Unit 6Fraud and Academic DishonestyFraud and Academic Dishonesty1综合学术英语教程UnitIn this unit, you willlearnabouttheconcepts“academicintegrity”and“academicdishonesty”;research “Dr. Hwang Woo Suk” on the Internet and find reliableinformation;learnwords,expressions,andsentencepatternsrelatedtothethemeandusetheminwritingandspeech;learnstrategiessuchaslisteningforemphasis(listening),guessingwordmeanings from lexical clues (reading), giving evidence for arguments(discussing),andachievingcoherence(writing),etc;giveanoralpresentationonanassignedtopictotheclass.2综合学术英语教程UnitBackground Information Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercises3综合学术英语教程UnitBackground Informationabout Academic Integritythe Healthpartners Research FoundationHwang Woo Sukthe Committee on Publication EthicsScience Nature4综合学术英语教程Unitabout Academic IntegrityIntegritywithoutknowledgeisweakanduseless,andknowledgewithoutintegrityisdangerousanddreadful.SamuelJohnsonThe function of education, therefore, is to teach one to thinkintensivelyandtothinkcritically. Buteducationwhichstopswithefficiency may prove the greatest menace to society. The mostdangerouscriminalmaybethemangiftedwithreason,butwithnomorals We must remember that intelligence is not enough.Intelligencepluscharacterthatisthegoaloftrueeducation.MartinLutherKing,Jr.5综合学术英语教程UnitHwangWooSukisaSouthKoreanveterinarianandresearcher.Hewas a professor of theriogenology and biotechnology at SeoulNational University (dismissed on March 20, 2006) who becameinfamousforfabricatingaseriesofexperiments,whichappearedinhigh-pro,inthefieldofstemcellresearch.UntilNovember2005,hewas considered one of the pioneering experts in the field, bestknownfortwoarticlespublishedinthejournalSciencein2004and2005 where he reported to have succeeded in creating humanembryonicstemcellsbycloning.HewascalledthePrideofKoreain South Korea. On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged withembezzlementandbioethicslawviolationsafteritemergedmuchofhisstemcellresearchhadbeenfaked.TheKoreaTimesreportedonJune10,2007,thatSeoulNationalUniversityfiredhim,andtheSouthKoreangovernmentcanceledhisfinancialsupportandbarredhimfromengaginginstemcellresearch.Hwang Woo Suk6综合学术英语教程UnitHealthPartners is an integrated, nonprofit health care providerlocatedinBloomington,Minnesotaofferingcare,coverage,researchand education to its members, patients and the community.HealthPartnerswasfoundedin1957asGroupHealth,aconsumer-governednonprofithealthplanwithaboardofdirectorsmadeupofitsownmembersandpatients.In1992,GroupHealthmergedwithMedCentersHealthPlan,andtogethertheyformedHealthPartners.Inlate2012itwasannouncedthatHealthPartnerswouldmergewithParkNicolletHealthServicesofSt.LouisParkonJanuary1,2013followingfederalapprovalthe Healthpartners Research Foundation7综合学术英语教程UnitScience, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is theacademicjournaloftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(AAAS)andisoneoftheworldstopscientificjournals.The peer-reviewed journal, first published in 1880, is circulatedweeklyandhasaprintsubscriberbaseofaround130,000.Becauseinstitutionalsubscriptionsandonlineaccessservealargeraudience,itsestimatedreadershipis570,400people.Themajorfocusofthejournal is publishing important original scientific research andresearchreviews,butSciencealsopublishesscience-relatednews,opinionsonsciencepolicyandothermattersofinteresttoscientistsandotherswhoareconcernedwiththewideimplicationsofscienceandtechnology. Unlikemostscientificjournals,whichfocusonaspecificfield,ScienceanditsrivalNaturecoverthefullrangeofscientific disciplines. According to the Journal Citation Reports,Sciences2012impactfactorwas31.027.Science8综合学术英语教程UnitNatureisaprominentinterdisciplinaryscientificjournal.Itwasfirstpublishedon4November1869.ItwasrankedtheworldsmostcitedbytheScienceEditionofthe2010Journal Citation Reportsandiswidelyregardedasoneofthefewremainingacademicjournalsthatpublish original research across a wide range of scientific fields.Nature claims a readership of about 424,000 total readers. Thejournal has a circulation of around 53,000 but studies haveconcludedthatonaverageasinglecopyissharedbyasmanyas8people.Nature9综合学术英语教程UnitResearch scientists are the primary audience for the journal, butsummariesandaccompanyingarticlesareintendedtomakemanyofthemostimportantpapersunderstandabletoscientistsinotherfieldsandtheeducatedgeneralpublic.Towardsthefrontofeachissueareeditorials,newsandfeaturearticlesonissuesofgeneralinteresttoscientists, including current affairs, science funding, business,scientificethicsandresearchbreakthroughs.Therearealsosectionsonbooksandarts.Theremainderofthejournalconsistsmostlyofresearchpapers(articlesorletters),whichareoftendenseandhighlytechnical.Becauseofstrictlimitsonthelengthofpapers,oftentheprintedtextisactuallyasummaryoftheworkinquestionwithmanydetails relegated to accompanying supplementary material on thejournalswebsite.Nature10综合学术英语教程UnitThe Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is a nonprofitorganizationwhosemissionistodefinebestpracticeintheethicsofscholarlypublishingandtoassisteditors,publishers,etc.toachievethis.COPEprovidesadvicetoeditorsandpublishersonallaspectsof publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases ofresearchandpublicationmisconduct.Italsoprovidesaforumforitsmembers to discuss individual cases (meeting four times a yearvirtuallyandatothermeetingsaroundtheworld).COPEdoesnotinvestigateindividualcasesbutencourageseditorstoensurethatcases are investigated by the appropriate authorities (usually aresearchinstitutionoremployer).COPEalsooffersandeLearningcourse,fundsresearchonpublicationethics,publishesamonthlyeNewsletter (COPE Digest: Publication Ethics in Practice) andorganisesannualseminarsaroundtheworld.the Committee on Publication Ethics11综合学术英语教程Unitretractv.topull(something)backintosomethinglargerthatusuallycoversite.g.Thepilotretractedtheplaneslandinggear.n.retractionimpactn.theactorforceofonethinghittinganothere.g.Thesewarningshavebeenheardsooftenthattheyhavelosttheirimpact.resignationn.anactofgivingupajoborpositioninaformalorofficialwaye.g.Themanagerreceivedresignationsfromthreemembersofthestaff.v.resignApproaching the TopicReading 1/Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise12综合学术英语教程Unitdetrimentaladj.causingdamageorinjurye.g. There were serious concerns that the factorys waste wasdetrimentaltothelocalenvironment.taintv. to make (something) dangerous or dirty especially byaddingsomethingharmfulorundesirabletoite.g.Criticismofhersisterssingingthatwastaintedbyenvy.bottleneck n. a section of road or highway where the trafficmovesveryslowlye.g.BridgeconstructionhascreatedabottleneckonthesouthernpartofMainStreet.Reading 1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise13综合学术英语教程Unitfabricatev.tocreateormakeup(something,suchasastory)inordertotrickpeoplee.g.Theirplanistofabricatethehouseoutofsyntheticmaterials.fraudn.thecrimeofusingdishonestmethodstotakesomethingvaluablefromanotherpersone.g.Hewasfoundguiltyofbankfraud.modifyv.tochangesomepartsof(something)whilenotchangingotherpartse.g.Wecanhelpyoumodifyanexistinghomeorbuildanewone.n.modificationReading 1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise14综合学术英语教程Unitcherry-pickingn.topickoracceptthebestpeopleorthingsinagroupe.g.Hollywoodsbiggeststarscancherry-pickthebestprojectsanddirectors.selectivelyadv.carefullychooseonlythebestpeopleorthingse.g.Theadvertisementselectivelytargetsmenbetweentheagesof18and24.v.selectacquisitionn.somethingorsomeoneacquiredorgainede.g.Thebigcompanysnewestacquisitionisasmallchainofclothingstores.Reading 1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise15综合学术英语教程Unitadmittedlyadv.ashasbeenormustbeadmittede.g.Admittedly,Ishouldnothavelostmytemperlikethat.v.admitconstraintn.somethingthatlimitsorrestrictssomeoneorsomethinge.g.Lackoffundinghasbeenamajorconstraintonthebuildingsdesign.v.constrainmolecularadj.oforrelatingtoindividualorsmallcomponentse.g.Shestudiedmolecularbiologyincollege.Reading 1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise16综合学术英语教程Unitnarrativen.astorythatistoldorwrittene.g.Heiswritingadetailednarrativeofhislifeontheisland.v.narratestraddlev.tositorridewithalegoneithersideof(something)e.g.Themoviestraddlestoomanygenres.sloppyadj.notcarefulorneat:showingalackofcare,attention,orefforte.g.Yourworkhasbeenverysloppylately.erroneousadj.notcorrecte.g.Anewsarticleaboutthenewvirusthatwasfilledwithmucherroneousinformation.Reading 1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise17综合学术英语教程Unitdiscernibleadj.todetectwiththeeyese.g.Herfacewasbarelydiscernibleinthegloom.v.discernintentn.thethingthatyouplantodoorachieve:anaimorpurposee.g.ShethinksImtryingtomakethingsdifficultforher,butthatsnotmyintent.deficiencyn.alackofsomethingthatisneeded:thestateofnothavingenoughofsomethingnecessarye.g.Thebooksmajordeficiencyisitspoorplot.adj.deficientReading 1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise18综合学术英语教程Unit1)Whyhavesomanypapersbeenretractedfromhighimpactjournals?Because the pressure of an increasingly competitive researchenvironmentcanleadtoscientificmisconduct.2)Whyshouldwecombatscientificmisconduct?Becausemisconductisdetrimentaltoscientificprogressinmanyways.Approaching the TopicTask 1Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise19综合学术英语教程Unit3)Whatdoesthemeta-analysispublishedin2009covering18fraudsurveysimply?Itsuggeststhatscientificmisconductmaybemorecommonthanwesuspect.4) In what situation are deficiencies resulting from poorexperimentaldesign and inadequatelycontrolled or statisticallyquestionableexperimentsconsideredmisconduct?Ifthereisdiscernibleintenttodeceive.Approaching the TopicTask 1Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise20综合学术英语教程Unit1)misconduct2)retract3)detrimental4)taint5)fraudulent6)fabricate7)cherry-picking8)coverageApproaching the TopicTask 2e.unacceptableorbadbehaviourbysomeoneinapositionofauthorityorresponsibilityh.takebackanofferorstatement,etc.oradmitthatastatementwasfalsem.causingharmordamagek.affectwithabadorundesirablequalityn.dishonestandillegali.inventorproducesomethingfalseinordertodeceiveb.selectivelychoosing(themostbeneficialorprofitableitems,opportunities,etc.)fromwhatisavailablea.thereportingofaparticularimportanteventorsubjectReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise21综合学术英语教程Unit9)set-up10)constraint11)massaging12)straddle13)sloppy14)discernible15)deficiencyApproaching the TopicTask 2o.thewayinwhichthingsareorganizedorarrangedl.stateofnothaving,ornothavingenough,ofsomethingthatisneededc.manipulating(factsorfigures)togiveamoreacceptableresultf.tostretchacrosssomethingorexistonbothsidesofsomethingd.notdonecarefullyorthoroughlyg.perceptiblej.weaknessorimperfectionReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise22综合学术英语教程Unit_(1)ThecloningresearcherWoo-SukHwangwasaccusedofthreeoffencestoday,12May._(2)TheSeoulCentralDistrictprosecutorsofficeinSouthKoreachargedWoo-SukHwangwithsecretlytakingKRW2.8billionandusingthefundstopurchaseacarforhimselfandgiftsforfamilymembers._(3)FiveotherresearchersonHwangsteamwerealsochargedwithvariousoffences.Approaching the TopicTask 4FalseFalseTrueReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise23综合学术英语教程UnitA German university has withdrawn the doctoral degree of theformer Bell Labs scientist who claimed a series of researchbreakthroughs,thenwasfiredtwoyearsagowhenitwasdiscoveredthathehadmanipulateddataandfabricatedresults.Thephysicist,J.HendrikSchn,33,didnotcommitanacademicoffence in his doctoral research at the University of Konstanz, aninvestigationtherefoundlastyear.ButonFriday,theuniversitysaidithad a legal right to withdraw a degree when the recipient behaved“unworthily”ofit.“That was interpreted here in the context of science,” said Dr.WolfgangDieterich,chairmanofthephysicsdepartmentatKonstanz. Approaching the TopicTask 51234Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise24综合学术英语教程UnitMr.Schn,aresearchscientistatBellLabs,LucentTechnologiesresearcharminMurrayHill,N.J.,wasanauthororco-authorofmorethan70scientificpapersonanarrayofsupposeddiscoveries,likenewsuperconductorsandtiny,molecular-scaletransistors.Thetransistorsappearedparticularlyexcitingbecausetheyseemedtoworkthesamewaycurrentsilicontransistorsdo,suggestingthatthetechnologycouldbestraightforwardlytransferredtocomputerchips.Otherswereunabletoreproduceanyofthefindings.Then,inMay2002,outsidescientistsdiscoverednearlyidenticalgraphsinseveralofMr.Schnspapers,eventhoughtheysupposedlyrepresenteddifferentdatafromdifferentexperiments.Fourmonthslater,aninvestigatorypanelledbyDr.MalcolmR.Beasley, a professor of applied physics at Stanford, found that Mr.Schnhadmanipulatedorfabricateddatain17papers.BellLabsfiredMr.Schnandthepublishedpaperswerewithdrawn.Approaching the TopicTask 5567Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise25综合学术英语教程UnitMr. Schnapologizedformistakesbutinsistedthatthefindingswerereal.Soon after he was fired, Konstanz assembled a committee toexamineMr.Schnsthesisresearchonsolarcells.Dr.Dieterich,whowasnotpartofthatinvestigation,saidthecommitteefoundinstancesof mislabeled graphs and “some smoothing of data, which was notexplained.”ButDr. Dieterichsaid,“Onecouldnotdrawtheconclusionthatintentionally things have been presented in a wrong way,” and thecommitteedidnotaccuseMr.Schnofmisconduct.TheKonstanzphysicsdepartmentthenbeganitsreview. ItaskedMr. Schn to participate, but the only reply was a letter from hislawyer,Dr.Dieterichsaid,addingthathewouldnotsaywhatwasintheletter.Approaching the TopicTask 58910Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise26综合学术英语教程Unit1)Whatdothepassageandnewsshare?Academicdishonesty.2) Dr. Hwangs team claimed to have done research in thecontroversial field of cloning. Whats your view on humancloningresearch?3)WhatsyouropinionontheinvestigatorypanelthatclearedMr.Schn?4)Whatcouldbethepotentialbenefitsofscientificmisconduct?5) What are the potential negative influences of scientificmisconduct?Approaching the TopicTask 7Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise27综合学术英语教程Unitscandaln.anoccurrenceinwhichpeopleareshockedandupsetbecauseofbehaviorthatismorallyorlegallywronge.g.TherewasamajorscandalinvolvingthemayorstieswiththeMob.outstrip v. to be or become better, greater, or larger than(someoneorsomething)e.g.Thenewhoteloutstripsallotherhotelsintheareainsizeandluxury.peern.apersonwhobelongstothesameagegrouporsocialgroupassomeoneelsee.g.Hewasrespectedandadmiredbyhispeers.Reading about the TopicReading 2/Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise28综合学术英语教程Unitreplicationn.ananswertoareplye.g.Wellneedtodoareplicationofthatexperimentsowecancollectmoredata.malfeasancen.illegalordishonestactivityespeciallybyapublicofficialoracorporatione.g. The investigation has uncovered evidence of corporatemalfeasance.suspicion n. a feeling that someone is possibly guilty of acrimeorofdoingsomethingwronge.g. I thought the water might be making us sick, and mysuspicionswereconfirmedbythelabtests.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise29综合学术英语教程Unitswirlv.tomoveincirclesortocause(something)tomoveincirclese.g.Thewaterswirledaroundthedrain.outdov.todobetterthan(someoneorsomething):tobemoresuccessfulthan(someoneorsomething)e.g.Smallercompaniesoftenoutdolargeronesincustomerservice.rivaln.apersonorthingthattriestodefeatorbemoresuccessfulthananothere.g.Theteamshavebeenlongtimerivals.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise30综合学术英语教程Unitembryon.ahumanoranimalintheearlystagesofdevelopmentbeforeitisborn,hatched,etc.e.g.Theunbornchildatthisjunctureisknownasanembryoandisextremelysmall.hailn.precipitationintheformofsmallballsorlumpsusuallyconsistingofconcentriclayersofcleariceandcompactsnowe.g.Hegavethemhailforrain,andflamingfireintheirland.lapsev.anoccurrenceinwhichyoufailtothinkoractintheusualorproperwayforabrieftimeandmakeamistakee.g.Heblamedtheerroronaminormentallapse.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise31综合学术英语教程Unitaccusev.toblame(someone)forsomethingwrongorillegal:tosaythatsomeoneisguiltyofafaultorcrimee.g.Shewasaccusedoflyingontheemploymentapplication.impoundv.touselegalpowerstogetandhold(something)e.g.Thepoliceimpoundedhercarbecauseitwasillegallyparked.adherev.tosticktosomething:toattachfirmlytosomethinge.g.Thestampfailedtoadhere.outrightadj.completeandtotale.g.Iwassurprisedbytheiroutrightrejectionoftheidea.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise32综合学术英语教程Unitrespondentn.apersonwhogivesaresponseoranswertoaquestionthatisaskedespeciallyaspartofasurveye.g.Amajorityofrespondentssaidtheydisagreedwiththemayorsplan.engagev.tohire(someone)toperformaparticularservice:topayfor(help,services,etc.)e.g.Hewasengagedasatutor.burstintov.tosuddenlybegintomakeasound,especiallytostartsinging,cryingorlaughinge.g.Theaudienceburstintoapplause.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise33综合学术英语教程Unitdeliberateadj.tothinkaboutordiscusssomethingverycarefullyinordertomakeadecisione.g.Thejurydeliberatedfortwodaysbeforereachingaverdict.castoutv.toforcesomeoneorsomethingtogoawaye.g.Theytriedtocastoutthespiritsfromthehauntedhouse.cardiologyn.thestudyoftheheartandofdiseasesthataffectthehearte.g.Heisadoctorwhospecializesincardiology.credibilityn.thequalityofbeingbelievedoracceptedastrue,real,orhoneste.g.Thenewevidencelendscredibilitytotheirtheory.adj.credibleReading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise34综合学术英语教程Unitbleakadj.withoutanythingmakeyoufeelcheerfulorhopefule.g.Withnomoneyandnojob,myprospectsseemedbleak.prestigiousadj.havingprestigee.g.Thereisanutritionalstudythathasbeenpublishedbyaprestigiousmedicaljournal.n.prestigeunderscorev.toemphasize(something)orshowtheimportanceof(something)e.g.Thesefailuresunderscorethedifficultyofwhatwereattemptingtodo.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise35综合学术英语教程UnitPart Para(s)Main IdeaIATheauthorpointsoutthattheHwangWooSukscandalisonlythetipoftheicebergofacademicmisconduct.IIB-NThe author cites some examples to prove thattherearepowerfulundercurrentsofmisbehaviorandoutrightfakeryinthescientificcommunity.IIIO-QThefederalgovernmentandjournaleditorstakemeasurestocombatacademicmisconduct.IVR-SInspiteofvariousmeasurestocombatacademicdishonesty, fraud is still on the rise in thescientificcommunity.Reading 2Text AnalysisApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise36综合学术英语教程Unit1)Whatsthemainideaofthearticle?Thecasesofscientificmisconducthaveincreased,whichhighlightstheneedforbettersafeguardsagainstscientificmisconduct.2)Whatcomposethetriplesafetynettobaracademicdishonestyandbadresearch?Peerreview,therefereesystemandreplication.3) Whathas theUnitedStatesdone over thelasttwo decadestocombatscientificmisconduct?Inadditiontothetriplesafetynet,theUnitedStateshasaddedextraprotections,includingnewlawsandgovernmentinvestigativebodies.Reading about the TopicTask 3Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise37综合学术英语教程Unit4)WhatoncemadeDr.Hwanganationalhero?Histeamclaimedtohaveextractedstemcellsfromclonedhumanembryosandtohaveclonedadog.5)Whatisthemainfindingofthesurveyof3,427scientistsbytheUniversity of Minnesota and the HealthPartners ResearchFoundation?Up to a third of the respondents had engaged in ethicallyquestionablepractices,fromignoringcontradictoryfactstofalsifyingdata.6)What is the Committee on Publication Ethics supposed tofunction?Toprovideasoundingboardforeditorswhoarestrugglingwithhowtobestdealwithpossiblebreachesinresearchandpublicationethics.Reading about the TopicTask 3Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise38综合学术英语教程UnitSet 1 (from Para. A to E)1.outstrip(A)2.bar(C)3.referee(C)4.merit(C)5.replication(C)6.malfeasance(D)7.swirl(E)8.dazzling(E)Reading about the TopicTask 4d.beorbecomegreaterinamount,degreeorsuccessthansomethingorsomeonef.preventsomethingorsomeonefromdoingsomethingg.apersonororganizationthathelpstofindafairanswertoadisagreementa.deserveorbeworthyof(reward,punishment,orattention)h.makingordoingsomethingagaininexactlythesamewayb.anexampleofdishonestandillegalbehaviour,especiallybyapersoninauthorityc.moveinatwistingorspirallingpatterne.extremelyimpressive,beautiful,orskillfulApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise39综合学术英语教程UnitSet 2 (from Para. F to S)1.feat(F)2.lapse(G)3.impound(H)4.canon(J)5.undercurrent(J)6.outright(J)7.augment(O)8.breach(P)Reading about the TopicTask 4e.somethingdifficultneedingalotofskill,strength,bravery,etc.toachieveitc.abriefortemporaryfailurea.takelegalpossessionof(sth)becauseofaninfringementofalawg.agenerallaw,rule,principle,orcriterionbywhichsomethingisjudgedb.anemotion,belief,orcharacteristicofasituationthatishiddenandusuallynegativeordangerousbutthathassomeeffectd.completeandtotalh.toincreasethevalue,amount,effectivenessetc.ofsomethingf.anactofbreakingorfailingtoobservealaw,agreement,orcodeofconductApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise40综合学术英语教程Unit()Para.A()Para.B()Para.C()Para.D()Para.E()Para.F()Para.G()Para.H()Para.I()Para.J()Para.K()Para.L()Para.M()Para.N()Para.O()Para.P()Para.Q()Para.R()Para.SReading about the TopicTask 5ccgikamdoeebpfhjjnlApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise41综合学术英语教程Unitrootout,tofindoutwhereaparticularkindofproblemexistsandgetridofite.g.Racismcannotberootedoutwithoutstronggovernmentaction.patchyadj.havingsomepartsthataregoodandsomethatarebade.g.Thelawniskindofpatchythisyear.distortv.tochangethenatural,normal,ororiginalshape,appearance,orsoundof(something)inawaythatisusuallynotattractiveorpleasinge.g.Herfacewasdistortedbypain.perceptionn.thewayyouthinkaboutorunderstandsomeoneorsomethinge.g.Thepublicsperceptionofhimisslowlychanging.Reading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise42综合学术英语教程Unitlucrativeadj.producingmoneyorwealthe.g.Thebusinesshasprovedtobehighlylucrative.devotev.togiveoverordirect(astime,money,oreffort)toacause,enterprise,oractivitye.g.Iconscientiouslydevoteseveralhourseveryweekendtoplayingwithmydog.n.devotionpatentn.anofficialdocumentthatgivesapersonorcompanytherighttobetheonlyonethatmakesorsellsaproductforacertainperiodoftimee.g.Theproductisprotectedbypatent.Reading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise43综合学术英语教程Unitmultivitaminn.apillthatcontainsmanyvitaminse.g.Ialsoadviseyoutotakeabasicmultivitamineveryday.tanglev.tobecomeorcause(something)tobecometwistedtogethere.g.Thisfishinglinetangleseasily.alliancen.aunionbetweenpeople,groups,countries,etc.:arelationshipinwhichpeopleagreetoworktogethere.g.Weneedtoformacloseralliancebetweengovernmentandindustry.notev.tonoticeorpayattentionto(something)e.g.Itsinterestingtonotehowquicklythingshavechanged.Reading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise44综合学术英语教程Unitthoroughlyadv.completelyandwithgreatattentiontodetaile.g.Shewassurethatshewoulddowell,becauseshehadpreparedfortheinterviewthoroughly.celebrityn.apersonwhoisfamouse.g.Theactresslivedalifeofcelebrity.knottyadj.difficultorcomplicatede.g.Theknottyproblemsthatarisewheneverynationispartoftheglobalmarketplace.maturityn.thequalityorstateofbeingmature;especially:fulldevelopmente.g.Hisbehaviorshowsalackofmaturity.adj.matureReading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise45综合学术英语教程Unitinquiryn.arequestforinformatione.g.Sherefusedtoanswerinquiriesfromthemediaabouthermarriage.rawadj.inanaturalstate:nottreatedorpreparede.g.Heenteredtherawdataintoaspreadsheet.cautionn.caretakentoavoiddangerorrisk:acarefulattitudeorwayofbehavinge.g.Youshouldusecautionwhenoperatingtheelectricsaw.adj.cautiousretainv.tocontinuetohaveoruse(something)e.g.Alandlordmayretainpartofyourdepositifyoubreakthelease.Reading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise46综合学术英语教程Unitenormousadj.verygreatinsizeoramounte.g.Wechosenottoundertaketheprojectbecauseoftheenormouscostsinvolved.allegationn.astatementsayingthatsomeonehasdonesomethingwrongorillegale.g.Thepoliceareinvestigatingallegationsthatthemayorhasacceptedbribes.slidev.tomovesmoothlyalongasurfacee.g.Thefirefighterssliddownthepoletotheirtrucks.suppressv.toendorstop(something)byforcee.g.Thegovernortriedtosuppressthenews.Reading 3Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise47综合学术英语教程UnitPart Para(s)Main IdeaIA-JExpertsblametheinactionofmanycountriesforthe explosive growth of science around theglobe.IIK-PInsomecases,nationalinvestigativebodiesandprofessionalassociationsthatoverseescientificresearchdidnotexistorrefusedtohelp.IIIQ-RThecommitteescredibilityrequirestheadditionof outsiders and perhaps scientists from othercountries.Reading 3Text AnalysisApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise48综合学术英语教程Unit1)WhywasfraudbecomingincreasinglydifficulttorootoutaccordingtoDr.RichardS.Smith?Because most countries protective measures were either patchy oraltogetherabsent.Inaddition,adrasticriseinthenumberofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworldiscontributingtotheproblem.2) According to Dr. Richard S. Smith, what is needed to combatscientificmisconduct?To take some protective measures nationally and internationally isneeded.3)Whyisthedrasticriseinthenumberofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworldcontributingtoscientificmisconduct?Because it can confuse researchers, overwhelm quality-controlsystems,encouragefraudanddistortthepublicperceptionoffindings.Reading about the TopicTask 6Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise49综合学术英语教程Unit4) What was the BMJ editors explanation for failure in resolvingserious doubts about the truthfulness of published studies done inCanadaandIndia?Becausenationalinvestigativebodiesandprofessionalassociationsthatoverseescientificresearcheitherdidnotexistorrefusedtohelp.5) What suggestion is given by some experts to ensure theinvestigationcommitteescredibility?The committee should add outsiders, and perhaps scientists fromother countries, who know the field and can help ensure that theinvestigationwillretainitsobjectivity.Reading about the TopicTask 6Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise50综合学术英语教程UnitSet 1 (from Para. A to J)1.institute(A)2.patchy(B)3.glut(C)4.distort(C)5.perception(C)6.cite(E)7.pad(E)8.note(J)Reading about the TopicTask 7e.toestablishorstart(acustom,rule,etc.)f.notcompleteenoughtobeusefulg.anexcessivelyabundantsupplyofsomethinga.togiveamisleadingorfalseaccountorimpressionofsomethingb.thewayinwhichsomethingisregarded,understood,orinterpretedh.tospeakorwritewordstakenfromaparticularwriterorwrittenworkc.tolengthenaspeechorpieceofwritingwithunnecessarymateriald.togiveyourattentiontosomethingbydiscussingitormakingawrittenrecordofitApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise51综合学术英语教程UnitSet 2 (from Para. K to S)1.uproar(K)2.tangle(K)3.police(K)4.alliance(K)5.knotty(O)6.caution(Q)7.retain(Q)8.allegation(R)Reading about the TopicTask 7e.aloudandimpassionednoiseordisturbanced.anuntidymassofthingsthatarenotinastateoforder,orastateofconfusionordifficultyh.tocontrolaparticularactivityorindustrybymakingsurethatpeoplefollowthecorrectrulesconcerningwhattheydof.aunionorassociationformedformutualbenefit,especiallybetweencountriesororganizationsa.extremelydifficultorcomplexg.tosaysomethingasawarningc.keeporcontinuetohavesomethingb.aclaimorassertionthatsomeonehasdonesomethingillegalorwrong,typicallyonemadewithoutproofApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise52综合学术英语教程Unit1)Findthecausesinreading2and3fortheriseinfraud.a)Mostcountriesprotectivemeasuresareeitherpatchyoraltogetherabsent.b)Adrasticriseinthenumberofscientificjournalspublishedaroundthe world can confuse researchers, overwhelm quality-controlsystems, encourage fraud and distort the public perception offindings.Reading about the TopicTask 8Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise53综合学术英语教程Unit2)Listthecasesoffraudinmedicalresearchmentionedinthetworeadings.a)Dr.Hwangfabricatedresultsinoneofhislandmarkhumancloningstudies,publishedinSciencelastspring.(Reading2)b)Dr. John.R.Darseewasfoundtohavefabricatedmuchdataformorethan100papers.(Reading2)c)AscientistattheLawrenceBerkeleyLaboratoryfakedwhatbeenhailedascrucialevidencelinkingpowerlinestocancerin1999.(Reading2)d)AtBellLabs,aseriesofextraordinaryclaimssuddenlycollapsedin2002.(Reading2)e)TheBMJsaidthatitpublisheditsownversionofanIndianresearchinApril1982andthatithadlaterinvestigatedseriousquestionsaboutthevalidityoftheresearchformorethanadecadebeforespeakingout.(Reading3)Reading about the TopicTask 8Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise54综合学术英语教程Unit3)Whichwaysofcombatingscientificfraudaresuggestedorimpliedinthetworeadings?a)Bardishonestyandbadresearchwithatriplesafetynet.b)Passnewlawsandsetupgovernmentinvestigativebodies.c) Journal editors should take collective action to enhance theircredibility.d) National investigative bodies and professional associations thatoverseescientificresearchshouldprovidethenecessaryaid.e)Alliancesbetweenuniversityresearchersincountriesandbetweeninstitutionsshouldworktogether.f) The addition of outsiders, and perhaps scientists from othercountries, who know the field and can help ensure that theinvestigationwillretainitsobjectivity.Reading about the TopicTask 8Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise55综合学术英语教程Unit4) Explain the phenomenon: Many great discoveries have beenmadeinmedicalresearch(Unit5),butfraudalsomostfrequentlytakeplaceinmedicalresearch.Reading about the TopicTask 8Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise56综合学术英语教程Unit1) Now experts believe that the science developing very quicklyaround the globe has made the problem even worse, for mostcountrieshavenottakenextrameasuresthattheUnitedStateshasputintopractice.(Para.A)Experts now say that the explosive growth of science around theglobehasmadetheproblemfarworse,becausemostcountrieshaveyettoinstitutetheextrameasuresthattheUnitedStateshasputinplace.2)Thefactthatthenumberofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworldhasrisendramaticallyhelpstocausetheproblem.(Para.C)Contributing to the problem is a drastic rise in the number ofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworld.Reading about the TopicTask 9Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise57综合学术英语教程Unit3)Itwasmoreandmoredifficulttodestroyfraudcompletelybecausemostcountrieseitherhadunevenprotectivemeasuresorhadnoneofthem.(Para.B)Fraudwasbecomingincreasinglydifficulttorootoutbecausemostcountriesprotectivemeasureswereeitherpatchyoraltogetherabsent.4)Dr.KennedystressedthatthemagazinehadntaccusedDr.Hwangoffraud.(Para.N)Dr.KennedyemphasizedthatthemagazinehadmadenoaccusationsoffraudagainstDr.Hwang.5)Expertwarnedthatthecommitteeshouldaddoutsiders,andperhapsscientistsfromothercountriestomakeitmorecredible.(Para.Q)Expertscautionedthatthecommitteescredibilityrequirestheadditionofoutsiders,andperhapsscientistsfromothercountries.Reading about the TopicTask 9Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise58综合学术英语教程UnitSummarize Paragraphs A, B of Reading 3 using one sentence only. Coupled with the explosive growth of science is the rise in scientific scandals because of the absence of certain measures in many countries to investigate suspicions of fraud.Reading about the TopicTask 10Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise59综合学术英语教程UnitExploring the TopicReading 4/Language Pointsbreedv.tokeepandtakecareofanimalsorplantsinordertoproducemoreanimalsorplantsofaparticularkinde.g.Shebelievesthatwearebreedingagenerationofchildrenwhoknownothingaboutthehistoryoftheircountry.integrityn.thequalityofbeinghonestandfaire.g.Shehadtheintegritytorefusetocompromiseonmattersofprinciple.proposev.tosuggest(something,suchasaplanortheory)toapersonorgroupofpeopletoconsidere.g.Severalsenatorshaveproposedraisingthetax.Integrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic60综合学术英语教程Unitsentimentn.anattitudeoropinione.g.Hiscriticismofthecourtsdecisionexpressesasentimentthatissharedbymanypeople.stressfuladj.fulloforcausingstress:makingyoufeelworriedoranxiouse.g.Ihadastressfuldayatworktoday.n.stressreputationn. the common opinion that people have aboutsomeoneorsomething:thewayinwhichpeoplethinkofsomeoneorsomethinge.g.Hehasearnedareputationasafirst-classplaywright.Reading 4Language PointsIntegrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic61综合学术英语教程Unitcriticaladj.expressingcriticismordisapprovale.g.Theprogrampresentsacriticalanalysisofthegovernmentsstrategies.strainn.worrycausedbyhavingtodealwithaproblemorworktoohardoveralongperiodoftimee.g.Thetrialhasbeenaterriblestrainforbothofus.impose v. to cause (something, such as a tax, fine, rule, orpunishment) to affect someone or something by using yourauthoritye.g.Ineededtobreakfreefromthelimitsimposedbymyownfearoffailure.Reading 4Language PointsIntegrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic62综合学术英语教程Unitdeviantadj.differentfromwhatisconsideredtobenormalormorallycorrecte.g.Somestudiesshowthatmanyviolentcriminalsbeginexhibitingdeviantbehaviorinearlychildhood.criminaln.apersonwhohascommittedacrimeorwhohasbeenprovedtobeguiltyofacrimebyacourte.g.Teenagersshouldnotbesenttoprisonwithhardenedcriminals.n.crimeacademian.thelife,community,orworldofteachers,schools,andeducatione.g.Shefoundthebusinessworldverydifferentfromacademia.Reading 4Language PointsIntegrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic63综合学术英语教程UnitExploring the TopicTask 41)TheSouthKoreanscandalthatshooktheworldofsciencelastweek is just one sign of a global explosion in research that isoutstrippingthemechanismsmeanttoguardagainsterrorandfraud.TheSouthKoreanscandalthatcausedquiteastirinthescientificworld last week reveals just a symptom of a global explosion inresearch that is going beyond the mechanisms for rooting outmalfeasance.2)Andasresearcharoundtheglobehasincreased,mostwithoutthebenefit of such safeguards, so have the cases of scientificmisconduct.Withresearchexpandingglobally,mostresearchcannotbenefitfromsuchsafeguardsagainstscientificmisconducts.Integrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic64综合学术英语教程UnitExploring the TopicTask 43) To be sure, most scientists resist pressures to cut corners andadheretothecannonsofscience,honoringthetruthaboveallelse.Surelythemajorityofscientistsgiveprioritytothetruth,holdingontotheprinciplesofscience,insteadofgivingintopressurestoscampandfakethework.4) Fraud was becoming increasingly difficult to root out becausemostcountriesprotectivemeasureswereeitherpatchyoraltogetherabsent.Eliminating fraud was more and more difficult as safeguardmechanismswereeitherdeficientorlackinginmostcountries.5) Contributingto the problem is a drastic rise in the number ofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworld.Anexplosionofscientificjournalspublishedaroundtheworldleadstotheproblem.Integrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic65综合学术英语教程UnitExploring the TopicTask 5Misconductisdetrimentaltoscientificprogressin many ways: it can result in honest researchers being disfavoured in thecompetitionforgrantsMoreover, it createsabottleneckCases of researcher misconduct can also lead to extensivenegativecoverageinthepressIntegrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic66综合学术英语教程UnitExploring the TopicTask 6Weshouldbefarmorescaredofmosquitoesthanweareofbears;butwerenot.Why not?Itshardtobesure,but my guess is thatithastodowiththewayourbrainsareworked. Just asthemoosefears the wolf, we easily fear lions and bears because theconnectionbetweendangerandtheanimalisclearandimmediate.Itisharder,Isuspect,todevelopfearofamosquitobecausethedeadly fever it brings does not happen straight after the bite.Instead, thereisatimedelayofdays,weeksoryears. In fact,theconnectionbetweenmosquitobitesandmalarialfeveris soobscurethat wewerentsureofituntil1897.Butourancestorshavebeenmakingconnectionsbetweenpredatorsanddeathforages.Integrated ExerciseReading about the TopicApproaching the Topic67综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 21_slavery_foreigninvestment_discrimination_onesway2_additionalstudy_consideration_attention_continueddiscussionaugmentextractrawbarmeritretainretractassembleidentifyimposeenhancemanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic68综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 23_efforts_payments_power_security4_handwriting_onesbaggage_thefactors_onesprioritiesaugmentextractrawretainretractassembleidentifyimposeenhancemanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic69综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 25_information_oil_data_resources6_earlierstatements_thecontract_accusations_onessupportextractrawretainretractassembleimposeenhancemanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic70综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 27_data_eggs_beginners_silk8_onesbeauty_thequality_onesknowledge_onesreputationrawretainassembleimposeenhancemanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic71综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 29_fines_oneswill_constraints_punishments10_onesbeauty_thequality_onesknowledge_onesreputationretainassembleimposemanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic72综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 211_vigor_theinterest_theconfidence_allrecords12_acomputer_asituation_people_publicopinionsretainmanipulateApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic73综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 3fraudfraudulentfraudulencepublishpublicationpublishedpublisherfinancefinancialfinancierhonesthonestydishonestydishonestinvestigateinvestigativeinvestigationconductmisconductconductivesuspicionsuspicioussuspectsuspiciouslyextractextractionextractorn.欺骗adj.欺骗性的n.欺骗行为v.出版n.出版物 adj.已出版的 n.出版者n.财政adj.财政的 n.金融家adj.诚实的n.诚实 n.不诚实 adj.不诚实的v.调查adj.研究的n.调查v.实施n.不正当的行为 adj.传导的n.猜疑adj.怀疑的 v.怀疑 adv.怀疑地v.选取n.提取 n.提取者Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic74综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 3distortdistorteddistortionperceptionperceiveperceptiveperceptiblecitecitationciteableretainretainablecautioncautiouscautiouslyrespondrespondentresponseinstituteinstitutioninstitutionalignoreignoranceignorableassessassessmentassessableconsistconsistencyconsistentcontributecontributioncontributorcontributoryv.歪曲adj.受到曲解的n.扭曲n.理解 v.察觉adj.观察入微的adj.可察觉的v.引用 n.引用adj.可引用的v.保持adj.可保留的v.提醒/警告adj.谨慎的 adv.谨慎地v.回应n.被告n.答复v.制定n.公共机构 adj.制度上的v.忽视n.无知adj.可以忽视的v.评估n.评估adj.可估定的v.由组成 n.一致性 adj.一致的v.贡献n.贡献n.贡献者adj.贡献的Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic75综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 3(1) The laboratory was accused of having _ test results. (false)(2) For a politicianto cheat on his wife in America is a sign of_.(honest)(3) They called for the establishment of independent expertcommittees to investigate claims of scientific _.(conduct)(4) Some business schools have a zero-tolerance policy when itcomestoplagiarismor_work.(fraud)(5)Inrecentyears,_statisticshaveassumedincreasingimportanceinassessingthequalityofapieceofresearch.(cite)falsified dishonestymisconductfraudulentcitationApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic76综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 3(6)Youshouldbe_ofthesedistractions,butallowyourselftheoccasionaldistractiontobreakupyourday.(caution)(7)Begintothinkfromthestandpointoftheeternaltruthsandprinciplesoflifeandnotfromthestandpointoffear,_,andsuperstition.(ignore)(8)Butaboveall,themostsignificant_theywillmakewillbehowitaffectsthesubjectspsychologically.(assess)(9)Therehasbeena_shiftinconsumerprioritiesawayfromthehomeandtowardsleisureparticularlyholidaysandfashion.(perceive)(10)Werefedupwiththemediascontinuing_ofourissues.(distort)cautiousignoranceassessmentperceptibledistortionApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic77综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 4(1)modifyA.adapt B.adjustC.alterD.qualify(2)highlightA.overlookB.emphasizeC.stressD.underscore(3)spotA.blurB.makeoutC.recognizeD.identify(4)noteA.indicateB.mentionC.putforwardD.remarkApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic78综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 4(5)confirmA.approveB.assureC.validateD.deny(6)reproduceA.recreateB.repeatC.cultivateD.copy(7)incentiveA.motivationB.discouragement C.stimulusD.motive(8)alternativeA.substituteB.replacementC.choice D.hesitationApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic79综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 4(9)splitA.divide B.crackC.uniteD.break(10)ingredientA.elementB.componentC.factorD.panelApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic80综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 5(1)Weallknowthatthesechemicalshaveaharmfuleffectontheenvironment.Itiswell-knownthatthesechemicalshaveadetrimentalimpactontheenvironment.(2)TheygaveherascholarshiptostudyabroadforoneyearbecauseshedidwellinGRE.TheyawardedheragranttostudyabroadforoneyearbecausesheperformedwellinGRE.(3)Temperatureswillriseveryquicklyovertheweekend,saytheweatherforecasters.Temperatures will soar over the weekend, say the weatherforecasters.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic81综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 5(4)Thedevelopersgavebuildingplanstothecouncilforapproval.Thedeveloperssubmittedbuildingplanstothecouncilforvalidation.(5)Womensmagazinesareoftenconsideredtobeskin-deep.Womensmagazinesareoftenperceivedtobesuperficial.(6)Brierleysbookhasthegoodqualityofprovidingalotofusefulinformation.Brierleysbookhasthemeritofbeinginformative.(7)Everybodybelievedthatthepresidentwasamanofhonestyandstrongmoralprinciples.Noonedoubtedthatthepresidentwasamanofintegrity.(8)WeremovingproductiontoDetriot.WeretransferringproductiontoDetroit.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic82综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 5(9) The reporter mentioned that the football supporters werepreventedfromgettingintothecentreofthetown.Thereporternotedthatthecentreofthetownwasbarredtofootballsupporters.(10) They felt that our discussions with other companies was abreakingofouragreement.They felt that our discussions with other companies constituted abreachofouragreement.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic83综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 7(2)实验的中长期效果尚不得而知。（remaintobeseen）Themediumandlong-termeffectsoftheexperimentremaintobeseen.(3)检查机关有责任为被检查的单位保守技术秘密。（inspecting,haveanobligation）The inspecting authorities shall have the obligation to keep thetechnologicalsecretsoftheunitsinspected.(4)他的实验发现首先贴在一个互联网新闻组，而后众所皆知。（post,burstintopublicview）AttheverybeginninghisexperimentalfindingswerepostedonanInternetnewsgroupandthenburstintopublicview.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic84综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 7(5)他们宣布能克隆人，这一消息震惊全国。（shake）Theirannouncementthathumanbeingscanbeclonedhasshakenthewholecountry.(6)我们应该采取集体行动打击学术不端行为。（takecollectiveaction,fight）Weshouldtakecollectiveactiontofightacademicmisconduct.(7)研究者承认这些区别的数据是零落分散的（acknowledge,patchy）Theresearchersacknowledgethatthedataonthesedifferencesarepatchy.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic85综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesTask 7(8)他的讲座未能使听众的兴趣保持下去。（fail,retain）Hislecturefailedtoretaintheinterestofhisaudience.(9)实验的一次次失败使得那种仪器的缺点不容忽视。（makeimpossibletoignore）Failureafterfailureintheexperimentmadetheweaknessesofthatdeviceimpossibletoignore.(10)这一设想似乎注定要在想象里停留一段时间才能变成现实了。（destined）Thisvisionseemsdestinedtoremainintherealmoftheimaginationforsometimetocometrue.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic86综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesListening 2A.Listening to Listening 2 and choose the best answers to the following questions. B. Listen again and write a short summary of Listening 2 in about 100 words.CBADB12345Apeer-reviewedacademicjournalofpsychologyrefusedtoacceptthearticleswhichtriedtoreplicatethefindingsofapublishedarticleandprovidednegativedata.Thesamethingalsohappensincancerresearchandintheacademicmedicine.Thesearegoodexamplesofpublicationbiasthephenomenonthatunflatteringdatagetslost,getsunpublished.Although those are stories from 20, 30 years ago and the academicpublishingenvironmentisverydifferentnow,thisproblemofnegativeresultsthatgomissinginactionisstillveryprevalent.Weshouldmakeiteasier to publish negative results in science, and scientists should beencouragedtopostmoreoftheirnegativeresultsinpublic.Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic87综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesListening 3C. Listening to Listening 3 and decide whether the following statements are true or false._(1)Theresearchersofthetrialoffishoilpillsclaimedthatfish oil pills improve school performance and behavior inmainstreamchildren._(2)Theproblemofthetrialoffishoilpillsisthatthereisnocontrolgroup._(3)Thespeakerregardstheplaceboeffectastherealreasonforchildrensbetterschoolperformanceandbehaviourinthetrialoffishoilpills._(4)Thespeakerarguesforthetrialsagainstplacebo._(5) In order to get their predictable conclusion, someresearchersinmedicinedontgiveaninsanedose,butverymuchatthehighendofnormalintheirtrial.TrueTrueFalseFalseTrueApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic88综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesListening 3D.Listen again and then fill in the blanks when listening.Butthatsnotenough.WhatIvejustshownyouareexamplesoftheverysimpleandstraightforwardwaysthatjournalistsandfood supplement pill peddlers distort evidence for their ownpurposes.WhatIfindreallyfascinatingisthatthepharmaceuticalindustry uses exactlythe same kinds of tricks and devices, but slightlymoresophisticatedversionsofthem,inordertodistorttheevidencethattheygivetodoctorsandpatients,andwhichweusetomakevitallyimportantdecisions.Sofirstly,trialsagainstplacebo:everybodythinkstheyknowthat a trial should be a comparison of your new drug againstplacebo.Butactuallyinalotofsituationsthatswrong.12345Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic89综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesListening 3Because often we already have a very good treatment that iscurrentlyavailable,sowedontwanttoknowthatyouralternativenewtreatmentisbetterthannothing.Wewanttoknowthatitsbetterthanthebestcurrentlyavailabletreatmentthatwehave.Andyet,youconsistentlyseepeopledoingtrialsstillagainstplacebo.Andyoucangetlicensetobringyourdrugtomarketwithonlydatashowingthatitsbetterthannothing,whichisuselessforadoctorlikemetryingtomakeadecision.Butthatsnottheonlywayyoucanmanipulateyourdata.Youcanalsomanipulateyourdatabymakingthethingyoucompareyournewdrugagainstreallyrubbish.Youcangivethecompetingdrugintoolowadose,sothatpeoplearentproperlytreated.Youcangivethecompetingdrugintoohighadose,sothatpeoplegetsideeffects.6789101112Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic90综合学术英语教程UnitIntegrated ExercisesListening 3And this is exactly what happened 20 years ago when a newgenerationofantipsychoticdrugswerebroughtinandthepromisewasthattheywouldhavefewersideeffects.Sopeoplesetaboutdoingtrialsofthesenewdrugsagainsttheolddrugs,buttheygavetheolddrugsinridiculouslyhighdoses20milligramsadayofhaloperidol.Anditsapredictableconclusion,ifyougiveadrugatthathighadose,thatitwillhavemoresideeffectsandthatyournewdrugwilllookbetter.131415Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topic91综合学术英语教程UnitAdditional ActivitiesSentence ParaphrasingApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the TopicSentence1ParaphrasingCases of researcher misconduct, particularly in areas with potential social implications, such as stem cells, cancer research or climate change can also lead to extensive negative coverage in the press and have the potential to reduce confidence in the scientific process.Cases of researcher misconduct, particularly in areas with potential social implications, such as stem cells, cancer research or climate change can also cause extensive negative coverage in the media and have the potential to reduce confidence in the scientific process.92综合学术英语教程UnitAdditional ActivitiesSentence ParaphrasingApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the TopicSentence2ParaphrasingExperts now say that the explosive growth of science around the globe has made the problem far worse because most countries have yet to institute the extra measures that the United States has put in place.Experts now say that the a lot of growth of science around the globe has made the problem far worse because most countries have yet to institute the extra measures that the United States has put in place.93综合学术英语教程UnitAdditional ActivitiesSentence ParaphrasingApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the TopicSentence3ParaphrasingAnd up to 60 percent admitted to lesser types of undesirable behavior such as careless handling of radioactive material or inadequately monitoring research due to work overload. And up to 60 percent of lesser types of undesirable behavior such as careless handling of radioactive material or inadequately monitoring research is because of working overload. 94综合学术英语教程UnitAdditional Activities Blank-FillingDirections:Fill the blanks with the proper prepositions. 1.Parentsofeithersexshouldbewareofimposingtheirowntastes_theirchildren.2.Sheadhered_thestrictIslamicdresscode.3.WiththatamountofmoneyIshouldbeabletoengage_someprofitablebusiness.4.Shehasbeenintenselydevotingherself_thestudyofforeignlanguagesincollege5.Herassistantwasaccused_theftandfraudbythepolice.ononApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the Topictotoinintotoofof95综合学术英语教程UnitAdditional ActivitiesGroup Research ProjectApproaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the TopicInwritingacademic-relatedpapers,plagiarismistheunforgiveablemistakethatseverelybreaktheethiccode.However,somepeoplearguethattheyhaveunconsciouslydoneitbecausetheysimplyneedtociteotherswork.Compare“plagiarism”with“citation”thoroughly. Findoutthedifferencesbetweenthem.Then present to other groups how toavoidplagiarismandwhatisthestandardwayofcitation.96综合学术英语教程UnitThe End97综合学术英语教程Unit