Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal SystemSlide 5.1Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsParts of the skeletal systemBones (skeleton)JointsCartilagesLigaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)Divided into two divisionsAxial skeletonAppendicular skeleton limbs and girdleFunctions of BonesSlide 5.2Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSupport of the bodyProtection of soft organsMovement due to attached skeletal musclesStorage of minerals and fatsBlood cell formationBones of the Human BodySlide 5.3Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe skeleton has 206 bonesTwo basic types of bone tissueCompact boneHomogeneousSpongy boneSmall needle-like pieces of boneMany open spacesFigure 5.2bClassification of BonesSlide 5.4aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsLong bonesTypically longer than wideHave a shaft with heads at both endsContain mostly compact boneExamples: Femur, humerusClassification of BonesSlide 5.4bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsShort bonesGenerally cube-shapeContain mostly spongy boneExamples: Carpals, tarsalsClassification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeSlide 5.4cCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.1Classification of BonesSlide 5.5aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFlat bonesThin and flattenedUsually curvedThin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy boneExamples: Skull, ribs, sternumClassification of BonesSlide 5.5bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsIrregular bonesIrregular shapeDo not fit into other bone classification categoriesExample: Vertebrae and hipClassification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeSlide 5.5cCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.1Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneSlide 5.6Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsDiaphysisShaftComposed of compact boneEpiphysis Ends of the boneComposed mostly of spongy boneFigure 5.2aStructures of a Long BoneSlide 5.7Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsPeriosteumOutside covering of the diaphysisFibrous connective tissue membraneSharpeys fibersSecure periosteum to underlying boneArteriesSupply bone cells with nutrientsFigure 5.2cStructures of a Long BoneSlide 5.8aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsArticular cartilageCovers the external surface of the epiphysesMade of hyaline cartilageDecreases friction at joint surfacesFigure 5.2aStructures of a Long BoneSlide 5.8bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsMedullary cavityCavity of the shaftContains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adultsContains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infantsFigure 5.2aBone MarkingsSlide 5.9Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSurface features of bonesSites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligamentsPassages for nerves and blood vesselsCategories of bone markingsProjections and processes grow out from the bone surfaceDepressions or cavities indentationsMicroscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.10aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsOsteon (Haversian System)A unit of boneCentral (Haversian) canalOpening in the center of an osteonCarries blood vessels and nervesPerforating (Volkmans) canalCanal perpendicular to the central canalCarries blood vessels and nervesMicroscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.10bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.3Microscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.11aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsLacunaeCavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)Arranged in concentric ringsLamellaeRings around the central canalSites of lacunaeFigure 5.3Microscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.11bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsCanaliculi Tiny canalsRadiate from the central canal to lacunaeForm a transport systemFigure 5.3Changes in the Human SkeletonSlide 5.12Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsIn embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilageDuring development, much of this cartilage is replaced by boneCartilage remains in isolated areasBridge of the noseParts of ribsJoints Bone GrowthSlide 5.13aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsEpiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhoodNew cartilage is continuously formedOlder cartilage becomes ossifiedCartilage is broken downBone replaces cartilageBone GrowthSlide 5.13bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsBones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stopsBones change shape somewhatBones grow in widthLong Bone Formation and GrowthSlide 5.14aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.4aTypes of Bone CellsSlide 5.15Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsOsteocytesMature bone cellsOsteoblastsBone-forming cellsOsteoclastsBone-destroying cellsBreak down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calciumBone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclastsBone FracturesSlide 5.16Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsA break in a boneTypes of bone fracturesClosed (simple) fracture break that does not penetrate the skinOpen (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates through the skinBone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilizationRealignment of the boneCommon Types of FracturesSlide 5.17Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsTable 5.2Repair of Bone FracturesSlide 5.18Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsHematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formedBreak is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callusFibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callusBony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patchStages in the Healing of a Bone FractureSlide 5.19Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.5The Axial SkeletonSlide 5.20aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsForms the longitudinal part of the bodyDivided into three partsSkullVertebral columnBony thoraxThe Axial SkeletonSlide 5.20bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.6The SkullSlide 5.21aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsTwo sets of bonesCraniumFacial bonesBones are joined by suturesOnly the mandible is attached by a freely movable jointThe SkullSlide 5.21bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.7Bones of the SkullSlide 5.22Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.11Human Skull, Superior ViewSlide 5.23Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.8Human Skull, Inferior ViewSlide 5.24Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.9Paranasal SinusesSlide 5.25aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsHollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavityFigure 5.10Paranasal SinusesSlide 5.25bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFunctions of paranasal sinusesLighten the skullGive resonance and amplification to voiceFigure 5.10The Hyoid BoneSlide 5.26Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe only bone that does not articulate with another boneServes as a moveable base for the tongueFigure 5.12The Fetal SkullSlide 5.27aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body lengthFigure 5.13The Fetal SkullSlide 5.27bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFontanelles fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bonesAllow the brain to growConvert to bone within 24 months after birthFigure 5.13The Vertebral ColumnSlide 5.28Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsVertebrae separated by intervertebral discsThe spine has a normal curvatureEach vertebrae is given a name according to its locationFigure 5.14Structure of a Typical VertebraeSlide 5.29Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.16The Bony ThoraxSlide 5.31aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsForms a cage to protect major organsFigure 5.19aThe Bony ThoraxSlide 5.31bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsMade-up of three partsSternumRibsThoracic vertebraeFigure 5.19aThe Appendicular SkeletonSlide 5.32aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsLimbs (appendages)Pectoral girdlePelvic girdleThe Appendicular SkeletonSlide 5.32bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.6cThe Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleSlide 5.33Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsComposed of two bonesClavicle collarboneScapula shoulder bladeThese bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movementBones of the Shoulder GirdleSlide 5.34aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.20a, bBones of the Upper LimbSlide 5.35aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe arm is formed by a single boneHumerusFigure 5.21a, bBones of the Upper LimbSlide 5.35bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe forearm has two bonesUlnaRadiusFigure 5.21cBones of the Upper LimbSlide 5.36Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe handCarpals wristMetacarpals palmPhalanges fingersFigure 5.22Bones of the Pelvic GirdleSlide 5.37Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsHip bonesComposed of three pair of fused bonesIliumIschiumPubic boneThe total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvisProtects several organsReproductive organsUrinary bladderPart of the large intestineThe PelvisSlide 5.38aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.23aGender Differences of the PelvisSlide 5.39Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.23cBones of the Lower LimbsSlide 5.40aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe thigh has one boneFemur thigh boneFigure 5.35a, bBones of the Lower LimbsSlide 5.40bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe leg has two bonesTibiaFibulaFigure 5.35cBones of the Lower LimbsSlide 5.41Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe footTarsus ankleMetatarsals solePhalanges toesFigure 5.25JointsSlide 5.43Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsArticulations of bonesFunctions of jointsHold bones togetherAllow for mobilityWays joints are classifiedFunctionallyStructurallyFunctional Classification of JointsSlide 5.44Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSynarthroses immovable jointsAmphiarthroses slightly moveable jointsDiarthroses freely moveable jointsStructural Classification of JointsSlide 5.45Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFibrous jointsGenerally immovableCartilaginous jointsImmovable or slightly moveableSynovial jointsFreely moveableFibrous JointsSlide 5.46Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsBones united by fibrous tissue synarthrosis or largely immovable.Figure 5.27d, eCartilaginous Joints mostly amphiarthrosisSlide 5.47Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsBones connected by cartilageExamplesPubic symphysisIntervertebral jointsFigure 5.27b, cSynovial JointsSlide 5.48Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsArticulating bones are separated by a joint cavitySynovial fluid is found in the joint cavityFigure 5.27fhFeatures of Synovial Joints- DiarthrosesSlide 5.49Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsArticular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bonesJoint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsuleHave a joint cavity filled with synovial fluidLigaments reinforce the jointStructures Associated with the Synovial JointSlide 5.50Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsBursae flattened fibrous sacsLined with synovial membranesFilled with synovial fluidNot actually part of the jointTendon sheathElongated bursa that wraps around a tendonThe Synovial JointSlide 5.51Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.28Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeSlide 5.52aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.29acTypes of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeSlide 5.52bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.29dfInflammatory Conditions Associated with JointsSlide 5.53Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsBursitis inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or frictionTendonitis inflammation of tendon sheathsArthritis inflammatory or degenerative diseases of jointsOver 100 different typesThe most widespread crippling disease in the United StatesClinical Forms of ArthritisSlide 5.54aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsOsteoarthritisMost common chronic arthritisProbably related to normal aging processesRheumatoid arthritisAn autoimmune disease the immune system attacks the jointsSymptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain jointsOften leads to deformitiesClinical Forms of ArthritisSlide 5.54bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsGouty ArthritisInflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the bloodCan usually be controlled with diet