复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地点状语地点状语where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.1. When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.2. We must camp where we can get water. 3. You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.4. If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the zoo. 5. Although he is very old, he is quite strong. 状语从句状语从句 What are “ Adverbial Clauses”? 在复合句中担任在复合句中担任_成分的从成分的从句称为状语从句，修饰主句的谓语句称为状语从句，修饰主句的谓语动词，形容词或副词等动词，形容词或副词等,或或_ _的从句叫做的从句叫做 “状语从句状语从句”。状语状语修饰整个修饰整个主句主句状语从句分类状语从句分类1. 时间时间状语从句状语从句2. 地点地点状语从句状语从句3. 原因原因状语从句状语从句4. 条件条件状语从句状语从句5. 让步让步状语从句状语从句6. 目的目的状语从句状语从句7. 结果结果状语从句状语从句8. 方式方式状语从句状语从句9. 比较比较状语从句状语从句1. The moment he comes, I will tell him.2. I wont know where he is until I get a letter from him.3. No sooner had she gone than it happened.时间时间状语从句状语从句常用连词：常用连词：_: when, while, as, _: since_: before_: till, until, notuntil_: as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute, once directly, the instant, instantly, _: no sooner than, hardly/scarcelywhen _: each/every time, next time 直到直到 当当的时候的时候自从自从 以来以来还没还没就就一一就就 在在之前之前刚刚就就 每次每次, 下次下次When he was watching TV, he heard the door bell ring.When I was young, I liked dancing.When I got home, he was having supper.When he has finished his work, he takes a short rest.I. whenwhen+持续性动词持续性动词/非持续性动词非持续性动词强调强调特定时间特定时间 1. when, while, aswhen 不可被不可被as, while 替代的情况替代的情况1. when, while, asWe were about to go out when the teacher came in.1.when 也可作为并列连词，连接两个并列句，也可作为并列连词，连接两个并列句， “那时那时”，“这时这时”=and then , and at that time.Why did you walk there when you have a car?2. when 还可译为还可译为 “在在的情况下的情况下” 3)While he was walking in the street, he met Tim. (分词短语）分词短语）While walking in the street, he met Tim. Walking in the street, he met Tom. 1) He learned to speak English while he was here. While I slept, a thief broke in. Father looked after the children while mother was away.II whilewhile+持续性动词持续性动词 2)I like tea while she likes coffee1. when, while, as.(表示对比表示对比) As he became poorer, he had fewer friends. As the sun rose, the fog dispersed. As times goes, its getting colder. As he walked along the street, he sang happily.III. as1. when, while, as强调主从句动作强调主从句动作同时发生同时发生有有 “随着随着”或或 “一边一边一边一边”的意思的意思 当主句的是当主句的是非持续动词非持续动词, 从句的谓语动词从句的谓语动词是是持续性动词持续性动词时时, when, while, as 可互相可互相替换替换.1. when, while, asWhile/When/As we were still laughing, the teacher came in._ I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the store._ John arrived, I was cooking lunch._ he grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.How can he get good grades _ he wont study?I was wandering through the street_ I caught sight of a tailors shop.While/When/AsWhenwhenwhenAsExercise 1）“还未未就就;不到不到就就;” We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了4天4夜才看到陆地. We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了. Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.我还没来得及插话他就给我量好了尺寸.2. before, sinceI. before 2）从句中从句中谓语不用否定式不用否定式Beforethey reached the station, the train had gone. 他们还没到火车站，火车已开走了。3）It will be+一段一段时间+ before多久之后才多久之后才It will be half a year before I come back.还得呆半年我才能回来.It wont be long before we meet again.没多长时间我们就会见面了.2. before, since1）从句的谓语动词一般是非延非延续性性动词,主句的谓语动词是延延续性性的或者是反反复复发生生过的的动作作.Since 从句的时态若是一般过去时,从句时态是现在完成时或现在完成进行时.I have written home four times since I came here.自从我来到这儿,我给家写了四封信.She has been working in this factorysince she left school.她离开学校以来就在这个工厂工作。II. since2. before, since 2） It is+一段一段时间+since从句从句时间从从since从句的从句的动作完成或状作完成或状态结束束时算起算起.It is three years since the war broke out.自战争爆发以来有三年了.It is three years since I stopped smoking a cigar我不吸烟有三年了.It is three years since I began to smoke.我吸烟有三年了.2. before, since 1. The research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _ we meet them again. A. after B. beforeC. since D. when 2. We have never seen her again_ she went to work in another city. A. when B. as C. since D. while3. He was told that it would be at least three more months _ he could recover and return to work. A. when B. before C. since D. thatExercise1.Until 比比till更正式更正式2.Until可以放句首可以放句首,till不可以不可以I wont leave until/till he comes back.I will stay her until/till he comes back.Until he comes back, I wont go.1.It was _ that I left.2.Not until_.not until he came backhe comes back will I leave3. till, until, notunitl4. AS SOON AS, IMMEDIATELY, THE MOMENT, THE MINUTE, DIRECTLY, THE INSTANT, INSTANTLY, NO SOONERTHAN, HARDLY/SCARCELYWHEN As soon as he entered the classroom, the bell rang.He had _ when the bell rang.He had _ than the bell rang.hardly entered the roomno sooner entered the roomHardly/Scarely _ when the bell rang.had he entered the room5. EACH/EVERY TIME, NEXT TIME, THE FIRST/LAST TIME, ANY TIME, ALL THE TIME, BY THE TIMEEach time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out.Be sure to call me next time you come here.He was ill the last time I visited him.By the time I graduate from this school, I will have been here for three years.功能引导词时间when, while, as, since, before,till, until, not.until, as soon as , immediately, the moment, the minute, once, directly, the instant, instantlyno soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen, every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time, Summary 1. I was so familiar with him that I recognized his voice _ I picked up the phone.A. while B. afterC. In case D. the minute2. How long do you think it will take _ our product becomes popular with the consumers?A. when B. untilC. before D. sinceExercise3. _ the day went on, the weather got worse.A.With B. since C. As D. While4. He was halfway through his meal _ a familiar voice came to his ears.A.why B. where C. when D. while5. Hardly _ into the village _ it began to rain.A.we had got; when B. we got; thanC. had we got; when D. did we get; thanExercisePractice1. How long has this bookshop been in business? -_ 1999. A. After B. In C. From D. Since2. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _ Father was away in France. A. as B. that C. during D. if3. - I am going to the post office.-_ Youre there, can you get me some stamps? A. As B. While C. Because D. If4. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up _ I could answer the phone. A. as B. since C. until D. beforeDABD5. Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? Yes, I gave it to her _ I saw her. A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once6. A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners curiosity _ he reaches the end of the story. A. when B. unless C. after D. until7. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be takenBDB8. Was his father very strict with him when he was at school? Yes. He has never praised him _ he became one of the top students in his grade.A. after B. unless C. until D. when 9. He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation _ it got worse. A. until B. when C. before D. as10. Scientists say it may be five or six years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.A. since B. after C. before D. when 11. It was evening _ we reached the little town of Winchester . A. that B. until C. since D. beforeCCCD12. _ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand. A. While B. Since C. As D. If13. We were swimming in the lake _ suddenly the storm started. A. when B. while C. until D. before14. We were told that we should follow the main road _ we reached the central railway station .A. whenever B. until C. while D. wherever AAB2. 地点地点状语从句状语从句地点状语从句用连接副词地点状语从句用连接副词 where或或wherever (在任何地方在任何地方) 引导。引导。e.g. a. Just stay where you are. b. You can put the book wherever you want to.1.When he reads a book, his habit is to make a mark _ the meaning is unclear to him.A. there B. wherever C. the place D. in which2. If you are travelling _ the customs are totally different from your own, you may feel a cultural shock.A. in the place B. whichC. in which D. where3. 原因原因状语从句状语从句原因状语从句表示主句中的某一动作原因状语从句表示主句中的某一动作或状态所发生的原因。引导这种从句或状态所发生的原因。引导这种从句 常用的连接词是：常用的连接词是：because, since, as, for, now that 及及 considering等。等。e.g. He didnt come to school because he was ill.c.f. He might be ill, for he didnt come to school.表示表示“直接直接”原因。原因。表示表示“间接的推断间接的推断”原因原因.不可出现在句首。不可出现在句首。1.Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, _ this was a memory she especially treasured.A. as B. if C. when D. where2. Some people believe that _ oil is running out, the fate of the motor industry is uncertain.A. / B. though C. for D. since4. 条件条件状语从句状语从句 条件状语从句表示主句中的某一条件状语从句表示主句中的某一动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发生的。条件状语从句中通常用一般现生的。条件状语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来。在时表示将来。条件状语从句由从属连词引导：条件状语从句由从属连词引导：if, unless (除非除非), as / so long as (只要只要), on condition (只要只要), in case (假使假使) , providing / provided (that) 等。等。e.g. a. Well come over to see you on Saturday if we have time.b. We should serve the people as / so long as we live.1. We will be able to get there on time, _ our car doesnt break down on the road.A. as soon as B. as far asC. as long as D. as well as2. In time of serious accidents, _ we know some basic things about first aid, we can save lives.A. whether B. untilC. if D. unless3. _ you have tried it, you cant imagine how pleasant it is.A. Unless B. BecauseC. Although D. When4. The official soon realized that, _, things would get worse.unless dealt with properlyif not properly dealing with itunless properly dealt withif dealt not properly with5. 让步让步状语从句状语从句在复合句中表示让步概念的状语从句在复合句中表示让步概念的状语从句被称为让步状语从句。通常由下列词被称为让步状语从句。通常由下列词语引导：语引导：though, although, even if, even though, while, no matter who/ , however 等。等。由由wh-词词 + ever构成的连接代词或连接构成的连接代词或连接副词也可以引导让步状语从句。副词也可以引导让步状语从句。让步状语从句可以位于主句前、后，让步状语从句可以位于主句前、后，有时插在主句中间。有时插在主句中间。e.g. a. I will go, whatever he may say. b. Their tent, though (it was) light as a feather, remained firm.c. Though / Although he was old, he worked hard. = He was old but he worked hard.注意一个典型的中国错误：注意一个典型的中国错误： though / although 切不可与切不可与but连用。连用。1._ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.A.While B. since C. Before D. Unless2. The workers are determined to go through with their railway project, _ the expenses have risen.A.as long as B. even thoughC. now that D. as though3. _, he knows more than other children of his age.A. However young child he isB. Child as he isC. No matter how young child isD. What a young child he is4. I really want the match, however much _.A. does it cost B. costs itC. will it cost D. it costs5. _ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.A.For now B. Now thatC. By now D. until6. _, the idea of having to work under a woman defeated him.A.Wanting the job very muchB.Although wanting the job badlyC.Though he wanted the job very muchD.He wanted the job badly6. 目的目的状语从句状语从句引导目的状语从句的连词引导目的状语从句的连词:in order that 用于正式文体中，所引用于正式文体中，所引从句可于主句前或后。从句可于主句前或后。so thata. 较常用，一般用于主句后较常用，一般用于主句后,有时可分开，有时可分开，so 有时可省有时可省; 从句中从句中要有情态动词要有情态动词，否则，否则, 就成为下一种句型：就成为下一种句型：b. 无无情态动词则引导情态动词则引导结果状结果状语语从句。从句。for fear that; in case; lest (以免以免)等。等。e.g. a. Well sit nearer the front so we can hear better. b. I shall write it down lest I should forget. 注意：注意：当从句与主句的主语一致时，可当从句与主句的主语一致时，可用用so as to do 或或 in order to do e.g. He ran fast so that he might arrive there before ten oclock. He ran fast so as to arrive there before ten oclock.7. 结果结果状语从句状语从句结果结果状语从句常位于主句之后，由状语从句常位于主句之后，由so, so that, such that; so that 等引导。等引导。e.g. a. So quickly did he run that I couldnt catch up with him. b. The bus broke down so that we had to walk home. c. He got to the station finally, only to find the train had left.8. 方式方式状语从句状语从句描述主句动作进行方式的状语被称描述主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导：为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导：as, just as, as if, as though, according to 等。等。e.g. a. We must do as the Party tells us. b. Leave the things as they are. c. Most plants need sunlight just as they need water. d. It sounds as if it is raining.9. 比较比较状语从句状语从句比较状语从句常由下列词语引导：比较状语从句常由下列词语引导： as as, not so / as as, morethan, less than, the more + adj. / adv., the more + adj. / adv.e.g. a. He is not so / as healthy as his brother. b. They jumped up and down as hard as they could. c. John is less clever than Peter.1.Roses need special care _ they can live through winter.A.because B. so thatC. even if D. as2. If things are left _ they are, the problems will never be settled, Im afraid.A.how B. as C. what D. where3. Careful surveys have pointed out that as many as 50 percent of the patients do not take drugs _ directed.A.like B. so C. which D. as4. I dare not go there _ my parents will see me.A.in case of B. for fear ofC. in order that D. for fear that误区警示误区警示