，该句中，that首先引导定语从句the woman had in bringing up her children，定语从句修饰先行词the difficulty；其次，替代先行词the difficulty；最后，充当had的宾语。这样，把that还原成the difficulty即可以看出定语从句的完整结构为：the woman had that in bringing up her childrenthe woman had the difficulty in bringing up her children。也就可以看出have some trouble/difficulty in doing sth结构，从而得出答案为C项。当然，该题也可以用常规的句型转换法。即可以把下面两句合并成一句：“You can hardly imagine the difficulty. The woman had the difficulty in bringing up her children.”也可以很快得出答案。【例2】 We have realized the part_ the Internet has played in our life.Awhich Bin which Cwhen Dwhere答案A考查play the part in(在中扮演角色；起的作用)结构。二、从语态角度看固定词组的考查【例3】 The manager told us that very little_ was made of the waste material in the past.Acost Bvalue Cuse Dmatter答案C先把“They made very little use of the waste material.”改为被动语态：有两种变化方式。一种是用句子的宾语 the waste material作为句子的主语，可得到：The waste material was made very little use of.另一种是用little use作主语，可得到：Very little use was made of the waste material.上面两个句子中第二句即为本题答案。 由此可以看出是对make very little use of的考查。【例4】 She often shows her wealth, but no notice_ of her.Atakes Bare taken Cis taken Dhas taken 答案C该题是对take no notice of的考查。在高中阶段常见的类似考查的结构有：take advantage of, pay attention to, fix ones eyes on, play a/the part in, make use of, have some difficulty in doing sth，make a decision, make up ones mind, take action/some steps等。只要我们对这些词组掌握扎实，运用熟练，在遇到类似的问题时，我们就会迎刃而解。