句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence* *句子成分由句子成分由词或或词组充当充当英英语的基本成分有七种：的基本成分有七种：_和和_主主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表表语(predicative)、 宾语(object)、定定语(attribute)、状状语(adverbial)补语(complement)英英语句子的基本句子的基本结构可以构可以归纳成五种成五种基本句型及其基本句型及其扩大、大、组合、省略或倒装。合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一一: (主主谓)二二: (主系表主系表)三三: (主主谓宾)四四: (主主谓间宾直直宾)五五: (主主谓宾宾补)基本句型基本句型 一一: :( (主主谓) )主语主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词主格代词, 动词不定式动词不定式, 动名词等等。主语一般在句首。动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语谓语: 谓语由动词构成谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态是英语时态、语态变化的主角变化的主角, 一般在主语之后。不及物动词一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。形成主谓结构。如如: We come.( (不及物不及物动词) )1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点, 即句子的谓语即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二基本句型二: :( (主系表主系表) )此句型的句子有一个共同的特点此句型的句子有一个共同的特点: 句子句子谓语谓语动词动词都不能表达一个完整的意思都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类才能表达完整的意思。这类动词动词叫做叫做连系动词。连系动词。系系动词分两分两类: be, look, keep, seem等等, 表情况表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另一等属另一类, 表表变化。化。be 本身没有什么意本身没有什么意义, 只起只起连系主系主语和表和表语的的作用。其它系作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分仍保持其部分词义。感官感官动词多可用作多可用作连系系动词: look well/面色好面色好, sound nice/听起来不听起来不错, feel good/感感觉好好, smell bad/难闻 ( (是系是系动词) ) ( (表表语) ) 1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Everythinglooksdifferent. 5. Heis growingtall and strong. 6. Our wellhas gonedry. 7. His faceturnedred. *There be 结构构: There be 表示表示存在有存在有。这里的里的there没有没有实际意意义, 不可与副不可与副词there那里那里混淆。混淆。 此此结构后跟名构后跟名词, 表示表示“(存在存在)有某事物有某事物”。试比比较: There is a boy there. (那儿有一个男孩那儿有一个男孩)前一个前一个there无无实意意, 后一个后一个there为副副词那里那里。基本句型基本句型 三三: : ( (主主谓宾) )此句型句子的此句型句子的共同特点共同特点是：是：谓语动词都都具有具有实义, 都是主都是主语产生的生的动作作, 但不能但不能表达完整的意思表达完整的意思, 必必须跟有一个跟有一个宾语, 即即动作的承受者作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物叫做及物动词。( (及物及物动词)( (宾语) )1. Whoknowsthe answer? 2. He has refusedto help them. 3. Heenjoysreading. 4. Hesaid“Good morning.”5. Headmitsthat he was mistaken. 基本句型基本句型 四四: : ( (主主谓间宾直直宾) )有些及物有些及物动词可以有两个可以有两个宾语, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。这两个两个宾语通常一个通常一个指人指人(间接接宾语); 一个指物一个指物(直接直接宾语)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. ( (及物及物)( (多指人多指人)( (多指物多指物) )1.Sheorderedherselfa new dress. 2.2. Hebroughtyoua dictionary. 3. Ishowedhimmy pictures. 4. Itoldhimthat the bus was late. 5. Heshowedmehow to run the machine. 基本句型基本句型 五五: (主主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的此句型的句子的共同特点共同特点是是: 动词虽然是及物然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思不能表达完整的意思, 必必须加上加上一个一个补充成分充成分来来补足足宾语, 才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。宾语补足足语: 位于位于宾语之后之后对宾语作出作出说明的成分。明的成分。可以用作可以用作宾语补足语的有名词宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词形容词, 不定式不定式,动名词动名词, 分词分词, 介词短语等。介词短语等。The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.名名词/代代词宾格格 + n./adj./ 介介词短短语/动词不定式不定式/分分词 (及物及物) (宾语) (宾补) 1. Theypaintedthe doorgreen. 2. Thissetthem thinking. 3. Theyfoundthe housedeserted. 4. Heaskedmeto come back soon. 5. I sawthemgetting on the bus. a. b. c. d. e. 1. Pleas tell us a story. _2. She smiled. _3. I have a lot work to do. _4. His job is to train swimmers. _5. He noticed a man enter the room. _6. Please look at the picture. _daebec但常用的英但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型句子并不都象基本句型这样简短短, 除了基本句型的成分不除了基本句型的成分不变外外, 通常通常是在是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些些成分的前面或后面增加一些修修饰语而加以而加以扩大。大。这些修些修饰语可以是可以是单词 (adj./adv./num. 数数词)短短语 (主要主要是介是介词短短语、不定式短、不定式短语和分和分词短短语)。我我们称之称之为: 定定语、状、状语The little boy needs a blue pen. 一、一、 定定语：定定语是是对名名词或代或代词起修起修饰、限定作用、限定作用的的词、短、短语或句子或句子, 译为的的。定语通常位于被修饰的定语通常位于被修饰的成分前成分前。复合不定代词复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后；之后；不定式不定式/分词短语分词短语/从句作定语从句作定语时要放在时要放在被修饰的成分后；被修饰的成分后；副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词之后之后。Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom. 二、状二、状语：状状语修修饰动词、形容形容词、副副词或或全句全句的的句子成分句子成分, 说明明方式、因果、条件、方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的步、方向、程度、目的等。等。-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可用作状语的有副词可用作状语的有副词, 不定式不定式, 分词分词, 介词短语介词短语, 从句等从句等。 In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里在教室里, 男孩需要一支男孩需要一支钢笔。笔。(地点状地点状语)Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母在母亲面前面前, 汤姆姆总是一个男孩子。是一个男孩子。(条件状条件状语)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天星期天, 教室里没有学生。教室里没有学生。 (时间状状语) 介介词短短语作状作状语：分分词(短短语)作状作状语：He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态表示伴随状态)Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业因为不得不完成作业, 男孩需要一支笔。男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语原因状语)Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.(因为因为)受了惊吓受了惊吓, 他无声地坐在那儿。他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语原因状语)The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状目的状语)To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想梦想, 汤姆姆变得得对商商业很有很有兴趣趣. 不定式作状不定式作状语：状语从句：状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句让步状语从句、条件状语从句 -We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.三、同位三、同位语：同位同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置同等位置时, 一个句子成分一个句子成分用来用来说明和解明和解释另一个句子成分另一个句子成分, 这个句子成分就叫做它的个句子成分就叫做它的同位同位语。We students should study hard. (students是是we的同位的同位语, 都是指同一批都是指同一批“学生学生”)We all are students. (all是是we的同位的同位语, 都指同都指同样的的“我我们”)四、独立成分：四、独立成分：与全句没有与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。独立成分。感感叹词: oh, hello, aha, ah,等。等。肯定肯定词: yes否定否定词: no称呼称呼语: 称呼人的用称呼人的用语。插入插入语: 一些句中插入的一些句中插入的 I think, I believe,等。等。如如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信我相信, 这个故事个故事还远没没结束束.(一一) 挑出下列句中的挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二二) 挑出下列句中的表挑出下列句中的表语- The old man was feeling very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三三) 挑出下列句中的定挑出下列句中的定语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四四) 挑出下列句中的挑出下列句中的宾语补足足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.(五五) 挑出下列句中的状挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.划分句子成分划分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve got to 2. school.3.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, 4. I didnt dare open a window.5.3. Another time five months ago, I happened 6. to be upstairs at dusk when the window 7. was open.8.4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the 9. thundering clouds held me entirely in 10. their power.1.You will tell (your) friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to beUpstairs at dusk (when the window was open).4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thunderingClouds held me entirely in their power.主语主语谓语谓语间宾间宾定语定语直接宾语直接宾语原因状语原因状语主语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语