英语实用文体的特征与翻译英语实用文体的特征与翻译Stylistic Characteristics of Practical English and Its Translation 一实用文体翻译是当前翻译 市场的实际需求 当前本市翻译市场的实际需求主要是实用文体的三个方面: 1. 科技、生产类； 2. 经济贸易类; 3. 出国文件类。 其中以科技生产类与经济贸易类需求量为最大。以英语为主, 以笔译为主。 二、英语实用文体的特征 1. 什么是英语实用文体？什么是英语实用文体？ 所有语类的语篇可以归结为两大类： 实用文体，（2）文学文体。 文学语篇的职能是利用语言给人以乐趣和美的享受。而实用文体是“直接以传递信息或服务的语篇类型”（张德禄，1998：297）。 2. 2. 英语语体的分类英语语体的分类 美国语言学家马丁朱斯 (Martin Joos) ，提出了以下著名的五种语体: 庄重体(frozen style) 、正式体（formal style）、商洽体（consultative style）、随意体（casual style）、亲密体（intimate style）的理论。 3 3、英语实用文体的正式性表现、英语实用文体的正式性表现 频繁使用术语（技术词）、半术语 （半技术词）; 普遍使用正式程度高的 普通词; 大量使用名词与名词化结构; 大量使用长句与扩展的简单句; 使用被动语态; (6)靠结构进行语篇的谋篇布局与衔接等。1)术语与半术语的严肃性与翻译术语与半术语的严肃性与翻译(1). 术语的重要性术语的重要性 例：例： “方箱机方箱机”，英文是，英文是 platen press。“泡罩包装机泡罩包装机”, 英文采用英文采用 blister packing machine，如果用，如果用foam来代替其中的来代替其中的blister就就不妥。不妥。(2). 术语的权威性与严肃性术语的权威性与严肃性 中国国务院有“全国科学技术名词审 定委员会”，负责审定有关术语。国外由 相关专业协会审定。国内外均以标准文件 的形式公布审定的术语。正规出版社出版 的英-汉或汉-英词典是对术语标准文件的 补充。不是来自纸张型正规词典的电子版 与网络词典质量不如纸张型, 其中部分可 靠性存疑。(3). 专业性与半专业性术语与翻译专业性与半专业性术语与翻译 . .专业性术语专业性术语 只有部分术语没有同形异义与同义异形现象，同义或近义的术语不少。 例：Roentgen rays或X-rays。 例：expressway或freeway，milestone, kilometer stone 或land stone。 半专业性术语半专业性术语 英语半专业性术语的特点是：a). 同样的术语在不同行业，不同专业里或不同情况下具有不同含义。如esthetics，negotiation (negotiable) b).不同的术语在不同 “变体”中表示同样含义。如cell-tank；electrode-welding rod 。 c).在不同行业里同样术语表示同样的含义，但有不同译法。如：roller 某些术语与专有名词的翻译错误举例某些术语与专有名词的翻译错误举例 以下译例中以下译例中, (A)为错句。为错句。 例（1）投标资格预审（A） investigation of bidding qualification （ B ） prequalification (prequalifying) 例（2）（投标中的）联营体（A） co-operating unit （ B ） joint venture 例（3）就地清洗装置（A） On-the-spot cleaning equipment （B） CIP apparatus 例（4）羊栖菜深加工处理。（A）Further Processing of Yangxicai Marine Alga（B）Further Processing of Hijiki 例（5）中国第一汽车集团公司 (A) China No.1 Automobile Group Company (B) China FAW Group Corporation 例（6）威姿 (汽车品牌)(A) Weizi(B) Vizi (中国合资品牌) 或 Vitz (日本原型车品牌) 或Yaris (欧洲原型车品牌) 例（7）城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(A) Sewage Disposal standard for urban and rural Treatment Plant(B) Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant2) 普通词的正式性与翻译普通词的正式性与翻译 (1)、英语普通词汇的正式性与非正式性、英语普通词汇的正式性与非正式性 拉丁语与古法语派生词，高雅而正式。它们一般较同义的、盎格鲁撒克逊语的单词（Anglo-Saxon words）为长。人们称之为big words。 .正式文体中，常用用拉丁语与古法语派生词； 用书面语单个动词代替短语动词 .合同与国际招投标文件中的用词正式性举例 .工业产品说明书中的用词正式性举例 (2)、英语庄重文体中的庄重性词汇与翻译、英语庄重文体中的庄重性词汇与翻译例：While the principle of this invention has been described with particularity, it should be understood that various alternations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims.（以上专门阐述了本发明的原理。应该理解的是：只要不背离本发明精神，可以对本发明实施方案进行各种改变与修正；本发明的范围是由以下所附的专利权项所限定的。） 再研究以下来自英国造船合同的一段文字:All payments made by the BUYER prior to delivery of the vessel shall be in the nature of an advance to the SELLER, and in the event this Contract is rescinded or cancelled by the BUYER, all in accordance with the specific terms of this Contract permitting such rescission or cancellation, the SELLER shall refund to the Buyer in United States Dollars the full amount of all sums already paid by the BUYER to the SELLER under the contract, together with interest.(本船交货前买方的所有已付款都须属于付给卖方的预付款性质。如果买方解除或撤消本合同，只要其解除或撤消本合同的所有细节均符合本合同中允许这种解除或撤消的具体条款，卖方须将买方已支付给卖方的款项全额连同利息退还给买方, 用美元支付。) （3). 英语正式语体中的正式性词汇与翻译英语正式语体中的正式性词汇与翻译 a). 波音公司简介波音公司简介 (加下划线的为正式性词汇加下划线的为正式性词汇)Boeing has been the premier manufacturer of commercial jetliners for more than 40 years. With the merger of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas in 1997, Boeings legacy of leadership in commercial jets, joined with the lineage of Douglas airplanes, gives the combined company a 70-year heritage of leadership in commercial aviation. . Through Boeing Commercial Aviation Services, the company provides unsurpassed, around-the-clock technical support to help operators maintain their airplanes in peak operating condition. b). 美国美国ARCON焊接设备公司的产品说明书焊接设备公司的产品说明书 (见讲义见讲义) (4) 翻译中的用词正式性对照分析：翻译中的用词正式性对照分析：原文：目前, 正在进行工程项目地征用、拆迁处理。土地预审和地质灾害评估、水土保持评估、地震评估报告已获批复。工程“初步设计”已通过省发展和改革委员会审查和批复。（取自2005年招商引资重点项目介绍） 译文1: Now, taking over land and taking away buildings are being carried out. The pre-qualification for land taking over and the evaluation of geological hazard, water and soil keeping, and earthquake have been approved. The feasibility study report of the project and the earliest design has been officially agreed by the Development and Reform Commission of Zhejinag Province. 译文2: At present, the requisition of land and the removal for constructions are underway. The prequalification for requisiting land and the evaluation of geological hazard, water and soil conservation, and earthquake have been approved. The feasibility study report of the project and the initial design has been ratified by the Development and Reform Commission of Zhejinag Province. (5). 拉丁语、古法语等派生词拉丁语、古法语等派生词 的适度使用的适度使用 英语语言的发展趋势总的说来是趋向简单。 拉丁语、古法语派生词等正式程度较高的词，应在某些语体中适度使用, 不可滥用。例: The number of books in the library has been going down. The stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly.3)、庄重体与正式语体的句子结构特征、庄重体与正式语体的句子结构特征 (1)名词与名词化结构的大量使用名词与名词化结构的大量使用 、名词的文体特征、名词的文体特征 科技英语中名词可达35%以上。在某些科技变体中更多。实际上在经贸等其他常用文体中，这个比例也很高。 、名词化结构的文体特征、名词化结构的文体特征 A). A). 什么是名词化什么是名词化 名词化主要是指动词的名词词性转化，可以有以下四种形式： 动作名词：examineexamination；动词性名词 ： examinethe examining； 动 名 词 ：examineexamining； 不 定 式 ： examineto examine。它们的名词性从逐渐减弱。 B).B).什么是什么是名词化结构名词化结构 名词化结构就是对名词化的词（也即以名词化的词为中心词）加上各种修饰语构成短语，在句子中起名词作用。如: test instrument open insurance policy to send pictures by email the active implementing of scien-tech policies by the high-tech enterprises along the southeast coast of China 等. C). C). 名词化结构的特征名词化结构的特征 (a)(a) 语篇简洁 例l aHer father died when we were fighting against the invadersShe has since carried on the work by herself 例l bSince the death of her father when we were fighting against the invaders, she has carried on the work by herself (b)语篇衔接例2The moment the patient was sent into the hospital，the doctor arrived and examined herThe doctors arrival and examination of the patient brought about her very speedy recovery例2 由两个句子组成，前句述位中的动词arrived和examined，名词化成arrival和examination后充当下一句的主位。 (c). 客 观 例3 aWe must survey the underground rockstructure geologically 例3 bA geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out (d).正 式 例4In the summer of 1969，the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China 名词化结构 easing of tension的使用，使句子显得正式、庄重。如果改成urge to ease the tense relationship”, 则显得随便、正式程度不足。 . 名词化结构的优点与局限性名词化结构的优点与局限性 名词化也有局限性。 其一，造成抽象化,不适合用于具体、生动的描绘或说明。例：make maintenance/maintain。其二，施事与受事关系不明朗，例：complete degradation vegetable fiber- foamed tableware / fully-degradable vegetable fiber- foamed tableware。 名词化结构与翻译：名词化结构与翻译： A).A).对外招商引资项目介绍翻译中的对外招商引资项目介绍翻译中的 名词化结构分析名词化结构分析 例1：Project Background and Construction Conditions As a vital passage between the south of Zhejiang Province and north of Fujian Province, the Feiyunjiang River Bridge is burdened with increasingly heavy traffic flow in recent years as the economy develops rapidly in spite of the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou Expressway that shunts traffic to some extent. The project plays a significant role in effectively bypassing the traffic across the Feiyunjiang River Bridge, relieving the traffic congestion of the city and improving the traffic passing ability. According to the Zhejiang Provincial Government Document No. 1302000, the Feiyunjiang River Third Bridge is approved. B). 对外招商引资项目介绍翻译中对外招商引资项目介绍翻译中运用名运用名词化结构的文体学比较：词化结构的文体学比较： 例1：原文：飞云江大桥是浙南闽北的交通咽喉，随着经济的快速发展，近几年的交通量剧增，虽然甬台温高速公路分流了部分车流，但飞云江大桥交通仍然非常拥挤。译文1： The bridge across the Feiyunjiang River is the vital passage between the south of Zhejiang Province and north of Fujian Province. In recent years, the economy has developed rapidly. Although the expressway from Wenzhou to Ningbo through Taizhou shunts traffic to some extent, the flow of traffic on the bridge across the Feiyunjiang River is still increasingly heavy (58词).译文2： As a vital passage between the south of Zhejiang Province and north of Fujian Province, the Feiyunjiang River Bridge is burdened with increasingly heavy traffic flow in recent years as the economy develops rapidly in spite of the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou Expressway that shunts traffic to some extent.(46词) .例2：原文：在无线和宽带通讯方面，摩托罗拉开拓创新、引领潮流，举世闻名。 摩托罗拉是世界财富百强企业之一，其业务和影响力遍布全球，2005年的销售额为368亿美元。译文1: Motorola is innovative and takes a lead in wireless and broadband communications, for which it is known around the world. As the company is one of the 100 enterprises selected by the Fortune magazine and has business and impact globally, Motorola had sales of $36.8 billion in 2005.(49词)译文2: Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wireless and broadband communications A Fortune 100 company with global presence and impact, Motorola had sales of $36.8 billion in 2005.(33词)(2) 长句与扩展的简单句的经常使用长句与扩展的简单句的经常使用 . 长句的特征与翻译长句的特征与翻译: 例1：原文原文: The tenderer should be informed that, if he has delivered, posted or dispatched his tender prior to the formal submission date he has the right to modify or make corrections to it, provided that any such modifications or corrections are received by the employer/engineer in writing prior to the time specified for submission of tenders. 译文：译文：应通知投标人，只有当面递交、邮寄或以其它方式发送投标书的日期与使雇主/工程师收到投标书书面修改或更正意见的日期，均在投标书规定提交日之前，他才有权对投标书做出修改或更正。例2： In a device such as a refrigerant compressor provided with a reciprocating piston having a stroke length which can be changed from one value to another in accordance with the direction of rotation of the crankshaft driving a connecting rod, there is provided an arrangement in which the top dead center position of the piston can be maintained irrespective of the changes in stroke length by an eccentric ring which has limited rotation on the crankshaft crankpin; and a second eccentric ring encompassing the first eccentric ring and which has limited rotation relative to the end of the connecting rod.译文：往复式活塞安装在诸如制冷压缩机之类的装置中。该活塞的行程长度值可以根据驱动连杆的曲轴的旋转方向而改变。在此压缩机类装置中，装有一机构，可在行程长度发生变化时，使活塞的上止点位置保持不变。这是因为第一偏心环在曲轴柄销上转动幅度有限，而第二偏心环包含着第一偏心环，并相对于连杆端部，作限定转动.扩展的简单句的特征与翻译：扩展的简单句的特征与翻译：原文：The AD 598 is a complete monolithic Linear Variable Differential Transformer(LVDT) signal conditioning subsystem. It is used in conjunction with LVDTs to convert transducer mechanical position to a unipolar or bipolar dc voltage with a high degree of accuracy and repeatability. All circuit functions are included on the chip. With the addition of a few external passive components to set frequency and gain, the AD 598 converts the raw LVDT secondary output to a scaled dc signal. The device can also be used with RVDT transducers. 译文：(AD 598 型线性可调差压变压器（LVDT）的信号调节子系统是全单片式的。该系统配用LVDT，将传感器探测到的机械位置信号转化为单极或双极直流电压，转化准确度高，重复性好。其所有的电路功能都集中在芯片上。该子系统通过外加的几个无源元件来蛇设定频率与增益，可把LVDT的原始次级输出转换成比例直流信号。AD 598 型信号调节子系统还可配用RVDT（旋转式可调差压变压器）。 三. 科技经贸英语类实用文体的 英译要点与难点1. 中国特色词汇的英译中国特色词汇的英译:原原 文文: 重合同重合同, 守信用企业守信用企业 参考译文参考译文: Contract Observation Enterprise错误与不妥的译文错误与不妥的译文: Strictly Obey Contract and Credible Enterprise Excellent Enterprises Who Adhering to the Contract and the Creditkeeping the contract heavy credit unit“promise the contract, keep the honor enterprise “guard contract and heaviest credit ”enterpriseStick-to Contract and Keep-Its- Word Unit contract-abiding and creditworthy companyFollowing Contract and Observing Credit ”Enterprise keeping contract and credit enterprisescontract-stressing and promise-keeping enterprisesunit of keeping the contract with good creditContract & Creditability Observing Enterprisecontract-abiding and creditworthy company 2. 重复成分的英译重复成分的英译 A). 用代词替代：用代词替代： 如：例（1）英译汉不如英译法容易。译文： Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French. B). 用上义词替代用上义词替代铸铁通常被认为是没有延展性的，然而，最近的研究表明，铸铁可以热锻、热轧或温轧。译文：Cast irons normally are not considered to be malleable. Recent work has demonstrated, however, that the materials can be hot forged, hot rolled, and warm rolled. C). 用同义词替代用同义词替代原文：另一种方法是化学方法。译文：Another method is the chemical process。 原文：电子管通常用来放大，而真空管则是电子管的另一名称。 译文：An electron tube is generally used for amplification, and vacuum tube is another +name for this device。 D). 以局部代替整体以局部代替整体(复合词组复合词组)原文：YG611S型日晒气候色牢度测试仪的工作原理为。该色牢度测试仪符合试验方法要求。本测试仪适用于染色中的耐光色牢度试验及光老化试验。 译文：The Xenon Arc Light & Weather Fastness Tester works on the follwing principles: The Model YG611S complies with the requirements for the test methods: The tester is suitable for the colour fastness-to-light test in dyeing E). 省省 略略 原文: 大气质量达到国家标准, 饮用水源100%达标, 环境噪声级亦达到国家标准。译文1: Air quality has reached national standards, drinking water has reached the required standards by 100% and the control of environment noise has also reached national standards. 译文译文2: Air quality, all of drinking water sources and ambient noise level are compliant with related national standards. 3.套语的英译套语的英译 下列 B) 句分别成为套语, 宜在英译中采用。A)句不如B)句简练、地道。 A). We will not inform you if the technical data are changed. B). The technical data are subject to alteration without notice. A). The machine was adjusted before it leaves the factory.B). The machine is factory adjusted.