English Grammar (The Matrix)Parts of SpeechCourse: INGL. 3021/3022Oral and Written EnglishProfessor: Anbal MuozPreviewlDefinitionslNounslPronounslVerbslAdjectiveslAdverbslPrepositionslConjunctionslInterjectionslDeterminerslSubordinatorslInterrogativeslQualifierslSentence combinationslYes/no questionslInformation questionslPunctuation ruleslCapitalization rulesGrammarldefinition The grammar of a language is a complex of systems that may be analyzed and studied on these three levels: (Noam Chomskys UG)1.Phonology (set of sounds/ symbols)2.Morphology (combinations of sounds that carry single units of meaning) 3. Syntax (how single units of meaning are combined to form words, phrases and sentences.Parts of speech (Nouns)lNouns1.Definition2.Proper / common 3.Singular / plural (annex)4.Count / non-count /abstract (annex) (how much how many)5.Collectible (group nouns)6.Units of measurement (Reference: Schramper Azar, Betty,1996. Basic English Grammar)Definition (proper and common nouns)lNouns words used to name a person, place, thing, object, quality, idea, concept, or an action. Ref. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2001)lProper Nouns- special or particular name given to common nouns to distinguish them from others of the same kind. Example: common- woman proper Martha a countryPuerto Ricoa petPuppymany othersa monumentThe Statue of Libertya dayMondaya placeRyderHospitalA personCarlosProper NounsProper and common nounsCOMMONPROPERCOMMONPROPERdaySaturdayassociationsMembers ClubmonthOctobermoviesTitanicmountainEl YunqueplanetsNeptuneriverThe AmazoncitySan JuanoceanPacific Oceanhistorical periodsMiddle AgesbookApplied LinguisticlanguageSpanishnewspaperNew York TimesnationalityPuerto RicanreligionCatholicSchool course English 101brand of productCadillacinstitutionsUniversity of Puerto RicoNouns (singular and plural)lRule No. 1 (Add s to the end of noun) cup cups student studentslRule No.2 consonants before “y” change y to i and add es city -cities party- parties lady-ladieslRule No.3 vowels before “y” add s boy boys key keys day -daysSingular and plural (cont.)lRule No. 4 (f and fe endings) change the f or fe to v and es life lives wife wives thief thieves lRule No. 5 (sh, ch, x, ss endings) add es bush bushes match matches box -boxes kiss -kisseslRule No. 6 (consonant + o) add es (vowel +o) s tomato tomatoes radio radios Practice ExercisesUse the plural form to fill in the blanks. (provided list)BabyBoyCityCountryLadyPartyTrayKeyDictionarycowboylThey have one girl and two _.lI visited many _ last year.lWomen give birth to _.lShe lost the _ of the car and the house!l_ rides horses in Texas.lMadrid and Paris are beautiful _.lWe must bring _ to the English class.lGood evening _ and gentleman.lOn Saturday nights, I like to go to _.lPeople carry their food on _ at the cafeteria.Pronunciation of plurals (s / es)lGroup A Final s is pronounced /z/ after voiced sounds (taxicabs, beds, dogs, balls, years, days, boys, trees, etc.)lGroup B Final s is pronounced /s/ after voiceless sounds (books, cups, groups, cats, students, desks, etc.)lGroup C Final s, es is pronounced /ez/ after “s” sounds (classes, horses, boxes, faces) after “z” sounds (sizes, roses, noises) after “sh” sounds (dishes, bushes) after “ch” sounds (matches, sandwiches) after “ge/dge” sounds (pages, ages, bridges, edges)Irregular plural forms (exceptions)lChild childrenlFoot feetlMan menlWoman womenlMouse micelTooth teethlFish fishl_ people (is always plural) (no s)Count and noncount nounslCount nounsa book booksone book two books some books a lot of books many books a few bookslNon-count nouns money some money a lot of money much money a little moneylCommon non-count nouns advice, furniture, love, peace, homework, luck information, food, mail, music, traffic, weather, work, bread, cheese, coffee, rice, sand, meat, milk, water, sugar, money, oil, liquids materials (paper) abstracts general food gasesOral Practice (count vs. non-count)ChairTrafficMusicWorkFurnitureCarsCoffeeWaterCoinFactLibraryJewelryMoneyInformation PeaceRingsLettersHomeworkAdviceJusticemailassignment jobsugarPronounslDefinitionlPersonal pronouns (subject-object)lPossessive adjectiveslPossessive pronounslReflexivelIndefinitelInterrogativelDemonstrativelRelative lreciprocalVerbs (verb tenses /conjugation)lDefinitionlRegular lIrregular verbslSpelling / pronunciationlConjugation (annex-practice)lAuxiliary verbs/ modals (annex)lInfinitiveslGerundsVerbsRegular/ Irregular/ verb tensesRegular verbs (d or ed endings)/d/ sound pronunciation/t/ sound pronunciation/ed/ pronunciationIrregular verbslThree formslTwo formslOne formVerb conjugationlSimple present tenseI WorkYouWorkHe, she, itWorksWeWorkYouWorktheyworkVerb tenseslSimple pastIWorkedYouWorkedHe, she, itWorkedWeWorkedYouWorkedtheyworkedVerb tenseslSimple futurelAnother way to express the simple futureI am going to work tomorrow.She is going to work next week.They are going to work on Sunday.Iwill workYouwill workHe, she, itwill workWewill workYouwill worktheywill workPresent progressiveI am working right now.Youare working.He, she, itis working.Weare working.Youare working.Theyare working.Past progressive (continuous)Iwas working last night.Youwere working yesterday.He, she, itwas working last summer.Wewere working a few hours ago.Youwere working last week.Theywere working last Monday.Future progressive (continuous)Iwill be working tomorrow.Youwill be working this afternoon.He, she, itwill be working next weekend.Wewill be working tonight.Youwill be working next summer.They will be working next semester.Adjectives lDefinitionlArticles as adjectiveslOrder of adjectives in a series (color, size, origin, nationalities, shape, age, etc.)lPast participles / gerunds used as adjectiveslComparatives and superlatives comparisons (annex-practice)AdverbslDefinitionlAdverbs of frequency (annex)lAdverbs of timelAdverbs of location (place)lAdverbs of modePrepositionslDefinitionlIN, ON and AT (annex time and location)lAll prepositionslTransitional expressions (prep. Phrases-annex)Conjunctions lDefinitionlCorrelative conjunctionslCoordinating conjunctionslSubordinate conjunctionslConjunctive adverbslOther subordinators (annex)Interjections and other wordslDefinition and exampleslOnomatopoeiaslNumerals (cardinals, ordinals)lDeterminerslQualifierslSubordinatorslinterrogativesCapitalization Rules (annex)Punctuation Rules (annex)Sentence CombinationsYES/NO questionsInformation questions