大学英语四级培训大学英语四级培训蒋玉军蒋玉军宣言宣言: :通过才是硬道理通过才是硬道理四、六级考试改革方案简介四、六级考试改革方案简介近期内，四、六级考试将采取的重近期内，四、六级考试将采取的重要举措之一是改革计分体制和成绩报导要举措之一是改革计分体制和成绩报导方式。四、六级考试成绩将采用满分为方式。四、六级考试成绩将采用满分为710分的计分体制，不设及格线；成绩报分的计分体制，不设及格线；成绩报导方式由考试合格证书改为成绩报告单，导方式由考试合格证书改为成绩报告单，即考后向每位考生发放成绩报告单，报即考后向每位考生发放成绩报告单，报导内容包括：总分、单项分等。为使学导内容包括：总分、单项分等。为使学校理解考试分数的含义并根据各校的实校理解考试分数的含义并根据各校的实际情况合理使用考试测量的结果，四、际情况合理使用考试测量的结果，四、六级考试委员会将向学校提供四、六级六级考试委员会将向学校提供四、六级考试分数的解释。考试分数的解释。 英语四级考试大纲英语四级考试大纲 1、词汇、词汇 领会式掌握领会式掌握4,200个单词（其中复用个单词（其中复用式掌握的单词为式掌握的单词为2,500个），以及由这个），以及由这些词构成的常用词组些词构成的常用词组1,600条（中学所条（中学所掌握的单词和词组均包括在内），并具掌握的单词和词组均包括在内），并具有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。 2、语法、语法 巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。 3、阅读能力、阅读能力 能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章、掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的文章、掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实和细节，并能进行一定的分析、推的事实和细节，并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断，领会作者的观点和态度，阅读理和判断，领会作者的观点和态度，阅读速度达到每分钟速度达到每分钟70词。在阅读篇幅较长、词。在阅读篇幅较长、难度略低、生词不超过总词数难度略低、生词不超过总词数3%的材料的材料时，能掌握中心大意，抓住主要事实和有时，能掌握中心大意，抓住主要事实和有关细节，阅读速度将达到每分钟关细节，阅读速度将达到每分钟100词。词。 4、听的能力、听的能力 能听懂英语讲课，并能听懂题材熟悉、能听懂英语讲课，并能听懂题材熟悉、句子结构比较简单、基本上没有生词、语句子结构比较简单、基本上没有生词、语速为每分钟速为每分钟130-150词的简短会话、谈话、词的简短会话、谈话、报道或讲座，掌握其中心大意，抓住要点报道或讲座，掌握其中心大意，抓住要点和有关细节，领会讲话者的观点和态度。和有关细节，领会讲话者的观点和态度。 5、说的能力、说的能力 (口语口语)能就教材内容和适当的听力材料进行问能就教材内容和适当的听力材料进行问答和复述，能用英语进行一般的日常会话，答和复述，能用英语进行一般的日常会话，能就所熟悉的话题经准备后作简短发言，能就所熟悉的话题经准备后作简短发言，表达思想比较清楚，语音、语调基本正确。表达思想比较清楚，语音、语调基本正确。 6、写的能力、写的能力 能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题和写提纲，能就一定的做笔记、回答问题和写提纲，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出话题或提纲在半小时内写出120-150词的词的短文，能写短信或便条，表达意思清楚，短文，能写短信或便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。无重大语言错误。 7、译的能力、译的能力 能借助词典将难度略低于课文的英语短能借助词典将难度略低于课文的英语短文译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意，译速文译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意，译速为每小时为每小时300英语单词。能借助词典将内容英语单词。能借助词典将内容熟悉的汉语文字材料译成英语，译文达意，熟悉的汉语文字材料译成英语，译文达意，无重大语言错误，译速为每小时无重大语言错误，译速为每小时250字。字。 四级考试题型及分数四级考试题型及分数.听力（听力（35%）.阅读（阅读（35%）、）、.完型填空或改错（完型填空或改错（10%）.作文和翻译（作文和翻译（20%）。）。 具体：具体：听力理解部分分值比例为听力理解部分分值比例为35%；其中听力；其中听力对话对话15%，听力短文，听力短文20%。听力对话部分。听力对话部分包括短对话和长对话的听力理解；听力短包括短对话和长对话的听力理解；听力短文部分包括选择题型的短文理解和复合式文部分包括选择题型的短文理解和复合式听写。听写。 阅读理解部分分值比例为阅读理解部分分值比例为35%；其中仔细；其中仔细阅读部分（阅读部分（Reading in Depth）25%，仔，仔细阅读部分分为：细阅读部分分为：a）选择题型的篇章阅）选择题型的篇章阅读理解；读理解；b）篇章层次的词汇理解）篇章层次的词汇理解（Banked Cloze）或短句问答（）或短句问答（Short Answer Questions）。）。快速阅读理解部分测试的是浏览阅读和查快速阅读理解部分测试的是浏览阅读和查读能力。快速阅读部分（读能力。快速阅读部分（Skimming and Scanning）10%。完型填空或改错部分分值比例为完型填空或改错部分分值比例为10%。完。完型填空部分采用多项选择题型，改错部分型填空部分采用多项选择题型，改错部分的要求是辨认错误并改正。的要求是辨认错误并改正。 写作和翻译部分分值比例为写作和翻译部分分值比例为20%；其中写；其中写作部分（作部分（Writing）15%，翻译部分，翻译部分（Translation）5%。写作的体裁包括。写作的体裁包括议议论文论文、说明文、应用文等；翻译部分测试、说明文、应用文等；翻译部分测试的是句子、短语或常用表达层次上的中译的是句子、短语或常用表达层次上的中译英能力。英能力。 新的大学英语四、六级考试形式的最大新的大学英语四、六级考试形式的最大变化就是将变化就是将30分钟的短文写作放在了考试分钟的短文写作放在了考试的开始。虽然这一变化某种程度上有利于的开始。虽然这一变化某种程度上有利于缓解考生的紧张情绪，但这一点缓解却被缓解考生的紧张情绪，但这一点缓解却被紧接下来的快速阅读试题所抵消。紧接下来的快速阅读试题所抵消。 英语四级考试成绩英语四级考试成绩1大学英语四级考试成绩报道采用以大学英语四级考试成绩报道采用以710制为形式的正态分制，制为形式的正态分制，425分为四级资分为四级资格线，格线，85 %分为优秀；分为优秀； 英语四级考试口试英语四级考试口试凡在两年内参加过四级考试并且四级成凡在两年内参加过四级考试并且四级成绩绩550分以上的考生均可报名参加大学英语分以上的考生均可报名参加大学英语四级考试口试。大学英语四级考试口试每四级考试口试。大学英语四级考试口试每年年5月、月、11月举行。报名时间为月举行。报名时间为3月、月、9月。月。口试成绩分为口试成绩分为A、B、C、D四个等级，四个等级，A、B、C级均颁发口试证书。只有四级口试通级均颁发口试证书。只有四级口试通过的人才有资格去考六级口试。过的人才有资格去考六级口试。 一一、历年真题分析历年真题分析:分析分析:题型题型、题量题量、难度与考点难度与考点分布等内容分布等内容,考什么我复习考什么我复习什么什么,切勿求大求全求完美切勿求大求全求完美 2011年年6月英语四级真题月英语四级真题Part For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. Ive done it hundreds of times. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. (15points) Everyone tries to achieve success in his career. However, someone firmly attains his goal while another fails. Why? The one continues his cause to the end through long periods of hard struggling, but the other is easily disappointed or stops halfway.Strong will, perseverance and diligence are the three essentials of success. A man of strong will and perseverance always has an inflexible spirit. He sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might be. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was such a man. Many of his attempts failed, but he held to his purpose with firmness and finally succeeded in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty. Diligence means steadiness in ones work and study. Su Qin stabbed himself in order to keep himself attentive to studies. Marx often worked 15 hours a day. Life is short and we have many things to do. Without diligence no one can achieve anything.I believe that where there is a will there is a way, and that success belongs to those who can suffer long years of patient toil and constant effortsPart Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7 choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentence with the information given in the passage. Why Integrity Matters The key to integrity is consistency- not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each and every day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical (道德上的道德上的) standards even when making lifes hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation.What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse (缺失缺失) of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus integrity must be one of our most important goals.Risky Business We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision, making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future.Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we cant see the risks were taking, we cant make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesnt know the rules a about plagiarism (剽窃剽窃) may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is unintentional does not excuse the misconduct, Ignorance is not a defense.But Everybody Does ItMost people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts but manage to fool themselves about the risks theyre taking by using excuses: Everyone else does it. Im not hurting anyone, or I really need this grade. Excuses can get very elaborate: I know Im look at anothers exam, even though Im supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but thats not cheating because Im just checking my answers, not copying. We must be honest about our actions and avoid excuses, if we fool ourselves into believing were not doing anything wrong, we cant see the real choice were making - and that leads to bad decisions. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over yore shoulder. If youd rather hide your actions, thats an indication that youre taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself. Evaluating Risks To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immolate benefits and simply havent considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious and may include a O on a test or assignment, an F in the class, suspension (暂令暂令停学停学) or dismissal from school and a ruined reputation. In fact, when you break a role or law, you lose control over your life and give others the power to impose punishment that you have no control over. This is an extremely vulnerable (脆弱的脆弱的) position. There may be some matters of life and death or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there arent many things that fall in this category.Getting Away with it - Or Not Those who dont get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesnt learn from the test, which deprives (剥夺剥夺) him her of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-respect and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesnt get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems easier. This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Cheating Hurts Other, Too Cheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions dont count and dont really hurt anyone. But individual choices have an intense cumulative (累积的累积的) effect. Cheating can spread like a disease. Recent statistics suggest 30 or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating poisons the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. (If I dont cheat I cant compete with those who do) Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of goof teaching is seeing students learn. But a cheater says. Im not interested in what youre trying to teach, all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others. The end result is a destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the university and harm those who worked hard for their degree. Why Integrity Marten If cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others, if not, we couldnt put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist-the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nations economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education. In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _.（A）A) sticks to them in their daily lifeB) makes them known to othersC) understands their true valuesD) sees that others also follow them2. What role does integrity play in personal and professional relationships?（C）A) It helps to create team spiritB) It facilitates communicationC) It is the basis of mutual trustD) It inspires mutual respect3. why must we learn to identify the risks we are going to take？（？（A）A. To ensure we make responsible choices.B. To avoid being overwhelmed by stress.C. so that we dont break any rules.D. so that we dont run into trouble.4. Violation of a rule is misconduct even if _?（B）A. it has caused no harm.B. it is claimed to be unintentional.C. it has gone unnoticed.D. it is committed with good intentions.5. What should one do if he doesnt wish to fool himself? （A）A. Avoid making excuses.B. Listen to other peoples advice.C. Make his intensions public.D. Have others watch over his shoulder.6. Those who take risks they regret later on _.（C）A. will often become more cautiousB. are usually very aggressiveC. value immediate benefits most.D. may lose everything in the end7. According to the author, a cheater who doesnt get caught right away will _.（A）A) pay more dearlyB) become more confidentC) be widely admiredD) feel somewhat lucky8. Cheaters at exam dont care about their education, all they care about is how to stealing a grade9. Integrity matters in that all social activities rely on peoples honesty and good faith.10. Many Americans lost faith in the integrity of their political leaders as a result of the Watergate scandal.Part Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.With the worlds population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers. businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施基础设施) and jobs. Underling all this 47 will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years.Finding the resources to meet this demand in a 48 . sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石基石) of our nations energy security, and will be one of the major 49 of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy- bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are 50 being funded and developed, and will play a growing 51role in the worlds energy supply. But experts say that even when 52 , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the worlds energy needs by 2050.For example, even with 53 investments, such as the $93 million for wind energy development 54 in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels 55 only about 1% of the market today.Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of 56 both traditional and alternative.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。上作答。A)stable I)exactly B)solutions J)consist C)significant K)comprise D)role L)competitions E)progress M)combined F)marvelous N)challenges G)included O)certainly H)growth Section B Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four chokes marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Boys schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involve them in activities such as art, dance and music.Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity (阳刚阳刚), the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereotype. a US study says.Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the boy code of hiding their emotions to be a real man.The findings of the study so against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being faded by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls.The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the studys author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia. Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with boy-focused approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. Because boys generally have more acute vision learn best through touch, and are physically more active, they need to be given hands-on lessons where they are allowed to walk around. Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine (女性的女性的) and prefer the modem genre (类型类型) in which violence and sexism are major themes, James wrote. Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be masterful and in charge in relationships. “ In mixed schools boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means, the study reported.57. The author believes that a single-sex school would _ . A) force boys to hide their emotions to be real men B) help to cultivate masculine aggressiveness in boys C) encourage boys to express their emotions more freely D) naturally reinforce in boys the traditional image of a man 58. It is commonly believed that in a mixed school boys _ . A) Perform relatively better C) behave more responsibly B) grow up more healthily D) receive a better education 59. What does Tony Little say about the British education system? A) It fails more boys than girls academically. B) It focuses more on mixed school education. C) It fails to give boys the attention they need. D) It places more pressure on boys than on girls.60. According to Abigail James, one of the advantages of single-sex schools is _. A) teaching can be tailored to suit the characteristics of boys B) boys can focus on their lessons without being distracted C) boys can choose to learn whatever they are interested in D) teaching can be designed to promote boys team spirit 61. Which of the following is characteristic of boys according to Abigail James report? A) They enjoy being in charge. C) They have sharper vision. B) They conform to stereotypes. D) They are violent and sexist.Passage Two Questions 62 to 66 are bated on the following passage.Its an annual argument. Do we or do we not go on holiday? My partner says no because the boiler could go, or the roof fall off and we have no savings to save us. I say you only live once and we work hard and whats the point if you cant go on holiday. The joy of a recession means no argument next year - we just wont go.Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday A YouGov poll of 2, 000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money. Whats less clear is whether divorce and separation rates rise in a recession - financial pressures mean couples argue more but make splitting up less affordable. A recent research shows arguments about money were especially damaging to couples. Disputes were characterized by intense verbal ( 言语上的言语上的) aggression, tended to be repeated and not resolved and made men, more than women, extremely angry.Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money is such a big deal because of what it symbolizes, which may be different things to men and women. People can say the same things about money but have different ideas of what its for. he explains. Theyll say its to save to spend, for security, for freedom, to show someone you love them. He says men are more likely to see money as a way of buying status and of showing their parents that theyve achieved something.The biggest problem is that couples assume each other know whats going on with their finances, but they dont. There seems to be more of a taboo (禁忌禁忌) about talking about money than about death. But you both need to know what youre doing, whos paying what into the joint account and how much you keep separately. In a healthy relationship, you dont have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it.62. What does the author say about vacationing? A) People enjoy it all the more during a recession. B) Few people can afford it without working hard. C) It makes all the hard work worthwhile. D) It is the chief cause of family disputes.63. What does the author mean by saying money is known . to bring a relationship to its knees(Line 1, Para. 2)? A) Money is considered to be the root of all evils. B) Some people sacrifice their dignity for money. C) Few people can resist the temptation of money. D) Disputes over money may rain a relationship.64. The YouGov poll of 2, 000 people indicates that in a recession _ . A) conflicts between couples tend to rise B) it is more expensive for couples to split up C) couples show more concern for each other D) divorce and separation rates increase 65. What does Kim Stephenson believe? A) Money is often a symbol of a persons status. B) Money means a great deal to both and women. C) Men and women spend money on different things. D) Men and women view money in different ways.66. The author suggests at the end of the passage that couples should _ . A) put their money together instead of keeping it separately B) make efforts to reach agreement on their family budgets C) discuss money matters to maintain a healthy relationship D) avoid arguing about money matters to remain romantic Part Cloze (15 minutes)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each bland there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Employers fear they will be unable to recruit students with the skills they need as the economic recovery kicks in, a new survey 67 .Nearly half of the organizations told researchers they were already struggling to find 68 with skills in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM). 69 even more companies expect to experience 70 of employees with STEM skills in the next three years.The Confederation of British Industry 71 694 businesses and organizations across the public and 72 sectors, which together employ 2.4 million people.Half are 73 they will not be able to fill graduate posts in the coming years, while a third said they would not be able to 74 enough employees with the right A-level skills. 75 we move further role recovery and businesses plan 76 growth, the demand for people with high-quality skills and qualifications will 77 . said Richard Lambert, Director General, CBI. Firms say it is already hard to find people with the right 78 or engineering skills. The new government must make it a top 79 to encourage more young people to study science-related 80 .The survey found that young people would improve their job prospects 81 they studied business, maths, English and physics or chemistry at A-level. The A-levels that employers 82 least are psychology and sociology. And while many employers dont insist on a 83 degree subject. A third prefer to hire those with a STEM-related subject.The research 84 worries about the lack of progress in improving basic skills in the UK 85 . Half of the employer expressed worries about employees basic literacy and numeracy（计算（计算)skills, while the biggest problem is with IT skills, 86 two-thirds reported concerns.67. A) submits C) launches B) reveals D) generates 68. A) audience C) partners B) officials D) staff 69. A) while C) for B) because D) although 70. A) exits C) absences B) shortages D) departures 71. A) surveyed C) exposed B) searched D) exploited 72. A) collective C) personal B) private D) civil 73. A) confronted C) concerned B) conformed D) confused 74. A) bind C) transfer B) attain D) recruit 75. A) Lest C) Before B) Unless D) As 76. A) with C) on B) for D) by 77. A) dominate C) enforce B) stretch D) intensify 78. A) creative C) narrative B) technical D) physical 79. A) priority C) challenge B) option D) judgment 80. A) procedures C) thoughts B) academics D) subjects 81. A) until C) whereas B) since D) if 82. A) rate C) order B) discuss D) observe 83. A) typical C) positive B particular D) general 84. A) highlighted C) focused B) prescribed D) touched85. A) masses C) faculty B) workforce D) communities 86. A) what C) where B) whom D) why Part Translation (5 minutes)Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets Please write your translation on Answer Sheer 2注意：此部分试题请在答题卡注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，上作答，只需写出译文部分。只需写出译文部分。87Charity groups organized various activities to _(为地为地震幸存者筹款震幸存者筹款)。88Linda_(不可不可能收到我的电子邮件）：能收到我的电子邮件）：otherwise, she would have replied89Its my mother_(一直在鼓一直在鼓励我不要灰心励我不要灰心)when I have difficulties in my studies90The publishing house has to _（考虑这部小说的受（考虑这部小说的受欢迎程度欢迎程度)。91It is absolutely wrong to _（仅仅以金钱来定（仅仅以金钱来定义幸福）。义幸福）。