中国历史文化概况Unit-7-Science-and-technology精品文档中国历史文化概况Unit-7-Science-and-tec学习任务整体上掌握Text A和Text B 两篇文章的内容，包括背景资料，单词，相关专有名词等。完成Text A 和Text B 的课后题目。浏览Text C。2024/7/25学习任务整体上掌握Text A和Text B 两篇文章的内容Text A Four great inventions导读：四大发明是指中国古代对世界具有很大影响的四种发明。即造纸术、指南针、火药、印刷术。四大发明对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用。而且对世界文明发展史也产生了非常大的影响。Text A Four great inventionsText A Four great inventionsPapermaking,gunpowder,printingandthecompassarefourancientinventionsbyChinesepeoplethathavehadahugeimpactontheentireworld.Text A Four great inventionsText A Four great inventions-Paper MakingIn105A.D.CaiLun,aeunuchduringtheEasternHanDynasty,inventedpaperfromwornfishnet,barkandcloth.Text A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-Paper MakingThe technique of paper making was exported to Korea in 384 A.D. A Korean Monk then took this skill with him to Japan in 610 A.D.During a war between the Tang Dynasty and the Arab Empire, the Arabs captured some Tang soldiers and paper making workers. Thus, a paper factory was set up by the Arabs.In the 11th Century the skill was carried to India when Chinese monks journeyed there in search of Buddhist sutras.Through the Arabs, Africans and Europeans then mastered the skill. The first paper factory in Europe was set up in Spain. In the latter half of the 16th century, this skill was brought to America. By the 19th century, when paper factories were set up in Australia, paper making had spread to the whole world.Text A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-Paper MakingText A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-GunpowderItwasfirstinventedinadvertentlybyalchemistswhileattemptingtomakeanelixirofimmorality.Itwasamixtureofsulphur,saltpeter,andcharcoal.Text A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-GunpowderItwasamixtureofsulphur,saltpeter,andcharcoal.AttheendoftheTangDynasty,gunpowderwasbeingusedinmilitaryaffairs.DuringtheSongandYuanDynasties,frequentwarsspurredthedevelopmentofcannons,andfire-arrowsshotfrombambootubes.Inthe12thand13thcenturies,gunpowderspreadtotheArabcountries,thenGreece,otherEuropeancountries,andfinallyallovertheworld.2024/7/25Text A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-GunpowderText A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-Printing TechniqueBiShenginventedmoveable,reusableclaytypeafternumeroustests.Singletypesweremadeandpickedoutforprintingcertainbooks.Text A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-Printing TechniqueThesetypescouldbeusedagainandagainfordifferentbooks.BecauseofthelargenumberofdifferentcharactersintheChinesewrittenlanguage,thistechniquedidnothaveadramaticimpactatthetime.However,today,thistypesettingtechniqueisregardedasarevolutionintheindustry.About200yearslater,thismoveable-typetechniquespreadtoothercountriesandadvancedthedevelopmentofworldcivilization.2024/7/25Text A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-Printing TechniqueText A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-CompassDuringtheWarringStatesperiod,adevicecalledaSiNanbecametheforerunnerofthecompass.ASiNanwasaladle-likemagnetonaplatewiththehandleoftheladlepointingtothesouth.Text A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-CompassInthe11thcentury,tinyneedlesmadeofmagnetizedsteelwereinvented.Oneendoftheneedlepointsnorthwhiletheotherpointssouth.Thecompasswasthuscreated.Thecompassgreatlyimprovedashipsabilitytonavigateoverlongdistances.Itwasnotuntilthebeginningofthe14thcenturythatcompasswasintroducedtoEuropefromChina.2024/7/25Text A Four great inventions-Text A Four great inventions-CompassText A Four great inventions-Notes：1.TheWarringStatesPeriod（战国时期）：alsoknownastheEraofWarringStates,ortheWarringKingdomsperiod,coverstheIronAgeperiodfromabout475BCtothereunificationofChinaundertheQinDynastyin221BC.ItisnominallyconsideredtobethesecondpartoftheEasternZhouDynasty,followingtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,althoughtheZhouDynastyendedin256BC,35yearsearlierthantheendoftheWarringStatesperiod.Duringtheseperiods,theChinesesovereign(kingoftheZhouDynasty)wasmerelyafigurehead.2024/7/25Notes：1.The Warring States PeNotes：TheWarringStatesPeriod（战国时期）：alsoknownastheEraofWarringStates,ortheWarringKingdomsperiod,coverstheIronAgeperiodfromabout475BCtothereunificationofChinaundertheQinDynastyin221BC.ItisnominallyconsideredtobethesecondpartoftheEasternZhouDynasty,followingtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,althoughtheZhouDynastyendedin256BC,35yearsearlierthantheendoftheWarringStatesperiod.Duringtheseperiods,theChinesesovereign(kingoftheZhouDynasty)wasmerelyafigurehead.2024/7/25Notes：The Warring States PeriText B Pharmacology导读：中国是医药文化发祥最早的国家之一，从文明的曙光在天幕上耀映亚细亚大地之时，遍及神州大地的簇簇史前文化篝火，由点到面联接起来，形成燎原之势，逐渐的融化在文明时代的光华之中。从此，中国医药学的文明史开始了。Text B Pharmacology导读：中国是医药文Text B PharmacologyChinawasoneoffirstcountriestohaveamedicalculture.IncomparisonwithWesternmedicine,theChinesemethodtakesafardifferentapproach.Withahistoryof5,000years,ithasformedadeepandimmenseknowledgeofmedicalscience,theory,diagnosticmethods,prescriptionsandcures.Text B PharmacologyChina wasText B Pharmacology-Four Methods of DiagnosisItisawonderthatChinesedoctorscouldcurecountlesspatientswithoutanyassistantapparatusbutonlyaphysicalexamination.Thefourmethodsofdiagnosisconsistofobservation,auscultationandolfaction,interrogation,pulsetakingandpalpation.Text B Pharmacology-Four Text B Pharmacology-AcupunctureAcupunctureistheexperientialsummaryundergoingthelong-termstrugglebytheChinesepeople.Actuallyitconsistsoftwoparts:operationswithneedlesandoneswithfire,bothofthemareessentialandcorrelativeduringcuring.Text B Pharmacology-AcupuText B Pharmacology-AcupunctureOperations with NeedlesThisfieldfeaturesthepricksofneedlesonacupuncturepoint(acupointforshort)toadjusttheorganicfunctionsandcleartheenergychannelsofobstructioninourbody.Text B Pharmacology-AcupuText B Pharmacology-AcupunctureOperations with FireThemethodsincommonusearemoxibustionwithmoxaconeandcupping.Theprincipleofcuppingliesinthat,whenthefireinthejarisburnt,heatingpowerejectstheairout,andthenegativepressuremakesthejarsticktotheskin,whichcausesthestasisofbloodtostimulateandadjusttheorganfunctions,themoxaconecanalsohavethiseffect.Text B Pharmacology-AcupuText B Pharmacology-Chinese Herbal MedicineGenuineChinesepeoplehavefoundthousandsofplantsandherbsassociatedwiththetreatmentofailments,soherbalmedicineisreallyalargesystem.Doctorswouldanalyzetheirnatureorpropertysuchascoldandhotoryinandyang,utilizeallsortsofrawmaterials,mixingthemtocuredisease.Thusthemedicineisalsodifferentfromthewesternmedicine.Text B Pharmacology-ChineText B Pharmacology-Chinese Herbal MedicineAbouttheclassificationofherbalmedicine,intheCompendiumofMateriaMedicabyLiShizhenintheTangDynasty(618-907),thereare1892typesrecorded,andgivingthedetailedinformation.Text B Pharmacology-ChineTodaywecanbrieflydividetheminaboutten:Roots:thatmeanssomespecificplantsrootscanbeusedasmedicinesuchasginseng,Chinesegromwell,andTaiwanAngelicaroot,etc.TaiwanAngelicarootwithwarmnatureishelpfulfortheindicationofheadache,toothacheandsoon.Rhizome:itincludesdriedgingerwithhotnatureforasthmaandcold,Lilybulbwithcoldnatureforinsomniaandweakness,etc.Othersortsarevariedlikeleaf,flower,seeds,grass,andvines,andsoon.2024/7/25Text B Pharmacology-Chinese Herbal Medicine Today we can briefly divide tText B Pharmacology-Chinese Herbal Medicine28Thequalityofmedicineisconcernedimmediatelywiththedecoctingjar,quantityofwater,andthefrequencyofdecoction.Text B Pharmacology-ChineNotes：1.The Yellow Emperors Canon of Interior Medicine（黄帝内经）：is an ancient Chinese medical text that has been treated as the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine for more than two millennia. It is comparable in importance to the Hippocratic Corpus in Greek medicine or the works of Galen in Islamic and medieval European medicine. The work is composed of two texts each of eighty-one chapters or treatises in a question-and-answer format between the mythical Huangdi (Yellow Emperor or more correctly Yellow Thearch) and six of his equally legendary ministers.2024/7/25Notes：1.The Yellow Emperors CNotes：2.Shen Nongs Canon of Herbs（神农本草经）：The earliest Chinese manual of materia medica, the Shennong Bencao Jing, was compiled in the first century AD during the Han dynasty, but it was attributed to the mythical Shennong. It lists some 365 medicines of which 252 of them are herbs. 2024/7/25Notes：2.Shen Nongs Canon of HNotes：3.Compendium of Materia Medica（本草纲目）：also known as Compendium of Materia Medica, is a Chinese materia medica work written by Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty. It is a work epitomizing materia medica in the Ming Dynasty. The Bencao Gangmu is regarded as the most complete and comprehensive medical book ever written in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. It lists all the plants, animals, minerals, and other items that were believed to have medicinal properties.2024/7/25Notes：3.Compendium of Materia ThankYou!Thank 感谢聆听