THE ED FORM USED AS ATTRIBUTIVES-ed分词既可以作前置定语分词既可以作前置定语,也可以作后也可以作后置定语。置定语。1. 单个的过去分词作定语单个的过去分词作定语1) 作前置定语：这时过去分词的形容作前置定语：这时过去分词的形容词意义强于动词意义。词意义强于动词意义。 Grammar Ia. 及物动词的过去分词具有被动和完成及物动词的过去分词具有被动和完成意义。意义。 如如: a broken cup 一个破杯子一个破杯子a wounded soldier一名伤员一名伤员b. 不及物动词的具有主动和完成意义。不及物动词的具有主动和完成意义。a grown woman一位成年妇女一位成年妇女an escaped prisoner一名逃犯一名逃犯2) 作后置定语，通常是及物动词的作后置定语，通常是及物动词的过去分词，这时过去分词意义强过去分词，这时过去分词意义强于形容词意义。个别单个的过去于形容词意义。个别单个的过去分词作前置定语或后置定语时分词作前置定语或后置定语时,表表达的含义不同。如：达的含义不同。如：前置定语前置定语后置定语后置定语a concerned look关切的神色关切的神色the authorities concerned有关当局有关当局a wanted person 被通缉的人被通缉的人jobs wanted需要的工作需要的工作in a given condition 在一定条件下在一定条件下a present given by the student 学生送的礼物学生送的礼物a used car一辆旧车一辆旧车a car used一辆用过的车一辆用过的车 2. 过去分词短语作定语通常后置，其作过去分词短语作定语通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句。用相当于定语从句。如如: the color TV set produced last year =the color TV set that were produced last year 去年生产的彩色电视机去年生产的彩色电视机 a letter written to me by my daughter =a letter that was written to me by my daughter 一封我女儿写给我的信一封我女儿写给我的信3. 要注意过去分词做定语时动作发生要注意过去分词做定语时动作发生的时间：的时间：1) 发生在谓语动词的动作之前。如：发生在谓语动词的动作之前。如： Is this the book written (that was written) by Henry James? 这是亨利这是亨利詹姆斯写的书吗詹姆斯写的书吗? 2) 表示与句中谓语动词相应的经常性的表示与句中谓语动词相应的经常性的动作。如：动作。如： He was then a professor respected (that was respected) by all the teachers and students of the college. 当时他是一个受这所大学里全体师生当时他是一个受这所大学里全体师生尊敬的教授。尊敬的教授。语法练习语法练习(一一)1. Dont use words, expressions or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. formed D. having formed3. there was an _ look on his face when the actress appeared. A. excited B. excitement C. exciting D. excitedly4. Its wrong for the _ countries to control the world. A. development B. developing C. developed D. develop5. I have collected the money _. A. needing B. need C. to need D. needed6. The bridge _ next year will be very long. A. being built B. to be built C. built D. building7. The book can be used in _ countries. A. English-speaking B. English-spoken C. speaking-English D. spoken-English8. From his _ voice, I have to say that you are really_. A. disappointed; disappointed B. disappointing; disappointing C. disappointed; disappointing D. disappointing; disappointed9. This is the problem_ at the meeting yesterday. A. being discussed; B. having discussed C. to be discussed D. discussed10. The _ look on his face suggested that he had not expected so. A. surprised B. surprising C. excited D. excitingPAST TENSE TIME EXPRESSIONS1. 常用的表示过去的时间状语有常用的表示过去的时间状语有:recently, during the day, one night, a long time ago, until the 1920s, in 1925, for many years, just now, at that time, during his middle school years, then, last night/year/week /month, a week /month/ year ago , in the old days Grammar II:2. 表示过去的习惯性、重复性的动作表示过去的习惯性、重复性的动作,常常用一定的时间状语或频度状语用一定的时间状语或频度状语, 如：如： I played football every week when I was young. I used to go shopping during weekdays. Last week we learned Module 2. Up to now, we have learned nine modules. The present perfect tense Form: have/ has + p.p.(动词的过去分词动词的过去分词)Definition: 表示过去发生的动作对现在造表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果：还可以表示动作过去已经成的影响或结果：还可以表示动作过去已经开始，持续到现在（可能还会继续进行下去）开始，持续到现在（可能还会继续进行下去）的动作或状态。的动作或状态。表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与造成的影响或结果。常与just, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past, ever, never等词连用等词连用。表示过去已经开始、持续到现在并且还表示过去已经开始、持续到现在并且还有可能继续持续下去的动作或状态。常有可能继续持续下去的动作或状态。常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如与表示一段时间的状语连用，如: for, since, these days, this year, now等。等。用在用在“It is the first/ second/ third time + that从句从句”中中Usages:READ THESE EXTRACTS AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.1. After they had become stars in their own country, the Beatles toured the United States.2. Before they visited India, they had recorded seven albums.A. Which came first becoming stars in their own country, or touring the United States?A. Which came first becoming stars in their own country, or touring the United States?B. Which came first visiting India or recording seven albums?B. Which came first visiting India or recording seven albums?C. What tense do we use to show that a past event happened before another one?nowpast(future)过去的过去过去的过去现在完成时可用于现在完成时可用于“It is the first/ second/ third time + that从句从句”中中It is the second time that I have been to Beijing.It was the second time that I _ (be) to Beijing.had beenFind the following time expressions that appear in “My First Ride on a Train.”Recently A ling time ago During the day A hundred and fifty years agoOne night Until the 1920sAt (about) midnight In 1925Which of them can refer to past or present actions?Use similar time expressions to complete these sentences.1. People first started traveling by train _.2._, there was a huge railway station in the middle of the city, but it isnt there any more.in 1925A hundred a fifty year ago语法练习语法练习(二二)将下列句子译成英语将下列句子译成英语:1. 上周末上周末,简吃了一顿由外婆做的好饭。简吃了一顿由外婆做的好饭。Last weekend, Jane ate a nice meal (which was) cooked by her grandmother. 2. 昨天晚上昨天晚上,她完成作业后就上床睡觉了。她完成作业后就上床睡觉了。She went to bed after she finished her homework last night.3. 前几天前几天, Robert 去北京出差了。去北京出差了。 Robert went to Beijing on business the other day. 4. 玛丽过去一周来拜访我一次。玛丽过去一周来拜访我一次。 Mary used to pay a visit to /visit me once a week.