公众参与的价值目标与绿色发展公众参与的价值目标与绿色发展The Value of Public Participation and Green Development以环境利用关系为中心Centering on Environmental Utilizing Relations 汪 劲 北京大学法学院教授Dr. Wang Jin, Professor of Peking University Law Schoolwangjin_lawpku.edu.cn第五届中国环境与发展国际合作委员会2013年年会，北京，11月13-15日目目 录录/ Contents前言人类利用环境资源行为的分类公众、政府与企业：环境利用关系中的地位通过公众参与实现绿色发展的法律途径结论ForewordClassification of human environment and resource utilization behaviorsPublic, governments and enterprises: status in environmental utilizing relationsLegal method to achieve green development through public participationConclusion前前 言言/Foreword绿色发展的本质：保护基本人权与维护社会进步绿色发展的主体及其与环境资源保护的关系1. 政府政府作为宪法和法律授权国家所有的自然资源与环境管理，和国家环境与资源保护的主体国家财产保护职能国家自然资源与环境财产的保值、增值监管开发利用环境与污染物排放社会利益衡平职能保护人民生命健康、财产安全不受污染破坏致害经济、社会可持续发展The essence of green development: protecting fundamental human rights and safeguarding social developmentSubjects of green development and their relations with environmental and resource protection1. GovernmentAs the states environment and natural resource management and protection authority according to the Constitution and the laws, government should:Protect state property;Maintain and increase the value of the states natural resources and environmental assets;Supervise environment utilization and pollutant emissions;Balance multiple social interests;Protect peoples life, health and property from pollution damagesSustainably develop economic and society2. 企业企业依法开发利用自然资源（环境要素利用）的主体依法向环境排放污染物（环境容量利用）的主体3. 公民、自然人公民、自然人/公众公众（以环境NGO组织为代表）环境要素和环境容量的原初利用者（本能的利用）天赋人权（Natural Right）的原始源论自然界生物普遍固有的权利，并不限由法律或信仰来赋予呼吸、饮水、饮食、风景2. EnterprisesLegally exploit and utilize natural resource (utilizing environmental factors)Legally discharge pollutants to the environment (utilizing environmental capacities)3. Citizens, Natural persons/Public (Represented by Environmental NGOs)Original user of environmental factors and environmental capacities (instinctive utilization)The original source theory in the Natural RightCreatures in the nature have general inherent rights, which are not limited by laws or religionsFor example: rights to breath, drink, eat, enjoy good scenery, and etc.人类利用环境资源行为的分类人类利用环境资源行为的分类/Classification of human behavior on environment and resource utilization 类别类别 Category本能利用行为本能利用行为 /Instinctive Utilization开发开发/排放利用行为排放利用行为Environmental Factors/ Capacities Utilization主体/ Subject自然人 /Natural person企业事业单位等/ Enterprises and other units目的/ Aim生存繁衍/ Survive and multiply排放污染物占用环境容量 /Discharge pollutants and occupy environmental capacities开发自然资源获取经济价值/ Exploit natural resources for economic value动机/Motivation被动利用、适可而止/ Passively use, without over-use主动占用与获取、多多益善 /Actively occupy and possess, the more the better权利来源 /Source of right生存权/ Right to survive发展权/Right to develop性质/ Nature利用自然产品与环境效益/ Utilize natural products and environmental benefits占用环境容量/Occupy environmental capacities减少自然要素/Reduce natural factors生态影响/Ecological Impact对生态系统不产生大的不利影响/No significant adverse impact产生不利于生态系统稳定的环境污染，自然破坏现象/Generate pollutions and damages harmful to the balance of ecological system公众、政府与企业：环境利用关系中的地位公众、政府与企业：环境利用关系中的地位/ Public, governments and enterprises: status in environmental utilizing relations政府与公众之间民意代表选举与正当开发决策提高公共福祉、维护环境品质保障公民诉愿实现公众与企业之间环境与资源保护利益的分享者此生彼长的利益竞争Relations between the government and the publicElections by representatives of the people and legitimate development decisionsImprovement of public welfare and maintenance of environmental qualityProtection of citizens to achieve their appealsRelations between the enterprises and the publicSharing environmental and resource protection interestsCompetitive relation with the shift in interests公有制下的政府与企业之间赋权资源利用与衡平环境利益特许；许可；公开信息、听取公众意见公众与企业环境利用规则监管标准市场环境/资源产权、价值交易Relations between the enterprises and the government under a public ownership systemAuthorizing resource utilization and balancing environmental interestsSpecial licences and permissionsOpen information and solicit public opinionsUtilization plans for the public and enterprisesSupervisionEnvironmental standardsMarketProperty rights and value of environment/ resourcesTransactions通过公众参与实现绿色发展的法律途径通过公众参与实现绿色发展的法律途径/ Legal Method to achieve green development through public participation1.必须确立公众参与环境决策的基本权能知悉信息的权利企业、政府环境信息公开义务建言（谏言）的权利正当法律程序保障一开发决策机制中的咨询、调查、说明与听证等义务建言被（得到）尊重的权利正当法律程序保障二接受举报的查处义务意见不采纳的说明义务获得司法救济的权利不服行政决定的复议权与诉讼权环境公益诉讼的主体资格1.Basic participation rights in environmental decisions must be establishedRights to access environmental informationResponsibility of enterprises and governments to disclose environmental informationRights to make commentsProtect proper legal proceduregovernments obligation of consultation, investigation, instructions, holding hearings and other obligations Rights to get comments respectedProtect proper legal proceduregovernments obligation of Accepting and dealing with reportsExplaining why comments are not acceptedRights to get legal remedyRights to apply for administrative reconsiderations and file lawsuitsQualification to file environmental public interest lawsuits2.必须确立公众参与环境决策的法律程序经济发展与环境资源保护利用的法律法规，应当明确规定公众如何参与开发与环境决策的途径、方法3.扩大环境公益诉讼的主体范围建议环境保护法修订草案再扩大环境公益诉讼的主体范围，从现在的全国性环保团体扩大到至少省一级环保团体，取消“信誉良好”条件的限制2.Legal procedure to get public involved in environmental decision makingLaws and regulations on economic development and environmental and resource protection or utilization should clearly stipulate publics access to participate in environmental decision making3. Expand qualification to file public interest litigationSuggest that the Environmental Protection Law expand qualification to file public interest litigationEnable provincial environmental organizations to file public interest litigations, and cancel the limit of “with good reputation”小结小结/ Conclusion完完谢谢大家，欢迎交流与讨论！Thanks a lot and look forward to your comments！wangjin_lawpku.edu.cn