coverUnit 11BeautyContentspageContentsLearningObjectivesPre-readingActivitiesGlobalReadingDetailedReadingConsolidationActivitiesFurtherEnhancementLearningObjectivesLearning Objectives Rhetoricalskill:classification,contrastKeylanguage&grammarpointsWritingstrategies:argumentativewritingTheme:beautyand“againstinterpretation”Pre-R:pictureactivationWhich of the above is beautiful? Why do you think so?Picture Activation | Pre-questionsPre-R:pictureactivation-remarksNote:We hardly can judge the above paintings “beauty”,because“beauty”itselfistooabstract.In addition, different people may have different opinionsabouttheconcept.Thequestionis:WhatisyourOWNunderstandingof“beauty”?Picture Activation | Pre-questionsPre-R:pre-Q11.It is believed that almost without exceptioneveryone,menandwomen,oldandyoung,wishestobebeautiful.However,somepeople,nottoomanythough,might look physically beautiful but are mentally ugly.Whatkindofbeautyismoreimportant,internalbeautyorexternalbeauty?Picture Activation | Pre-questionsOpentodiscussion.Pre-R:pre-Q22.Judgmentofbeautyvariesfrompersontoperson.Asthesayinggoes,loveisblind.Doyouthinkthereisanyuniversallyacceptedcriterionforjudgingbeauty?Picture Activation | Pre-questionsOpentodiscussion.G-R:textintroductionThis revealing argumentative essay convincinglyargues that associating beauty with women has putbeautyevenfurtheronthedefensive,anddoesmuchharmtothenotionofbeautyand,inparticular,towomen.Meanwhile,thewriterexposesandcriticizesthesocialprejudicesorsexualbiasagainstwomeninrelationtobeauty.Moreover,shepointsoutthewayforwomentogetoutofthecrudetrapinwhichtheyhavebeencaughtfortoolongandcallsonpeopletodosomethingtosavebeautyfromwomenandforwomen.Text Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R:culture-note-SocratesSocrates(Paragraph1)(469-399BC) a Greek philosopher, who profoundlyaffected Western philosophy through his influence onPlato.Socratesbelievedinthesuperiorityofargumentoverwritingandthereforespentthegreaterpartofhismature life in the marketplace and public places ofAthens,engagingindialogueandargumentwithanyonewhowouldlistenorwhowouldsubmittointerrogation.Socrateswasreportedlyunattractiveinappearanceandshortofstaturebutwasalsoextremelyhardyandself-controlled.Heachievedsocialpopularitybecauseofhisready wit and a keen sense of humor that wascompletelydevoidofsatireorcynicism.Text Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R:culture-note-RedfordRedford,Robert(Paragraph7)(1937-), an American actor, director, and producer,known for his intelligence, striking appearance, andcommercialsuccessText Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R:culture-note-CocteauCocteau,Jean(Paragraph8)(1889-1963), a French poet,novelist,dramatist,designer,andfilmmaker,whowasinternationally famous for hisversatility,unconventionality,andenormousoutputText Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R:author-1“Beauty”Whatismostbeautifulinvirilemenis something feminine; what ismostbeautifulinfemininewomenissomethingmasculine.(Against Interpretation, “Notes onCamp”)Text Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R:author-2Sontag, Susan (1933-2004),JewishAmericanwriter,knownfor her philosophical writingson modern culture. Born inNew York City, Sontag waseducatedattheuniversitiesofCalifornia,Chicago,andParisand at Harvard University.During the 1960s and 1970sSontagsessaysandobservations had a stronginfluence on the Americancounterculture.Text Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R:author-3Works：(1963)The Benefactor恩主(1966)Against Interpretation(includesNoteson“Camp”)反对阐释(1977)On Photography论摄影(1978)Illness as Metaphor疾病的隐喻(1980)Under the Sign of Saturn在土星的光环下Text Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R:author-4QuotesfromAgainst Interpretation反对阐释“theunderstandingofartstartsfromintuitiveresponseandnotfromanalysisorintellectualconsiderations”；interpretationhadbecome“theintellectsrevengeuponart”；“inplaceofahermeneuticsweneedaneroticsofart”；“Real art has the capacity to make us nervous. Byreducing the work of art to its content and theninterpretingthat,onetamestheworkofart.”；“Itsbeautiful,becauseitsawful”Text Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructureG-R:structuralanalysisText Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | StructurePart 1(1-3) contrasts the ancient notion of “beauty” with themodernconcepttointroducethetopic.Part 2(4-7) illustrates how women and men are viewed/treateddifferently to support the argument: the oppression ofwomen.Part 3(8-9) points out how societys gender stereotypes haveaffectedadverselythedevelopmentofwomen.Part 4(10)callsonwomenandthewholesocietytogetoutofthetrap created by the “myth of beauty” and the resultingoppressionofwomen.DR-p1atextBEAUTYSusanSontag1.FortheGreeks,beautywasavirtue:akindofexcellence.Personsthenwereassumedtobewhatwenowhavetocalllamely,enviouslywholepersons2.If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between apersonsinsideandoutside,theystillexpectedthatinnerbeautywouldbematchedbybeautyoftheotherkind.Detailed ReadingDR-p1btextThe well-born young Athenians who gathered aroundSocratesfounditquiteparadoxicalthattheirherowassointelligent,sobrave,sohonorable,soseductiveandsougly.OneofSocratesmainpedagogicalactswastobeuglyandteachthoseinnocent,nodoubtsplendid-lookingdisciplesofhishowfullofparadoxeslifereallywas.Detailed ReadingDR-p2text2.TheymayhaveresistedSocrateslesson.Wedonot.Severalthousandyearslater,wearemorewaryoftheenchantmentsofbeauty.Wenotonlysplitoffwith the greatest facility the inside (character,intellect)fromtheoutside(looks);butweareactuallysurprised when someone who is beautiful is alsointelligent,talented,good.Detailed ReadingDR-p3text3.It was principally the influence of Christianity thatdeprivedbeautyofthecentralplaceithadinclassicalideals of human excellence. By limiting excellence(virtus in Latin) to moral virtue only, Christianity setbeauty adrift as an alienated, arbitrary, superficialenchantment. And beauty has continued to loseprestige.Forclosetotwocenturiesithasbecomeaconvention to attribute beauty to only one of the twosexes:thesexwhich,howeverFair,isalwaysSecond.Associating beauty with women has put beauty evenfurtheronthedefensive,morally.Detailed ReadingDR-p4text4. A beautiful woman, we say in English. But ahandsomeman.Handsomeisthemasculineequivalentofandrefusalofacomplimentwhichhasaccumulatedcertaindemeaningovertones,bybeingreserved for women only. That one can call a manbeautifulinFrenchandinItaliansuggeststhatCatholiccountries unlike those countries shaped by theProtestant version of Christianity still retain somevestiges of the pagan admiration for beauty. But thedifference, if one exists, is of degree only. In everymodern country that is Christian or post-Christian,womenarethebeautifulsextothedetrimentofthenotionofbeautyaswellasofwomen.Detailed ReadingDR-p5atext5.Tobecalledbeautifulisthoughttonamesomethingessential to womens character and concerns. (Incontrasttomenwhoseessenceistobestrong,oreffective,orcompetent.)Itdoesnottakesomeoneinthethroesofadvancedfeministawarenesstoperceivethatthewaywomenaretaughttobeinvolvedwithbeautyencourages narcissism, reinforces dependence andimmaturity.Detailed ReadingDR-p5btextEverybody (women and men) knows that. For it iseverybody, a whole society, that has identified beingfemininewithcaringabouthowonelooks.(Incontrasttobeingmasculinewhichisidentifiedwithcaringaboutwhat one is and does and only secondarily, if at all,abouthowonelooks.)Giventhesestereotypes,itisnowonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixedreputation.Detailed ReadingDR-p6text6.Itisnot,ofcourse,thedesiretobebeautifulthatiswrong but the obligation to be or to try. What isacceptedbymostwomenasaflatteringidealizationoftheirsexisawayofmakingwomenfeelinferiortowhattheyactuallyareornormallygrowtobe.Fortheidealofbeautyisadministeredasaformofself-oppression.Womenaretaughttoseetheirbodiesinparts,andtoevaluate each part separately. Breasts, feet, hips,waistline,neck,eyes,nose,complexion,hairandsooneachinturnissubmittedtoananxious,fretful,oftendespairingscrutiny.Evenifsomepassmuster,somewillalwaysbefoundwanting.Nothinglessthanperfectionwilldo.Detailed ReadingDR-p7text7.Inmen,goodlooksisawhole,somethingtakeninata glance. It does not need to be confirmed by givingmeasurementsofdifferentregionsofthebody.Nobodyencouragesamantodissecthisappearance,featurebyfeature.Asforperfection,thatisconsideredtrivial-almostunmanly.Indeed,intheideallygood-lookingmanasmallimperfectionorblemishisconsideredpositivelydesirable.Accordingtoonemoviecritic(awoman)whoisadeclaredRobertRedfordfan,itishavingthatclusterofskin-coloredmolesononecheekthatsavesRedfordfrom being merely a pretty face. Think of thedepreciationofwomenaswellasofbeauty-thatisimpliedinthatjudgment.Detailed ReadingDR-p8text8.The privileges of beauty are immense, saidCocteau. To be sure, beauty is a form of power. Anddeservedlyso.Whatislamentableisthatitistheonlyformofpowerthatmostwomenareencouragedtoseek.Thispowerisalwaysconceivedinrelationtomen;itisnotthepowertodobutthepowertoattract.Itisapowerthatnegatesitself.Forthispowerisnotonethatcanbechosenfreelyorrenouncedwithoutsocialcensure.Detailed ReadingDR-p9text9.Topreen,forawoman,canneverbejustapleasure.Itisalsoaduty.Itisherwork.Ifawomandoesrealwork and even if she has clambered up to a leadingpositioninpolitics,law,medicine,business,orwhateversheisalwaysunderpressuretoconfessthatshestillworksatbeingattractive.ButinsofarassheiskeepingupasoneoftheFairSex,shebringsundersuspicionher very capacity to be objective, professional,authoritative, and thoughtful. Damned if they do -womenare.Anddamnediftheydont.Detailed ReadingDR-p10atext10. One could hardly ask for more importantevidenceofthedangersofconsideringpersonsassplitbetweenwhatisinsideandwhatisoutsidethanthatinterminablehalf-comichalf-tragictale,theoppressionofwomen.Howeasyitistostartoffbydefiningwomenascaretakersoftheirsurfaces,andthentodisparagethem(or find them adorable) for being superficial. It is acrudetrap,andithasworkedfortoolong.Detailed ReadingDR-p10btextButtogetoutofthetraprequiresthatwomengetsomecriticaldistancefromthatexcellenceandprivilegewhichis beauty, enough distance to see how much beautyitself has been abridged in order to prop up themythologyofthefeminine.Thereshouldbeawayofsavingbeautyfromwomenandforthem.Detailed ReadingDR:p1-3AnalysisParagraph1-3AnalysisThesethreeparagraphs,thebeginningpartoftheessay,reviewthechangesinthenotionandpositionofbeautyfromtheangleofhistoryandassertthatforalmosttwohundred years, it has become a habitual practice tocredit beauty with the weaker sex, which is alwayssecondaryinstatus,nomatterhowbeautifulitis,andthat attributing beauty to women has rendered beautyevenmoremorallyvulnerable.Detailed ReadingDR:p4-9AnalysisParagraph4-9AnalysisIn these paragraphs, the major part of the essay, theauthorarguesthatassociatingbeautywithwomendoesmuchharmtothenotionofbeautyandinparticulartowomen and abridges their rights and interests.Meanwhile,thewriterexposesandcriticizesthesocialprejudices against women in relation to beauty. Shedefendswomensrightsandinterestsbycriticizingthewrong viewpoints concerning beauty and women andexpressingherownopinionswithoutreserve.Detailed ReadingDR:p10AnalysisParagraph10AnalysisInthisparagraph,theconclusionoftheessay,thewriterpointsoutthattheoppressionofwomenmakesupaninterminable half-comic half-tragic tale,and thattogetout of the crude trap women are required to examinebeautyobjectively sothattheymayrealize howmuchbeautyitselfhasbeenabridged.Finally,theauthorcallsonpeopletodosomethingtosavebeautyfromwomenandforwomen.Detailed ReadingDR-Questions-p1Paragraph1:QuestionWhatisthefunctionoffirstsentenceofthisparagraph?Canyouinterpretthissentence?Detailed ReadingItisatransitionalsentence.Greek consider beauty as whole, so students ofSocratesmayresisthimbecausehewasugly. Yet,wedonot,sincewehadsplitthe“beauty”off,say,“inside”and“outside”.DR-Questions-p1-2Paragraph1-2:QuestionWhat is the contrast mentioned in the first twoparagraphs?Detailed ReadingItisthecontrastbetweenthedifferentnotionsofbeautyheldbytheancientGreeksandthemodernmenwe:theGreeksconsideredbeautytobeavirtue,andtheyseldomdistinguished between a persons inside and outsideand invariably expected that inner beauty would bematched by outward beauty; but nowadays we do theopposite.DR-Questions-p1-3Detailed ReadingReadParagraph1through3,trytosummarizethechangingofthenotionof“beauty”.DR-Questions-p4-1Paragraph4:Questions1. Do you think Sontag will agree that “handsome”meanstomenwhat“beautiful”doestowomen?Detailed Reading“Handsome” dose not have the demeaning overtones“beautiful”has.DR-Questions-p4-2Paragraph4:Questions2.WhydoesSontagthinkthatregardingwomenasthebeautifulsexisdetrimentaltoboththenotionofbeautyandthatofwomen?Detailed ReadingItdepreciatesthenotionofbeauty,andimpliesasexuallyunfairjudgmentofwomen.DR-Questions-p5Paragraph5:QuestionWhatdoesSontagrefertoby“stereotypes”inthelastsentenceofparagraph5?Detailed ReadingFixednotionoftwosexes;whatpeoplegenerallythinkamanorwomanshouldbelike.DR-Questions-p6Paragraph6:QuestionCanyouthinkofanyconcreteexamplesof“aflatteringidealizationoftheirsex”inparagraph6?Detailed ReadingExamples of “a flattering idealization of their sex”:beauty contests, sex symbols, super model coversDR-Questions-p6-7Paragraph7:QuestionContrast paragraph 6 with paragraph 7, do you thinksocietyisfairinexpectationsofmenandwomenwithregardtotheirlooks?Defendyouropinions.Detailed ReadingOpentodiscussion.DR-Questions-p8Paragraph8:QuestionWhatdoestheauthorsuggestbyinsistingbeautyisapowerthatnegatesitself?Detailed ReadingItisgenerallyaccepted,perhaps,thatbeautyisaformofpower. However,itisquitelamentablethatitistheonlyformofpowerthatmostwomenareencouragedtoseek.Yet,itisnotthepowertoactorperformbutthepowertoattract people, probably the male. Moreover, women donot have the freedom to accept or deny the power, buttheyonlyhavetheobligationtoretainitwiththeapprovalofsociety.Thatiswhattheauthorsuggestsinarguingthatbeautyisapowerthatnegatesitself.DR-Questions-p9Paragraph9:QuestionHowisthewordpreentobeinterpretedinparagraph9?Detailed ReadingPreening,abirdsself-makeupbehavior,inreferencetoawoman, isfarmore thanapleasure. Itisher work,hersocialcommitmentbecausesheisalwaysunderpressureto confess that she still works at being attractive eventhoughsheisholdingashighapositionasaman.Intheauthorsview,preening,womensmaking-upforbeauty,isactuallyatrap,fromwhichtheyshouldkeepafardistance.DR-Questions-p10aParagraph10:Question1.Whatdoes“themythologyofthefeminine”mean?Detailed ReadingThetraditional/conventionalizedbutfalsenotionofwhatwomenshouldbelike.DR-Questions-p10bDetailed Reading2.Whatisthewritersattitude?The writer thinks that women have been caught in thecrude trap for too long and, therefore, maintains thatsomeactionshouldbetakentosavebeautyfromwomenandprotectwomensrightsandinterests.LPT-ifitdidoccurtotheGreeksto“IfitdidoccurtotheGreekstodistinguishbetweenapersonsinsideandoutside,theystillexpectedthatinnerbeautywouldbematchedbybeautyoftheotherkind.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseIftheGreeksdidthinkofdistinguishingbetweenapersons inner qualities and outward looks, they stillexpectedthatthepersonwhopossessedinnerbeautyshouldpossessasmuchoutwardbeauty.LPT-matchmatchvt.tobeequalto;findsb.orsth.thatfitsorcorrespondstoDetailed Reading1.Noonecanmatchheratchess.2.We try to match the applicants with appropriatevacancies.e.g.LPT-paradoxicalparadoxicaladj.seeminglyabsurdorcontradictory,evenifactuallywell-founded;conflictingwithapreconceivednotionofwhatisreasonableorpossibleDetailed Readinge.g.1.Thespeakermadesomeparadoxical statements.2.Hisparadoxicalremarksseemabsurdorcontradictory,buttheyareactuallytrue.3.Itseemsparadoxicalthatthereshouldbeahandfulofrichpeopleinfaceofmillionsofpoorpeople.LPT-seductiveseductiveadj.attractive;tendingtoseduce,charmortemptsb.Detailed Readinge.g.1.Herseductivesmileattractssomanyyoungpeople.2.This offer of a high salary and a free house is veryseductivetotheapplicants.LPT-oneofSocratesmain“OneofSocratesmainpedagogicalactswastobeugly-andteachthoseinnocent,nodoubtsplendid-lookingdisciplesofhishowfullofparadoxeslifereallywas.”Detailed ReadingParaphrase Socrates not-so-agreeable looks served as animportant means in educating his followers who wereintellectually immature, but undoubtedly handsome; ithelped illustrate his teaching that life was really full ofabsurdorcontradictorythings.LPT-theymayhaveresisted“TheymayhaveresistedSocrateslesson.”Detailed ReadingParaphrase His disciples may have refused to accept whatSocratestaughtthem.LPT-wedonotseveralthousandyearslater“Wedonot.Severalthousandyearslater,wearemorewaryoftheenchantmentsofbeauty.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseWedonotresistSocrateslesson.Severalthousandyearslater,wearemorecautiousaboutthecharmsofbeauty.LPT-warywaryadj.cautiousandwatchfulDetailed Readinge.g.1.Childrenareusuallytoldtobewaryofstrangers.2.Theguardsarekeepingawaryeyeontheguyloafinginthelobby.LPTwenotonlysplitoff“Wenotonlysplitoffwiththegreatestfacilitytheinside(character,intellect)fromtheoutside(looks);but we are actually surprised when someone who isbeautifulisalsointelligent,talented,good.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseWenotonlydistinguishwiththegreatesteaseapersonscharacterorintellectfromhis/heroutwardlooks,but also feel quite surprised when someone is bothbeautifulandintelligent,talented,andgood.LPTfacilityfacilityn.anabilitytodosth.easilyoreffortlesslyDetailed Readinge.g.1.The thief ran and dodged with such facility thatthepolicemenalmostfailedtocatchhim.2.IcanhardlybelievethatyouspeakEnglishwithsuchfacility.LPTitwasprincipallytheinfluenceof“It was principally the influence of Christianity thatdeprivedbeautyofthecentralplaceithadinclassicalidealsofhumanexcellence.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseItwaschieflyduetotheinfluenceofChristianitythatbeauty lost its most important position which it hadoccupied in ideal virtues, embodied in the art andliteratureofancientGreeceandRome.LPTclassicalclassicaladj.of,relatingtoorinfluencedbytheartandliteratureofancient Greece and Rome; (of music) serious andtraditionalinstyle;simple,restrainedandharmoniousinstyleDetailed Readinge.g.1.Aclassical educationisonebasedonthestudyofLatinandGreek.2.SheisstudyingtheclassicalmusicofIndia.3.The style of the architecture is characterized by aclassicalelegance.LPT-bylimitingexcellence“By limiting excellence (virtus in Latin) to moral virtueonly, Christianity set beauty adrift as an alienated,arbitrary,superficialenchantment.”Detailed ReadingParaphrase By confining excellence (virtus in Latin) to moralvirtue only, Christianity rendered beauty indefinite orunfixedinmeaning,regardingitasakindofestrangedandshallowcharmdeterminedonlybypersonalopinionorimpulse.LPT-alienatealienatevt.to estrange sb.; cause sb. to become unfriendly orindifferentDetailed Readinge.g.1.The Prime Ministers policy alienated many of herfollowers.2.Manyartistsfeelalienatedfromsociety.LPT-arbitraryarbitraryadj.basedonpersonalopinionorimpulse,notonprinciplesorreason;usinguncontrolledpowerwithoutconsideringothers,dictatorial,likeadictatorDetailed Readinge.g.1.Thechoiceofplayersfortheteamseemscompletelyarbitrary.2.Anarbitraryrulerwieldshisarbitrarypowers.LPT-andbeautyhascontinuedtoloseprestige“Andbeautyhascontinuedtoloseprestige.”Detailed ReadingParaphrase Because of the influence of Christianity, beauty hascontinuedtosufferalossofmoralsignificance.LPT-prestigeprestigen.respectbasedongoodreputation,pastachievements,etc.;powertoimpressothers,esp.asaresultofwealth,distinction,glamour,etc.Detailed Readinge.g.1.Themansufferedalossofprestigewhenthescandalwaspublicized.2.Sheenjoysprestigeinthecommunity.LPT-forclosetotwocenturiesithasbecome“Forclosetotwocenturiesithasbecomeaconventiontoattributebeautytoonlyoneofthetwosexes:thesexwhich,howeverFair,isalwaysSecond.”Detailed ReadingParaphrase For nearly two hundred years, it has become acustomarypracticetoascribebeautytoonlyoneofthetwo sexes: the female sex, which is always second inposition,nomatterhowfairitis.Note:Bytheway,thefairsexisanexpressionforwomenasawhole.LPT-Associatingbeautywithwomenhasput“Associating beauty with women has put beauty evenfurtheronthedefensive,morally.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseConnectingbeautywithwomenhasplacedbeautyinamorevulnerableposition,formoralreasons.LPT-onthedefensiveonthedefensive:expectingtobeattackedorcriticized;inanattitudeorpositionofdefenseDetailed Readinge.g.1.The team was thrown on the defensive as theiropponentsrallied.2.Talking about boy friends always puts her on the defensive.3.Thetroopsarestandingon the defensive.LPT-handsomeisthemasculineequivalentHandsomeisthemasculineequivalentof-andrefusalof - a compliment which has accumulated certaindemeaning overtones, by being reserved for womenonly.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseThewordhandsomeisusedasacomplimentformenasthewordbeautifulisforwomen;whatsmore,theuseof handsome instead of beautiful in describing menindicatesthatmenareunwillingtoassociatethemselveswith the notion of beauty, because the term hasacquiredsomederogatoryconnotationsasaresultofitsalmostexclusiveuseforwomen.LPT-equivalentequivalentn.acorrespondingthing;anamountofequalvalue,wordofthesamemeaningDetailed Readinge.g.1.Thisnewrefrigeratorcosttheequivalentofmywholemonthssalary.2.IsthereaFrenchwordthatistheexactequivalentoftheEnglishwordhome?LPT-thatonecancallamanbeautiful“Thatonecancall amanbeautiful inFrenchandinItaliansuggeststhatCatholiccountries.retainsomevestigesofthepaganadmirationforbeauty.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseThefactthatamancanbedescribedasbeautifulinFrenchandinItalianindicatesthatthecountrieswhereRomanCatholicism stillexercisesadominantinfluence,different from those influenced greatly by the variant ofChristianReligion adoptedbytheProtestants,stillkeepsome traces of the pagan appreciation and respect ofbeauty.LPT-womenarethebeautifulsex“womenarethebeautifulsextothedetrimentofthenotionofbeautyaswellasofwomen.”Detailed ReadingParaphrase women are the beautiful sex, which does harm orcausesalosstothenotionofbeautyaswellasofwomen.LPT-tothedetrimentofsb.tothedetrimentofsb.orsth.:harmingsb.orsth.Detailed Readinge.g.1.Heworkslonghours,to the detriment ofhishealth.2.Hereadsinpoorlighting,to the detriment ofhiseyes.LPT-ProtestantProtestantn.&adj.(amember)ofanyoftheChristianbodiesthatseparatedfromtheChurchofRomeinthe16thcentury,oroftheirbranchesformedlaterDetailed Readinge.g.1.ThisisaProtestantchurch.2.TheProtestantministerispresidingovertheservice.LPT-versionversionn.anaccountofamatterfromaparticularpointofview;book,etc.inaparticulareditionortranslation;formorvariantofathingasperformed,adapted,etc.Detailed Readinge.g.1.Hisversion ofthematterisclosetothetruth.2.He made a comparison of the original text with theEnglishversion.3.Maryisalovelyversionofhermother.4.LambsversionofShakespeareissimplerandeasiertoread.LPT-vestigevestigen.asignortraceofsth.thatonceexisted;smallremainingpartofwhatonceexisted;(innegativesentences)notevenasmallamountDetailed Readinge.g.1.There are vestiges of an earlier civilization in thiscountry.2.Youcanseevestigesofbeautyinthewomansagingface.3.Yourinvestigationsholdnotavestigeofglamourforme.LPT-paganpagann.sb.thatdoesnotfollowoneoftheworldsmainreligions,but follows a less important religion that is usu.consideredquestionable,esp.sb.thatisnotaChristian,Muslim,orJewDetailed Readinge.g.1.Pagansthoughtthatlunareclipseshappenedwhenawitchhidthemooninacave.2.The young woman was driven away from homebecauseofhermarriagewithapagan.LPT-itdoesnottakesomeoneinthethroes“It does not take someone in the throes of advancedfeministawarenesstoperceivethatthewaywomenaretaughttobeinvolvedwithbeautyencouragesnarcissism,reinforcesdependenceandimmaturity.”Detailed ReadingParaphrase Anyone, not to mention those who endeavour topromote a strong awareness of womens rights, can beaware that the way women are taught to be associatedwith beauty encourages them to harbor abnormal andexcessiveloveandadmirationforthemselves,strengthenstheirsenseofdependence,andcausesthemtodevelopimmaturequalities,e.g.,thelackofwisdomandemotionsnormallyassociatedwithmatureadults.LPT-throesthroesn.severepains;agonizingstruggleDetailed Readinge.g.1.Thethroesofchildbirtharehardtobear.2.TheblackpeopleinthisAfricancountryarestillinthethroesofapartheid.LPT-narcissismnarcissismn. abnormal and excessive love or admiration foroneselfDetailed Readinge.g.1.Hernarcissism isnotwell-grounded.2.Yournarcissismpreventsyoufrommakinganyfurtherprogress.3.Narcissismisapsychologicalterm.LPT-everybodyknowsthatforitiseverybody“Everybody (women and men) knows that. For it iseverybody, a whole society, that has identified beingfemininewithcaringabouthowonelooks.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseEverybody(womenandmen)isawareofthat,foritiseverybody,awholesociety,thathasassociatedwomenwithmuchcareabouttheirlooks.LPT-identifyidentifysth.withsth.else:considersth.tobeidenticalwithsth.else;equatetwothingsDetailed Readinge.g.1.Onecannotidentify wealth withhappiness.2.Wecannotidentify outward beauty withinnerbeauty.LPT-Giventhesestereotypes“Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beautyenjoys,atbest,arathermixedreputation.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseWiththeseconventionallyfixedideas,wefinditlittlewonder that beauty is given, at best, a rather mixedreputation,e.g.,somepeoplepraiseoreulogizeit,orthinkhighlyofitwhileothersnegateitorhavealowopinionofit.LPT-stereotypestereotypen.animage,idea,character,etc.thathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityDetailed Readinge.g.1.Wemustbreakthroughthestereotypes.2.It is necessary to break through the stereotype ofassigningjobsbysex.LPT-ifnotofcoursethedesiretobe“It is not, of course, the desire to be beautiful that iswrongbuttheobligationtobeortotry.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseItgoeswithoutsayingthatthedesiretobebeautifulisnotwrongatall;rather,itistheobligationtobebeautiful-ortotrytobebeautifulthatisabsolutelywrong.NoteHere the writer emphasizes thatitis entirely wrong thatone should devote too much time, energy and effort tomakingoneselfbeautiful.LPT-inferiorinferioradj.loworlowerinrank,socialposition,importance,quality,etc.Detailed Readinge.g.1.Acaptainis inferiortoamajor.2.Youmakemefeelinferior.3.Thefurnitureisofinferiorquality.LPT-fortheidealofbeautyis“Fortheidealofbeautyisadministeredasaformofself-oppression.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseFortheattainmentoftheidealofbeingattractiveputswomenunderpressure.Note:Bytheway,thewordfor,acoordinateconjunction,appearsagainatthebeginningofthesentence.LPT-administeradministervt.toseetoitthatsomethingisputintopracticeDetailed Readinge.g.The Red Cross administered aid and relief in theearthquake-strickenarea.LPT-breastsfeethipswaistline-1“Breasts, feet, hips, waistline, neck, eyes, nose,complexion, hair and so on Even if some passmuster,somewillalwaysbefoundwanting.”Detailed ReadingParaphrase Breasts, feet, hips, waistline, neck, eyes, nose,complexion,hairandsooneachofthesebodypartsissubjected, one by one, to a close and carefulexamination,whilethepersonunderscrutinyismadetofeelanxiousorfretful,andisoftenplungedintodespair.Even though some are accepted as good enough orsatisfactory,somewillalwaysbefoundunsatisfactory.LPT-breastsfeethipswaistline-2Hereitistobenotedthattheadjectives“anxious”,“fretful”, and “despairing” in the phrase “an anxious,fretful,oftendespairingscrutiny”areusedastransferredepithets（移位修辞）forspecialeffect.Itiswellknownthattheseadjectivesarenormallyemployedtodescribepeople. But here they are utilized as attributes toscrutiny, thus creating a special rhetorical effect, orgeneratingamoregraphicallyvividimpression.Detailed ReadingLPT-submitsubmitvt.toyieldto,acceptthecontrol,superiorstrength,etc.ofsb.orsth.;givesth.tosb.sothatitmaybeconsidered,decidedon,etc.Detailed Readinge.g.1.Thegeneralsubmittedtothenewgovernment.2.Weshouldsubmittodiscipline.3.Didyousubmityouressaytoyourtutor?LPT-fretfulfretfuladj.irritableorcomplaining,esp.becauseoneisunhappyorworriedDetailed Reading1.Whatafretful childshehasbecome!2.The fretfulbabyhasbeencryingthewholenight.3.Whatismakingyousofretful?e.g.LPT-passmusterpassmuster:be accepted as adequate or satisfactory; be taken asgoodenoughDetailed Readinge.g.1.Slipshodworkwouldneverpass muster.2.Withfashionableclothesandgoodmake-up,shemighthavepassed muster.3.Suchexcuseswillneverpass musterwithhim.LPT-nothinglessthanperfectionwilldo“Nothinglessthanperfectionwilldo.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseOnlyutmostperfectionwillpassmuster.LPT-itdoesnotneedtobeconfirmed“It does not need to be confirmed by givingmeasurementsofdifferentregionsofthebody.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseAmansappearancedoesnotneedtobeprovenbyprovidingmeasurementsofdifferentpartsofthebody.LPT-Nobodyencouragesamantodissect“Nobodyencouragesamantodissecthisappearance,featurebyfeature.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseNobodyencouragesamantoevaluatehislooksbyexamining,observingandanalyzinghisfeaturesonebyoneinminutedetail.LPT-dissectdissectvt.toexamineoranalyzeindetailDetailed Readinge.g.1.Letsdissect hisproposalandquestionhismotives.2.Afterwatchingamovieorreadinganovel,hecoulddissect itforhours.LPT-asforperfectionthatisconsideredtrivial“As for perfection, that is considered trivial almostunmanly.”Detailed ReadingParaphrasePerfectioninappearance isregardedasinsignificantandalmostuncharacteristicofmen.LPTthinkofthedepreciationofwomen“Think of the depreciation of women as well as ofbeauty-thatisimpliedinthatjudgment.”Detailed ReadingParaphrase Just think of the depreciation of women as well asbeautythatisimpliedbythatjudgment.LPTtobesurebeautyisaformofpower“Tobesure,beautyisaformofpower.Anddeservedlyso.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseItgoeswithoutsayingthatbeautyisakindofpowertoattractpeople.Anditisrightlyso.NoteThesentencefragmentAnd deservedly so.isintentionallymade to be an elliptical to reinforce the expressedmeaning.LPT-deservedlydeservedlyadv.justly,rightly;accordingtowhatisdeservedDetailed Readinge.g.1.Shewasdeservedlypraised.2.Thecriminalwasdeservedlypunished.LPTwhatislamentableisthatitistheonlyform“Whatislamentableisthatitistheonlyformofpowerthatmostwomenareencouragedtoseek.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseWhatisdeplorable isthatbeautyistheonlykindofpowermostwomenareurgedtolookfor.LPT-lamentablelamentableadj.regrettable;deplorable;deservinglamentorregretDetailed Readinge.g.1.Theavalanchecausedalamentablelossofyounglives.2.Thewayhedealtwiththesituationwaslamentable.LPT-thispowerisalwaysconceivedin“Thispowerisalwaysconceivedinrelationtomen;itisnotthepowertodobutthepowertoattract.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseThispowerisalwaystakenashavingtodowithmen;itisnotthepowertodobutthepowertoattractmen.LPT-renouncerenouncevt.(fml.)toagreetogiveupownershiporpossessionofsth.esp.formally;giveupesp.ahabitvoluntarily;abandon;rejectorstopfollowingsb.orsth.Detailed Readinge.g.1.Theformeremperorrenouncedhistitleandprivilege.2.Themanrenouncedalcoholandcigarettes.LPT-censurecensuren.a strong criticism or condemnation; harsh rebuke orreprimandDetailed Readinge.g.1.Helaidhimselfopentosocialcensure.2.ThePrimeMinisterresignedwithoutpubliccensure.LPT-preenpreenv.tomakeoneselflooktidybycombingoneshair,etc.Detailed Readinge.g.1.Sheispreeningherselfinfrontofthemirror.2.Onsuchoccasionsasfamilyreunion,everyonepreensinloungesuit,newgownandeye-alluringhat.LPT-clamberclambervi.toclimb,esp.withdifficultyoreffort,usingthehandsandfeetDetailed Readinge.g.1.Thechildrenclamberedovertherocks.2.Shehasclambereduptoaveryhighsocialposition.LPT-butinsofarassheiskeepingupasone“ButinsofarassheiskeepingupasoneoftheFairSex,shebringsundersuspicionherverycapacitytobeobjective,professional,authoritative,andthoughtful.”Detailed ReadingParaphrase But so long as she keeps herself attractive as awoman,shemakesothersdoubtherpotentialtobeanunbiased,competent,influential,andconsiderateperson.LPT-authoritativeauthoritativeadj.havingorshowingauthority;thatcanbetrusted,reliableDetailed Readinge.g.1.Thisinformationcamefromanauthoritativesource.2.Theseareauthoritativeinstructions.LPT-damnediftheydowomenare“Damnediftheydowomenare.Anddamnediftheydont.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseIftheydopreen,womenarecondemned.However,iftheydont,theyarestillcondemned.LPT-onecouldhardlyaskformoreimportant“One could hardly ask for more important evidence ofthe dangers of considering persons as split betweenwhat is inside and what is outside than thatinterminablehalf-comichalf-tragictale,theoppressionofwomen.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseThemosttellingevidenceofthedangersofviewingapersons inside and outside as entirely separated istheoppressionofwomen,whichisjustlikeanendlessstory,atoncefunnyandtragic.LPT-disparagedisparagevt.suggest,esp.unfairly,thatsb.orsth.isoflittlevalueorimportanceDetailed Readinge.g.1.Thearticleinthenewspaperdisparagedtheactorsperformanceforcharityasanattempttogetpublicity.2.Hemadesomedisparagingremarksaboutmyability.LPT-itisacrudetrapandithasworkedfortoo“Itisacrudetrap,andithasworkedfortoolong.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseItisacoarsetrapinwhichwomenhavebeencaughtandhavesufferedfortoolong./Itisadirtytrick,andithasbeeneffectivefortoolong.LPT-crudecrudeadj.notcompletelyworkedout,rough;coarse,notshowingtasteorrefinementDetailed Readinge.g.1.Hispaintingsarerathercrude,i.e.notskillfullydone.2.He made some crude jokes (i.e. sexually offensivejokes).LPT-buttogetoutofthetraprequiresthat“Buttogetoutofthetraprequiresthatwomengetsomecriticaldistancefromthatexcellenceandprivilegewhichis beauty, enough distance to see how much beautyitself has been abridged in order to prop up themythologyofthefeminine.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseAndyettogetreleasedfromthetrapdemandsthatwomenstayaconsiderabledistanceawayfrombeautyknownasexcellenceandprivilege,farawayenoughtoseehowmuchbeautyitselfhasbeendisparagedinorderto back up or support the collection of stories aboutwomen.LPT-criticalcriticaladj.of or at a crisis; decisive, crucial; looking for faults,pointingoutfaultsDetailed Readinge.g.1.Thepatientsconditioniscritical.2.Thenationwasatacritical timeinhistory.3.Herhelpwascritical duringtheemergency.4.Try to develop a more critical attitude, instead ofacceptingeverythingatfacevalue.LPT-abridgeabridgevt.to make (a book, etc.) shorter, by using fewer words;condense; reduce (time,distance, extent,scope,etc.);restrain,limitDetailed Readinge.g.1.ThisisanabridgedversionofWarandPeace.2.LambabridgedShakespearesplays.3.Theairplaneabridgesdistance.4.Thefreedomofspeechshallneverbeabridged.LPT-mythologymythologyn.studyorscienceofmyths;bodyorcollectionofancientstoriesDetailed Readinge.g.1.ThatprofessorspecializesinGreekmythology.2.The young man is fascinated by the stories ofclassicalmythology.LPT-thereshouldbeawayofsavingbeauty“Thereshouldbeawayofsavingbeautyfromwomenandforthem.”Detailed ReadingParaphraseThereoughttobeawayofkeepingbeautyawayfromwomen,andalsoawayofsavingbeautyforthebenefitofwomen.CT-P1a第第1 1段段 中文译文中文译文 美之于希腊人是一种品性，一种美德。今天看来，当时的希腊人就是我们今天不得不称作的“完人”，虽然这个称呼有些蹩脚，还带着几分妒意。希腊人要是真考虑过区分一个人的“内在”和“外在”，他们依然是寄望于内在美要与对应的另外一种美相匹配。（续）Detailed ReadingCT-P1b第第1 1段段 中文译文中文译文(接)出身高贵的雅典青年，聚在苏格拉底身旁，他们发现自己的偶像睿智过人、勇敢无比、声名远扬、魅力四射，却又其貌不扬，这是多么的自相矛盾啊。苏格拉底的一个主要教学手段即为“丑”教诲那些纯洁天真，毋庸置疑相貌堂堂的门生，生活中的悖论其实无处不在。Detailed ReadingCT-P2第第2 2段段 中文译文中文译文他们或许反对苏格拉底的教导，而我们不会。几千年以后，我们对于美的魔力更加谨小慎微。我们不仅用最容易的方式将“内在”(性格、才智)与“外在”(相貌)分开，而且会对那些既有美貌又有智慧、天赋、善良之人，感到诧异。Detailed ReadingCT-P3第第3 3段段 中文译文中文译文主要受到基督教的冲击，美失去了原来处于古典理想的人类美德中的中心地位。基督教将美德(拉丁语virtus)仅局限于道德层面，使美的意思飘忽不定它成了一种孤立、随意、浅薄的诱惑。同时，美的名声一日不如一日。近两个世纪以来，美成为一种既定概念，只用来形容两性之间的一个性别：这个性别无论多么悦目，始终处于第二位。把美和女性联系起来之后，美在道德层面的地位更加脆弱。Detailed ReadingCT-P4第第4 4段段 中文译文中文译文在英语里，我们说一位美丽的女子。而我们却说一位英俊的男子。“英俊”是其阳性的对应词，同时拒绝一些带有某些贬义的赞扬，而这种赞扬是仅用于女性的。在法语和意大利语中，人们还可以称“美丽”的男子，这表明天主教国家与新教国家不同，依然保存着非基督教徒欣赏“美”的痕迹。在任何一个基督教或后基督教国家里，美都是女性的代名词既损害了美这个概念，又损害了女性这个概念。Detailed ReadingCT-P5a第第5 5段段 中文译文中文译文被称为“美”意味着要列出女性性格的本质特征和她们关心的事物。（与男性不同，他们的核心特征是强壮、高效或有能力。）没有超强女权意识的人都能感受到，教导女人和美联系在一起其实是鼓励孤芳自赏，强化女性的依赖性和不成熟。（续）Detailed ReadingCT-P5b第第5 5段段 中文译文中文译文（接）每一个人（男性和女性）都明白这一点。正是“每一个人”，整个社会，把女性与关心自己的外表画上了等号。（男性则不同：他们身份的确认是关注某人是谁，做什么的，至于长相，充其量也是次要的。）在这么多成见前，难怪美顶多也只有个毁誉参半的名声。Detailed ReadingCT-P6第第6 6段段 中文译文中文译文当然，对美的追求并没有过错，错误在于把美或者变美当成了一种义务。大多数女性都接受的一种讨好她们的理想方法是，让她们感到比实际的自己或成长后的自己逊色。因为理想中的美被赋予了一种自我压抑的形式。人们教导女性要从各个部分审视自己，对每个部分分别加以评价。乳房、脚、臀部、颈、眼睛、鼻子、肤质、头发，等等依次接受焦虑、苦恼，甚至绝望的审核。即使有些部分合格了，但总有地方有提升的空间。只有完美无瑕了才能无可挑剔。Detailed ReadingCT-P7第第7 7段段 中文译文中文译文在男人身上，俊朗的外表被视作一个整体，是一眼扫过去就能确定的，不需要对身体的各个部分加以测量。没有人会鼓励男人一块一块地细查自己的外貌。至于完美，更是被当做无关紧要的，甚至会被看做没有男子汉气概的。确实，在理想的美男子身上有不足之处或瑕疵，反倒讨人喜欢。一位电影评论人（女性），声称自己是罗伯特雷福德的影迷，认为正是雷福德脸颊一侧有一颗肉色的痣才避免了他被认为仅有一张“漂亮的脸蛋”。想一想：这句评价之中暗含了多少对女性的贬低和对“美”的贬低。Detailed ReadingCT-P8第第8 8段段 中文译文中文译文“美的特权有很多很多，”科克特说道。当然，美是一种力量，而且理应如此。但遗憾的是这是鼓励女人追求的唯一力量形式。这种力量只有与男人挂钩时才能孕育；这不是行动的力量，而是吸引的力量。这种力量否定了自身。原因在于这种力量不能自主选择，或者不受公众谴责地自由放弃。Detailed ReadingCT-P9第第9 9段段 中文译文中文译文梳妆打扮于女性而言从来都不只是一件快乐的事。它也是一种责任，是她的工作。女人如果有份实在的工作，要是能跻身政治、法律、医疗、商业等领域的领导岗位，她始终身负压力，要承认依旧花心思让自己充满女性的魅力。但只要她保持“悦目性别”中一员的身份，她就要受到质疑是否有能力保持客观、专业、权威和缜密。她们化妆的话，要饱受诟病；不化妆，还是要遭受谴责。Detailed ReadingCT-P10a第第1010段段 中文译文中文译文 听了那些没完没了的悲喜参半的压迫女人的故事，谁还能要求更重要的证据来说明对人做出“内在”和“外在”之分的危险。从把女性定性为注重外表的人入手，再来声讨她们“浅薄”（或认为她们因为“浅薄”而可爱），真是不费吹灰之力。这是一个粗俗的陷阱，而且存在了太久。（续）Detailed ReadingCT-P10b第第1010段段 中文译文中文译文（接）然而，要摆脱这个陷阱需要女性与美的好处和特权保持严格的距离，要有足够的距离让女性看清，为了支撑“女性”这个神话，“美”这个概念有多少被删节了。应该能找到一种办法将“美”从女性那里解救出来，并且留在女人身上。Detailed ReadingConsolidationNAVpageConsolidation Activities Text Comprehension Writing Strategies Language Work Translation Oral Activities Writing Listening ExercisesCA-textcomprehension-1I. Decide which of the following best states the authorspurpose.A.ToshowherantagonismtowardsChristianity.B.TodemonstratehersupportforCatholicism.C.Toclarifyherbeliefthatbeautyembodiesinsideandoutside.D.Topresentherfeministviewonthenotionofbeauty.Text 1: Text Comprehension D CA-textcomprehension-2II. Judge, according to the text, whether the followingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Text 1: Text Comprehension 1.TheGreekstendedtodistinguishbetweenapersonsinsidebeautyandhisoutsidebeauty. F 2.OnecallsamanbeautifulinFrenchandinItalian,butseldomdoessoinEnglish. T 3. What makes men different from women in terms ofcharacter is that men must be strong, or effective, orcompetentwhilewomenonlybeautiful. T 4.Thedesiretobebeautifuliswrongbuttheobligationtobeiscorrect. F CA-textcomprehension-3Text 1: Text Comprehension 5.Thetoneoftheauthorisintenselybitterwhenshetalksaboutwomansbodybeingscrutinizedseparatelyinparts. T 6.Theauthorisfretful,andirritablewhenshementionsthatwomens capability is suspected just because theybelongtotheFairSex. T 7.Womenshouldbedefinedascaretakersoftheirlooks,andthenbedisparagedasbeingsuperficial. F CA-writingstrategies-1This text about beauty is a revealing piece ofargumentation, in which the author elaborates on thenotionofbeauty,andcriticizesmodernpeoplesnarrowinterpretation of the term and the social prejudicesagainstwomen.The author employs such major writing strategies asargumentation, illustration, contrast, disjunctive syntax,etc. Also, the beginning is closely and naturallyassociatedorconnectedwiththeconclusion.Thetoneofthe argumentative essay is objective or matter-of-fact,andthewritersattitudeisclearlycritical.Thefollowingtwoquestionsareworthdiscussing:Text 1: Writing Strategies CA-writingstrategies-2(1) Which paragraphs of the text involve the use ofcontrast?Text 1: Writing Strategies Paragraphs 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 involve the use ofcontrast. Especially, Paragraph 5 is characterized byrepeateduseofcontrast.CA-writingstrategies-3(2) Howisthebeginningcloselyrelatedtotheendofthetext?Text 1: Writing Strategies Attheendofthebeginningpart,thewriterasserts,Forclose to two centuries it has become a convention toattribute beauty to only one of the two sexes: the sexwhich, however Fair, is always Second. Associatingbeautywithwomenhasputbeautyevenfurtheronthedefensive, morally. In the conclusion of the text, theauthortellswomenhowtogetoutofthecrudetrapinwhichtheyhavebeencaughtfortoolongandcallsonpeople to do something or take action to save beautyfromwomenandforwomen.Thus,thebeginningandtheconclusionarenaturallyassociatedwitheachother.CA-LGWK-explaining-1Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | ClozeExplaintheunderlinedpartineachsentenceinyourownwords.1. The well-born young Athenians who gathered aroundSocratesfounditquiteparadoxical?wereattractedbyandthuswerefollowingclosely2.Christianitysetbeautyadriftasanalienated,arbitrary,superficialenchantment.nolongerconsideredbeautyasofcentralimportanceCA-LGWK-explaining-2Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze3.womenarethebeautifulsextothedetrimentofthenotionofbeautyaswellasofwomen.thusbringingharmto4.Fortheidealofbeautyisadministeredasaformofself-oppression.putintopractice5. each in turn is submitted to an anxious, fretful, oftendespairingscrutiny.subjectedtoCA-LGWK-explaining-3Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze6.Nothinglessthanperfectionwilldo.Onlyutmost7.Thispowerisalwaysconceivedinrelationtomen.incomparisonwiththatofCA-LGWK-Synonyms-1Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | ClozeII.Fillineachblankwithoneofthetwowordsfromeachpair in their appropriate forms and note the difference ofmeaningbetweenthem.resistwithstandResistmeanstoactcountertoorfightagainstinordertostop,prevent,or defeat, while withstand means to hold out against someone orsomething, and usually implies that the initiative for the action wastakenbytheopposingside,anditmightalsosuggeststrongmoralorphysicalqualitiesinthepersonorgroupdoingthewithstanding. 1.TheministersaidthathergovernmentwouldresistasingleEuropeancurrencybeingimposedonhercountry.resist_CA-LGWK-Synonyms-2Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze2.Thehelmetsaredesignedtowithstandimpactsequivalenttoafallfromabicycle.withstand_3.Theyrealizeditwouldbesuicidaltoresistinthefaceofoverwhelmingmilitarysuperiority.resist_4. Their arguments could not even withstand the mostsuperficialscrutiny.withstand_CA-LGWK-Synonyms-3Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | ClozeretainkeepThe two words are sometimes interchangeable in the sense ofcontinuingtohavesomething. Retaincanspeciallypointtothestayingpowerofamemorythatoftencomestomindinvoluntarilyorwithouteffort,involvingthequestionofmentallyholdingontofactsordetailsthat one is trying to learn. Keep can mean to store somethingsomewhereforfutureuse,andthewordhasquiteafewcollocationsofitsown,suchaskeepaccounts,keeptime,keeptrack,etc.1. The strawberries are kept in cold storage to preventspoilingduringtransportation.kept_CA-LGWK-Synonyms-4Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze2. They were given a test to measure how much of thereadingexerciseeachpersonhadretainedaftersevendays.retained_3.Thebossretainshisenormousinfluencebyreasonofhisposition.retains_4.Governmentsandbusinesseswillstartkeepingaccountsineuros.keeping_CA-LGWK-Synonyms-5Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Clozeobligationduty Obligation refersgenerallytoanythingthatoneiscompelledtodo,ortoforbearfromdoing,bylaw,contract,promise,morality,orthelike.Thewordoftenimpliesimmediatepressuretocarryout,ortorefrainfrom,aparticularaction.Duty primarilyreferstotheworkortasksonehastoperform.Itisoftenusedinterchangeablywithobligation,andinthis case the word more often refers to that which springs from aninteriormoralorethicalimpulsefatherthanfromexternaldemands.1.Ministersareundernoobligationtofollowthecommitteesrecommendations.obligation_CA-LGWK-Synonyms-6Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze2. When teachers assign homework, students usually feela(n)obligationtodoit.3.Afteralongsickleave,heresumedhisdutiesathisowndepartment.4.Staffaresupposedtoreportfordutyatthenormalplaceofwork.obligation_duties_duty_CA-LGWK-Synonyms-7Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | ClozePrestige emphasizesthequalityofdeservingadmirationandrespectforthepositionsomeoneholdsorforthethingshehasachieved.Fame referstothestateofbeingwell-known,butitdoesnotnecessarilyimplyrespectoradmirationfromothers.prestigefame1.TheyoungoperasingergainedinternationalprestigeaftersheperformedattheWhiteHouse.2. At Hippo, on the east coast of Africa, a dolphin evenallowedpeopletorideonitsback.Itsfamespreadsowidethatpeoplefromdifferentplacescametoseeit.prestige_fame_CA-LGWK-Synonyms-8Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze3. The Prime Minister learned with sadness the death ofBuffet, who had made an outstanding contribution to theculturalprestigeofthecountry.4. The director exploded into fame with his Red Sorghum,which wonthefirstinternational award fortheChinese filmindustry.prestige_fame_CA-Filling-1Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | ClozeFillintheblank ineachsentencewithawordorphrasetakenfromthebox,usingitsappropriateform.enchantment disparage scrutinycomplimentrenounceabridgeprestigefretfulconceivesecondarilyadorablecensure1. The Minister was alleged to have made disparagingremarksabouttherestoftheCabinet.disparaging_2.TheCEOwascensuredforhisindecisivenessduringtheperiodofeconomiccrisis.censured_CA-Filling-2Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze3.Theactualdamagetothebraincellsissecondarytothedamagecausedtothebloodsupply.secondary_4.TheEarthisthoughttobearound4,600millionyearsold,analmostinconceivabletime-span.inconceivable_5.Harvardisoneofthebestequippedandmostprestigiousschoolsinthecountry.prestigious_6.ItwasaPuritanwhotriedeffectivelytorenouncetheancientcustomsofhiscountry.renounce_CA-Filling-3Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze7.Lloydsresultswerecarefullyscrutinizedasaguidetowhattoexpectfromtheotherbanks.scrutinized_8. We often get complimentary remarks regarding thecleanlinessofourpatio.complimentary_CA-sentence-1Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | ClozeIV. Make a sentence of your own for each of the givenwordswithmeaningsotherthanthoseusedinthetext.Youmaychangethepartofspeechofthesewords.1.lameHemumbledsomelameexcuseaboutbeinglateforclassagain.2.facilityWhatrecreationalfacilitiesarenowavailable?3.conventionThegovernorhasenjoyedahugesurgeinthepollsinthewakeoflastweeksconvention.CA-sentence-2Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze4.separateWhatseparatesterrorismfromotheractsofviolence?5.equivalentThe price rises are bound to result in equivalent wageincreases.6.preenHepreenedhimselfonthepraisehehadreceived.CA-grammar-1Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | ClozeV.Giveboththematicandfocalprominencetotheunderlinedelementsinsentencesbelow,usingtheconstructionofcleftsentencesorpseudo-cleftsentences.1.Themantreatedhisparentsviciously.12(1)Itwashisparentsthathetreatedviciously.(2)Itwasviciouslythathetreatedhisparents.2.Atthestationweweremetbyayoungmancarryinga12smallflag.(1)Itwasatthestationthatweweremetbyayoungmancarryingasmallflag.(2)Itwasbyayoungmancarryingasmallflagthatweweremetatthestation.CA-grammar-2Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze3.Georgesfatherneededthecashbadly.12(1)ItwasGeorgesfatherwhoneededthecashbadly.(2)ItwasthecashthatGeorgesfatherneededbadly.Or:WhatGeorgesfatherneededbadlywasthecash.4.Hisfellowstudentselectedhimmonitoroftheclass.12(1)Whathisfellowstudentsdidwaselecthimmonitoroftheclass.(2) It was monitor of the class that his fellow studentselectedhim.CA-grammar-3Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze5.Hecouldnotrepairthehi-fisystem.Whathecouldnotdowasrepairthehi-fisystem.Or:Torepairthehi-fisystemwaswhathecouldnotdo.6.Hehasmadeuphismindtopassthetest.Whathehasmadeuphismindtodoistopassthetest.7.Helenhasbeenstudyinglinguisticsforyears.WhatHelenhasbeendoingforyearsisstudyinglinguistics.8.Cathyhasworkedhardonthedoctorateprogram.What Cathy has done is working hard on the doctorateprogram.CA-grammar-4Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Cloze9.Theyareruiningthenationaleconomy.Whattheyaredoingisruiningthenationaleconomy.10.Theaccidenttookplacehere.Hereiswheretheaccidenttookplace.Or:Itwasherethattheaccidenttookplace.Note:Thecleftsentenceisaspecialconstructionwhichgivesboththematicandfocalprominencetoaparticularelementoftheclause.Itissocalledbecauseitdividesasingleclauseintotwoseparatesections,eachwithitsownverb.CA-grammar-5Mostcleftsentencestatementsbeginwiththepronounitfollowedbytheverbbe,whichinturnisfollowedbytheelement on which the focus falls. The cleft sentenceunanimously marks the focus of information, and thehighlightedelementhasthefullimplicationofcontrastivefocus, i.e. the rest of the clause is taken as giveninformation. The pseudo-cleft sentence makes explicit the divisionbetween given and new information. It is an SVCsentencewithawh-relativeassubjectorcomplement.Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | ClozeCA-cloze-1Wemaypretendthatbeautyisonlyskindeep,butthesadtruthisthatattractivepeopledobetter.Theydobetterinschool,wheretheyreceivemorehelpandarepunished(1)less;atwork,wheretheygetbetterpayandhigher positions; in love, where they control therelationship;andamongstrangers,(2)whothinkthemtobemoreinteresting,honest,andsuccessful.Throughout the ages, people have tried to (3)increase the beauty of their faces with makeup. TheEgyptiansusedmake-upmade(4)fromvariousplantsand minerals as early as 6000 B.C. In 200 A.D., aRoman doctor was the (5) first to make cold cream,whichhaschangedlittlesincethen.Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | ClozeVI.Putawordineachblankthatisappropriateforthecontext.less_who_increase_from_first_CA-cloze-2Whatdo those ofus who arent beautiful do? Wecan comfort ourselves with the fact that beauty isrelative.(6)Althoughbeautymaygetourattention,itcanchangeinamatterofmoments.Irememberseeinganactorinamovieandthinkinghimveryhandsome.(7)But when I saw him being interviewed on televisionsomemonths(8)later,andheardhimdeclarethathisonly interest in life was playing cards, suddenly hewasnthandsomeatall.Ivewatchedthisworkthe(9)otherway,too,whenanotveryattractivestrangeropenedhismouthtospeakandbecamehandsome.Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | ClozeAlthough_But_later_other_CA-cloze-3Thankheavenforthequalitiesofonescharacter.Thankheaven that, whilst good looks (10) awaken onesattention,atruesenseofapersonsbeautycomesoutinstages. Thank heaven that, as Shakespeare wrote:Lovelooksnotwitheyes,butwiththemind.Explaining | Synonyms | Filling | Sentences | Grammar | Clozeawaken_CA-Translation-s1TranslatingSentences|TranslatingPassage1.有什么要求就快说，别说那些肉麻的奉承话。(flatter)Speak out what requirement you have of me, and stopmouthingthoseflatteringremarks.2.对自己所受到的待遇不满，他愤然离开了球队。(splitoff)Dissatisfiedwiththetreatmenthehadreceived,hesplitofffromtheteam.CA-Translation-s2TranslatingSentences|TranslatingPassage3.女权主义者强烈地批评这个电视节目含有性别歧视。(overtone)Feminists have strongly criticized the TV broadcast forcarryingsexistovertones.4.她上大学时沉溺于玩电脑游戏，影响了学业。(tothedetrimentof)She indulged in computer games at college, to thedetrimentofherstudies.CA-Translation-s3TranslatingSentences|TranslatingPassage5.那时，这个国家正处在二战后经济最萧条时期。(inthethroesof)ThecountrywastheninthethroesoftheworsteconomicrecessionaftertheSecondWorldWar.6.我们的计算似乎出了点问题。(adrift)Somethingseemstohavegoneadriftinourcalculation.CA-Translation-s4TranslatingSentences|TranslatingPassage7.对不太熟悉的人，我不太轻易把我的住址告诉他们。(waryof)ImabitwaryofgivingpeoplemyaddresswhenIdontknowthemverywell.8.他靠着枕头，笔直地坐在病床上。(propup)Hewassittinguprightinhishospitalbed,proppedupbypillows.CA-Translation-p1Throughouttheages,peoplehavetriedtoincreasethe beauty of their faces with makeup. The Egyptiansusedmakeupmadefromvariousplantsandmineralsasearly as 6000 B.C.Drawings show that the Egyptiansdrewblacklinesaroundtheireyesandputgreeneyeshadowabovetheireyes.Theypaintedtheirlipsblue-black,theircheeksred,andcoloredtheirfingersandfeetredwithjuicefromaplant.Romanmenlovedmakeup,andleadersinthearmyhadtheirhairbrushedandtheirnailspaintedbeforetheywentintobattle.In200A.D.,aRomandoctorwasthefirsttomakecoldcream,whichhaschangedlittlesincethen.TranslatingSentences|TranslatingPassageTranslatethefollowingintoChinese.CA-Translation-p2从古至今，人们一直试图用化妆品来增加容貌的美。早在公元前6000年，埃及人就使用各种植物和矿物质制成的化妆品了。图画表明埃及人在他们的眼角周围画了黑眼线，并在眼睛的上方涂抹绿色的眼影。他们把嘴唇抹成蓝黑色，把脸颊涂成红色，并用植物汁来把自己的手指和脚染成红色。罗马男人喜爱化妆。军队指挥官们都在上战场之前叫人来给自己梳理头发，还把指甲涂上颜色。公元200年，一位罗马医生首先制成冷霜。从那以后，冷霜的制作一直没有多少变化。TranslatingSentences|TranslatingPassage 参考参考译文文CA-T-Notes-flatterflatterv.topraise someone in order togetsomething thatyouwant,especiallyinawaythatisnotsinceree.g.Youretryingtoflatterme,anditwontwork.NotesofTranslatingSentencesCA-T-Notes-splitoffsplitv.intransitivetoseparatefromagroupororganizatione.g.1979wastheyeartheysplitfromtheparty.NotesofTranslatingSentencesCA-T-Notes-overtoneovertonen.aqualityorfeaturethatisnoticeablebutnotobviouse.g.abookwithpoliticalovertonesNotesofTranslatingSentencesCA-T-Notes-tothedetrimentofdetrimentn.harmcausedtosomethingasaresultofsomethingelsee.g.Starting formal education too early can be of seriousdetrimenttothechild.tothedetrimentof:e.g.Funding cuts can be implemented, but only to thedetrimentofpatientcare.NotesofTranslatingSentencesCA-T-Notes-inthethroesofinthethroesofsomethinginvolvedinadifficultorunpleasantsituationoractivitye.g.Thecountryremainsinthethroesofabitterconflict.NotesofTranslatingSentencesCA-T-Notes-adriftadriftv.floating onthewaterwithout being tiedtoanything orcontrolledbyanyone;uncontrollablee.g.Therefugeesspentthreedaysadriftonthetinyboat.NotesofTranslatingSentencesCA-T-Notes-waryofwaryadj.careful or nervous about someone or somethingbecauseyouthinktheymightcauseaprobleme.g.Hewaswaryofputtingtoomuchtrustinher.NotesofTranslatingSentencesCA-T-Notes-popuppropupto stop something from falling by putting somethingunderitoragainstite.g.Thewallwasproppedupwithwoodenpoles.NotesofTranslatingSentencesCA-Oralactivities-talk-1Nowadays, many men and women go in for plasticsurgery,notbecausetheysufferfromdisfigurementasaresultofsomeaccident,butbecausetheyintendtolookprettierforagoodjob,orforvanityThismighthappeninyour everyday life. Suppose you havent seen Lisa, afamiliarfriendofyours,foraboutamonth.Andthenonedayyourunintoherinthestreet;somehowyoufeelshelooks different and you hesitate to say hello. Make adialoguewithLisa.Youcouldprobablystartoutlikethis:You:Hi,areyouLisa?Longtimenosee.Lisa:Yeah,ImLisa.Itsalmostonemonthsincewemetlast.WhydidyouhesitatetosayHitome?MakingADialogue|HavingADiscussionMakingadialogueCA-Oralactivities-talk-2MakingADialogue|HavingADiscussion(Thefollowingtalkservesmerelyasreference.)You:Hi,areyouLisa?Longtimenosee.Lisa:Yeah,ImLisa.Itsalmostonemonthsincewemetlast.WhydidyouhesitatetosayHitome?You: Well, you look somewhat different. Whatshappenedtoyou?Lisa:Um,Ihavehadsomeplasticsurgicaloperation.You:Oh,youhave.Whatdidyoudo?Lisa:Firstofall,Igotadoubleeye-liddone.Domyeyeslooklargerandprettier?You:Maybe,Ishouldsay.CA-Oralactivities-talk-3You:Then,Ihadtheridgeofmynosestraightened.Andmylipswerealsomadethicker.Itissaidthatthicklipslooksexy.You:Comeon.Isitnecessarytosufferfromsuchpainonly to look different? Lisa, to be frank with you, youusedtobethemostbeautifulgirlinourclass.ButnowLisa:Nowwhat?You:Excuseme,andIvegotsomethingurgenttoattendto.Cheerio!Lisa:Wait,waitaminute.IdliketoMakingADialogue|HavingADiscussionCA-Oralactivities-discussion-1Forthousandsofyears,humanbeingshavebeenmakingtremendouseffortsforbeautyandlongevity.Andfor the last hundred years or so, women have beentryingbyallmeanstostaybeautifulaslongaspossible.Ofcourse,however,thedefinitionandunderstandingofbeautyvaryfrompersontoperson.Andtheideathatthecombinationofinternalandexternalbeautymakesonereally beautiful is widely accepted. Now lets have adiscussiononbeautyitselfandtheimportanceofbeautyinlife.MakingADialogue|HavingADiscussionHavingadiscussionCA-Oralactivities-discussion-2Whatisbeauty?Andisbeautyreallyveryimportantinlife?Differentpeoplewillgivedifferentanswersonthebasis of their different understandings. Have you everheardofQuasimodoinNotre-Dame de Paris,supposedlythemostuglymanevercreatedinfiction?Dontweconsiderhimgood-looking,ifnotbeautiful,inhisheartwhenwehavecometotheendofthenovelorthemovie?Youcouldmakeuseofthefollowingideasforyourdiscussion.MakingADialogue|HavingADiscussion(Thefollowingservesmerelyasreference.)CA-Oralactivities-discussion-3Forbeauty:Positive reasons:Attractivepeoplehavemorechanceto succeed in school, business, politics, job-hunting,entertainment,figuresportsandotherfieldsoflife,whicharefullofcompetition.Negative reasons:Beautyisonlyskindeep.Whetherone succeeds or not, it depends on his wisdom,capability, diligence, personal character, patience andotherqualities,ratherthanonhisappearance.Fortheimportanceofbeautyinlife:MakingADialogue|HavingADiscussionCA-Oralactivities-discussion-4Positive reasons:Itisonesfreedomtochooseaface-liftoperationoranyothercosmeticsurgicaloperationtoimprovehisorherappearance.Thedesireforbeautyisby no means unjustifiable. It will, on the other hand,trigger the booming of a new business of cosmeticsurgery.Negative reasons: The essence of beauty lies in itsnaturalness.Thekindof“beauty”producedbycosmeticsurgeonsisartificialandinharmonious.Everybody,eventhe“ugliest”,hassomebeautifulelementsinhisorherappearance. Ones appearance can be improved bysome more natural means, such as sports, nutrition,goodmood,soundsleep,etc.MakingADialogue|HavingADiscussionCA-writing-1Write an essay of about 400 words on the following topic.VACATIONINGATTHEBEACHORINTHEMOUNTAINSInthefirstpartofyouressayyoushouldstateclearlyyourmainargument,andinthesecondpartyoushouldsupportyourargumentbycontrast.Youcanuseeitherthepoint-by-pointstyleortheblockstyle.Inthelastpartyou should bring what you have written to a naturalconclusionormakeasummary.WritingCA-writing-2Thefollowingtransitionaldevicescanbeusedincontrast:1.Incontrast,onthecontrary,however,ontheotherhand;and2.UnlikeA,B;DifferentfromA,BWritingCA-writing-3WritingWriting:EssayDevelopmentbycontrast(sample)CA-LC-1I.Listenforthemainideas.Listentothetalkonce.Task:Listentothefollowingtalk,andchoosethebestanswertocompletethesentenceasitsmainidea.Listen: Thetalkmainlydiscusses_ofColumbiadisaster.A.thecauseB.thedisintegrationC.thefoaminsulationD.thedebrisListening Exercises A CA-LC-2II.Listenforthedetails.Listentothetalkagain.Task:Determinewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Listen again: Listening Exercises1.Theinvestigationshowthatsomethingwentwrongontheorbitersleftside. F 2.RemainsofthesevenastronautskilledinthedisasterwerefoundSaturdaybysearchteams. T 3.Therightsideroseupto60degreesFahrenheit. F 4.Thelossordamageofthethermaltileswasprobablyresponsibleforthespaceshuttledisaster. T CA-LC-3Listening Exercises5.NASAhasbeenawareofthefactthatfoaminsulationtearingofftherocketstruckthespaceshuttlesinceitslaunch. T 6.TheheadofNASAappointedaUSNavyAdmiraltobetheexclusiveinvestigatoroftheColumbiadisaster. F 7.NASAispayingduerespecttoandtakingspecialcareofthekilledastronaut. T CA-LC-scriptListening ExercisesScriptFEN-NAVFurther EnhancementLead-inQuestionsTextIITextComprehensionQuestionsforDiscussionFunTimeandMemorableQuotesT2-lead-inLead-in QuestionsText II ReadingWhatistherelationshipbetweenloveandmarriage?Openfordiscussion.T2-p1-2AGRATEFULWIFEHASSECONDTHOUGHTSEllenGoodman1.I know a woman who is a grateful wife. She hasbeenoneforyears.Infact,hergratitudehasbeenasdeepandconstantasheraffection.Andtogethertheyhavetraveledalong,complicatedroad.2.Inthebeginning,thisyoungwifewasgratefultofindherselfmarriedtoamanwholetherwork.Thatwasin1964,whenevenhercollegeprofessorsaidwithoutahintofironythattheyoungwifewasluckytobemarriedtoamanwholetherwork.Peopletalkedlikethatthen.Text II ReadingT2-p3-53.Later, the wife looked around her at the men herclassmates and friends had married and was gratefulthat her husband wasnt threatened, hurt, neglected,insultedthemultiplechoiceofthemid-60sbyherjob.4.Hewasproud.Andhercupoverranwithgratitude.Thatwasthewayitwas.5.In the late 60s when other younger women werehaving consciousness-raising groups, she was havingbabiesandmoregratitude.Text II ReadingT2-p6-76.You see, she discovered that she had a HelpfulHusband. Nothing in her experience had led her toexpect this. Her mother was not married to one; hersisterwasnotmarriedtoone;herbrotherwasnotone.7.Butat4oclockinthemorning,whenthebabycriedand she was exhausted, sometimes she would nudgeher husband awake (wondering only vaguely how hecouldsleep)andaskhimtofeedtheboy.Hewouldsaysure.Andshewouldsaythankyou.Text II ReadingT2-p8-108.TheGratefulWifeandtheHelpfulHusbanddancedthissamepasdedeuxforadecade.Whenthechildrenwere small and she was sick, he would take charge.Whenitwastheirturntocar-poolandshehadtobeatworkearly,hewoulddrive.Ifshewascominghomelate,hewouldmakedinner.9.Allyouhavetodoisask,hewouldsaywithasmile.10. Andsosheasked.ThewomanwhohadmindedherPsandQsasachildmindedherpleasesandthank-yousasawife.Wouldyoupleaseputthebabyonthepotty? Would you please stop at the store tonight formilk?WouldyoupleasepickupJoelatsoccerpractice?Thankyou.Thankyou.Thankyou.Text II ReadingT2-p11-1311. Itishardtoknowwhengratitudefirstbegantograteon my friend. Or when she began saying please andthankyoudutifullyratherthangenuinely.12. Butitprobablybeganwhenshewastiredonedayornight.Inanycase,duringthecar-timebetweenonejoband the other, when she would run lists through herhead, she began feeling less thankful for hermoonlightingjobashouseholdmanager.13. She began to realize that all the items of theirsharedlifewerestoredinherexclusivecomputer. Shebegantorealizethatherqueuewassofullofminutiathatshehadnoroomforanythingelse.Text II ReadingT2-p14-1614. TheGratefulWifebegantowonderwhysheshouldsaythankyouwhenafathertookcareofhischildrenandwhysheshouldsaypleasewhenahusbandtookcareofhishouse.15. Shebegantorealizethatbeinggratefulmeantbeingresponsible. Being grateful meant assuming that youwereinchargeofchildrenandlaundryandrunningoutoftoiletpaper.Beinggratefulmeanthavingtoask.Andask.Andask.16. Her husband was not an oppressive or eventhoughtless man. He was helpful. But helpful doesnthave to remember vacuum-cleaner bags. And helpfuldoesntkeeptrackofearlydismissaldays.Text II ReadingT2-p17-1817. HelpfuldoesntkeepaChristmas-presentlistinhismind.Helpfuldoesnthavetoknowwhowearswhatsizeand colors. Helpful is reminded; helpful is asked.Anythingyouask.Pleaseandthankyou.18. Thewifefeels,shesays,vaguelyfrightenedtofindherself angry at saying please and thank you. Shewondersifsheis,indeed,aningrate.Butherwonderingdoesntchangehowshefeelsorwhatshewants.Text II ReadingT2-p19-2019. Thewifewouldliketotakejusthalfthedetailsthatcloghermindlikegritinapore,andhandthemovertoanother manager. The wife would like someone whowouldbegratefulwhenshevolunteeredtotakehisturnatthemarket,orhisweekatthelaundry.20. The truth is that after all those years when shedanced her part perfectly, she wants something else.Shedoesntwantahelpfulhusband.Shewantsonewhowillshare.Forthat,shewouldbetrulygrateful.Text II ReadingT2-comprehension-1Text II: ComprehensionAnswerthefollowingmultiple-choicequestions:1.Inthefirsthalfofthe1960s,itwasbelieved,atleastinthe part of the United States where Ellen Goodmanlived,that_.A.awomanwhocouldtravelwithherhusbandwasluckyB.awomanwhocouldgoouttoworkwithherhusbandspermissionwasluckyC.a woman whose husband was threatened, hurt,neglected,andinsultedwasluckyD.a woman whose husband was not threatened, hurt,neglected,andinsultedwaslucky B T2-comprehension-22.Whywasthewomangratefulinthefirsttenyearsaftermarriage?A.Becausesheenjoyeddeepaffectionbyherhusband.B.Becauseshewasofferedwaterordrinkassoonasshefeltthirsty.C.Becauseshewasluckyenoughtostayawayfromthewomensliberationmovement.D.Becauseshegotahusbandwhowasalwaysreadytobeofhelptoher.Text II: Comprehension D T2-comprehension-33.Thewomanshelpfulhusbandisnot_.A.initiativeB.helpfulC.gratefulD.responsiveText II: Comprehension4.Afterbeingagratefulwifeforadecade,thewomangraduallyrealizedthat_.A.herhusbandwasnotidealatallB.she should not have said so many “pleases” and“thankyous”toherhusbandC.sheshouldnothavedonethehouseholdchoresD.herhusbandshouldtakeoverhalfofherresponsibilitiesforthefamily A D T2-comprehension-45. How is the word helpful used in the 16th and 17thparagraphs? A. It is a grammatical mistake, for as an adjective, itcouldnothavebeenusedasasubjectofasentence. B.Itisusedasthesubjectofsomesentences,standingfora helpful husbandandshowingasenseofbrevity.C.Itisanoun,meaningfullofhelp.D.Itrevealstousthatthewomanwasnolongergratefultoherhusband.Text II: Comprehension B T2-questions-1Text II: Questions for Discussion1.Whatproblemdoesthewomanface?Shelooksbackatthetimewhenshewaswithherhusband.Theimageisofawomanservingherselfupasadelicacyfor a mans pleasure. But she wants to be more than acharminghostess.Shewantstobeagoodwifeandmotherandalsowantstodevelopherselfasanindividualperson.She wants an equal partnership with men, not onlyprofessionallybutalsopersonally.T2-questions-2Text II: Questions for Discussion2.Whatisherconceptofarelationshipbetweenhusbandandwife?Inadditiontosharingapermanentromanticattraction,eachexpectstheothertohelpwithmanyproblemsandtosharecertainresponsibilities.Theseresponsibilitiesincludecooking,doinghousework,andcaringforthechildren.Theyarenotmotivatedbyneedbuttakeanequallyactiveroleinhomemaking.Theyrespecteachotherasindividuals,notassymbols.T2-questions-3Text II: Questions for Discussion3.Whatchangeshavetakenplaceinthewoman?Thereisachangeinthewaysheisthinking,viewingtheworld, and planning her life, a change that results in asignificant re-thinking of her own values and herrelationship with her husband. She doesnt expect to beviewed as subordinate to her husband. She is askingherselfwhatshereallywantsinlife,whethershewillbemosthappy,mostfulfilled,inthetraditionalroleofwifeandmotherandwhetherthereareotherwaystoliveherlifethatwilloffergreaterfulfillment.T2-questions-4Text II: Questions for Discussion4.Fromthepassage,whatcanwelearnaboutthemarriagepatterninWesternsocietiesbeforethe1960s?Thehusband wasexpectedtoearnaliving, andthewifewasexpectedtomanagethehouseholdandraisechildren.ThecareerpatternformostwomeninWesternsocietieswastoworkfull-timeashomemakersandmothers.Thegrowingsplit between home and work reinforced the idea thatwomens rightful place was in the home, while menbelongedinthepublicworldofemploymentandpolitics.T2-questions-5Text II: Questions for Discussion5.Inthelastparagraph,whatdoestruthrefertoandwhatistheeffectoftheideathusexpressed?Itreferstothefactthatshewantsahusbandwhowillshareher responsibilities. Coming to such a conclusion hurts. Ittakes courage. But it can be constructive too, for only byfacinguptorealfeelingscanonedealwiththemeffectivelyandworkoutahappiersolution.T2-Note-authorEllenGoodmanBorn in Newton, Massachusetts in 1941, EllenGoodmangraduatedsummacumlaudefromRadcliffe College. She was a reporter for Newsweek, a featurewriterfortheDetroit Free PressandacolumnistfortheBoston Globebeforebecomingasyndicatedcolumnistfor the Washington Post in 1976. She has received aNieman Fellowship and several awards for hernewspapercolumns,appearsoccasionallyontheCBSradioprogramSpectrum,andtheNBC TodayshowandistheauthorofClose to HomeandTurning Points.Notes of Text IIT2-Note-AndtogethertheyhavetraveledalongAnd together they have traveled a long, complicatedroad.(Paragraph1)Both her gratitude and affection have undergone asignificantchangeintermsofwhattheymeantoher.Notes of Text IIT2-Note-themultiplechoiceofthethemultiplechoiceofthemid-60s(Paragraph3)Womensmovementsfirstdevelopedduringthe1800sin the United States and Europe and then spread toother parts of the world. A second wave of womensmovementsemergedduringthe1960s,anotherperiodofgreatpoliticalandsocialchangeinmanyareasoftheworld. These contemporary womens movements havesoughtgreaterequalityforwomeninthefamily,intheworkplace,andinpoliticallife.Notes of Text IIT2-Note-andhercupoverranAndhercupoverranwithgratitude.(Paragraph4)Shewasmorethangrateful.Notes of Text IIT2-Note-consciousness-raisingconsciousness-raising(Paragraph5)theprocessofmakingpeopleunderstandandcaremoreaboutamoral,social,orpoliticalproblemwithaviewtoencouragingthemtotakeactionNotes of Text IIT2-Note-dancedthissamepasdancedthissamepasdedeuxforadecade(Paragraph8)Theyhadthissamemarriagepatternforadecade.Inballet, a pas de deux is a dance sequence for twodancers.Notes of Text IIT2-Note-car-poolcar-pool(Paragraph8)driving or being driven regularly from one place toanother as a small group, with each member sharingdrivingresponsibilitiesNotes of Text IIT2-Note-pandqPsandQs(Paragraph10)thepolitemannersandbehaviorthatsomebodyadopts,forexample,wheneagertomakeagoodimpressionNotes of Text IIT2-Note-moonlightingjobmoonlightingjob(Paragraph12)anextrajobinadditiontoamainjob,especiallywithouttheknowledgeofthegovernmenttaxdepartment.Here,itreferstohomemaking.Notes of Text IIT2-Note-ThewifewouldliketotakeThewifewouldliketotakejusthalfthedetailsthatcloghermindlikegritinapore(Paragraph19)Thewifewouldliketosortoutjusthalfofthethingsthatweighdownherthoughts.Notes of Text IIFunTimeFun Time | Memorable QuotesMemorablequotesIhavegivenupreadingbooks;Ifindittakesmymindoffmyself.OscarLevantTheworldisnotaplace,itsastateofmind.AnonymousHuman beings have an inalienable right to inventthemselves.GermaineGreerLife isnt about finding yourself. Life is about creatingyourself.GeorgeBernardShawFun Time | Memorable Quotes上海外上海外语教育出版社教育出版社 出版出版出出 版版 人：庄智象人：庄智象策策 划：牟划：牟 丽薛薛东海海责任任编辑：徐凌晶：徐凌晶校校对测试：李：李 雪雪 贺 音音南京信息工程大学南京信息工程大学刘杰海刘杰海 制作制作主主 编：刘杰海：刘杰海何三宁何三宁 陈志杰志杰 周幼周幼华上海外上海外语教育出版社，教育出版社，20132013 版版权所有所有 翻版必究翻版必究Copyright page