Contemporary College English 现代大学英语现代大学英语 基础写作（下）基础写作（下）ContentSummaryManuscriptform/Diction/Sentences/Paragraphs/TypesofWritingNarration(Units1357)Description(Units246)lLetters(Unit8)Summary Writing1.What a short piece of writing-the main facts or ideas of a story or article 2.Features :objective , complete , balanced 3.Goal to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balancedunderstandingoftheoriginalpaper. 4.Where : examination questions newspaper or TV reports employees reports5.Tips read&master the main ideas figure out important details not adding extra things limit the number of words preserve the mood and the toneGathering essential facts summarize the main idea1.essential facts and main actions2.necessary background 3.leave out unimportant things4.indirect speech and straightforward language5.in chronological (time) orderDifferences between summarizingothersstoryThe main ideasThe main actionIn logical order(逻辑顺序)In chronological order(事情发展顺序)Diction-figureofspeechSentences-sentencetypes:simple,compound,complexandcompound-complex;loose,periodic,balancedandparallel.Paragraphs-coherence-order:time,space,logical(least-most;most-least;obvious-subtle)TypesofWriting:narrative;exposition;description;argumentationThere are many different forms of writing for different purposesPersuasiveExplanationInstructions and proceduresFactual AccountReportPoetryDescriptiveLetterNarrativeWritingWarm UpIs there a significant memory in your life? What is it? Try to share it with us.-writing styleNarration1.Whatthe type of writing which tells a story: personal experience, imaginative fiction, historical narrative2.Essential elements: events arranged in a chosen order told by a narrator purpose: to illustrate a point to support an idea to explain a procedure(程序,步骤) to entertain the reader/audienceNarration3.How to write construct a topic sentence use the first person point of view present your personal experience in chronological order select details that serve your purpose connect the details by transitions p.s. ordinary experiences are the beat sources for personal narrativesEven within each genre of writing there are different kinds of writingNarrativeAnecdoteBiographyStories with a plotNarrative PoemAutobiographyFables and LegendsNarrativeAnarrativeisastorydevelopedfromaneventoraseriesofeventsCharacter,settingandthemoodareusuallyestablishedatthebeginningofthestoryThemiddledescribeseventsinwhichacharacterdealswithsomekindofconflictTheendofthestoryorclimax,tellshowtheconflictisresolved CharacteristicsNarrativeHasaplot-beginningincludinganinterestingsetting(place,time)&charactersmiddleend(climax)Activity 1 Checkthesentencesthatyouthinkwouldmakeinterestingtopicsentencesforpersonalexperiencenarrative.Andexplainit.(p.2)How to write a personal experience narrativeConstructatopicsentenceUsethefirstpersonpointofviewPresentitinchronologicalorderSelectonlythedetailsConnectthedetailsbyusingtransitionsPersonal experience narrativeNarrator:firstpersonStructure:1.beginning:topicsentence(who,when,where,what,why,how.),describingthewholeevent2.body:presenttheexperienceinchronologicalorder(usingsometransitions:afterward,later,when,soon,while,before,then.)3.end:summarizethewholetextandshowthetheme(p.3exercises+reading)Activity:Comparetwopassagesbyyourpeers(p.8,p.9) “Reunion with my best friend” “what a change”Whichoneisbetter?(Title,topic,structure,content,writingskill,language)WritingListalltheideasofreunionyouhaveexperienced.MakeaplanDiscusswithyourclassmateswriteaccordingtoyourplanimprovedEditingNarration -Effective sentences -action and active verbsTIPS replace the verbs be with an action verbs dont overuse the patternthere + be use the active voice(P141)Effective sentencesCoordinationSubordinationcoordinationItiscombiningtwoormoreideasinonesentencetocreateequal emphasis.Youcancoordinatewords,phrasesandclauses.Coordination of sentences is a grammatical strategy to communicate thattheideasintwoormoreINDEPENDENTCLAUSESareequivalentorbalanced.Coordinationcanproduceharmonybybringingrelatedelementstogether.Wheneveryouusethetechniqueofcoordinationofsentences,makesurethatitworkswellwiththemeaningyouwanttocommunicate.SubordinationItiscombiningtwoormoreideasinonesentencetocreateunequal emphasis.Togiveunequalemphasistotwoormoreideas,youexpressthemajorideainanindependentclauseandexpressminorideasinsubordinateclauses,phrasesorsinglewords.Effective sentences1.coordination(并列)Coordinating conjunctionsbut,or,nor,for,so,yetCorrelative conjunctionsboth.and,either.or,nether.nor,notonly.but also,whether.orConjunctive adverbsHowever,moreover,furthermore,thereforeTransitional phrasesAs a matter of fact,for example,in other words2.subordination(从属)Subordinating conjunctionsAfter,although,as,because,before,if,since,though,unless,until,when,where,whileRelative pronounsThat,which,who,whom,whoseCoordinating conjunctions: for (reason),and (addition), nor (negativechoice), but (contrast), or (choice), yet (contrast), so(resultoreffect)Conjunctive adverbs:Addition:also,furthermore,moreover,besides,finallyContrast:however,still,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,nonetheless,instead,otherwise,stillComparison:similarly,likewiseResultorsummary:therefore,thus,consequently,accordingly,hence,thenTime:next,then,meanwhile,finally,subsequentlyEmphasis:indeed,certainly,specificallyTransitional Phrases:Addition:inaddition,equallyimportantContrast:ontheotherhand,incontrast,atthesametime,onthecontrary,evensoComparison:inthesamewayConcession:ofcourse,tobesure,certainly,granted,admittedlyExample:forexample,forinstance,asanillustration,namely,specifically,infactSummary/Result:inshort,inbrief,insummary,inconclusion,asaresult,accordinglyTime/Ranking:first,second,third(),next,finally,afterwards,meanwhile,subsequently,eventually,inthefirstplace,atthesametime,SubordinatingconjunctionsandtheirmeaningsTimeafter, before, once, since, until, when, whenever, whileAfter you have handed in your report, you cannot revise it.Reason or Causeas, because, sinceBecause you have handed in your report, you cannot revise it.Purpose or Resultin order that, so that, thatIwanttoreadyourreportso that I can evaluate it.Conditionif even, if, provided that, unlessUnless you have handed in your report, you can revise it.Contrastalthough, even though, though, whereas, whileAlthough you have handed in your report, you can ask to revise it.Choicethan, whetherYoutookmoretimetorevisethan I did before the lab report deadline.Place or Locationwhere, whereverWherever you say, Ill come to hand in my report.常见连接词常见连接词Coordinators and SubordinatorsTo add ideas togetherAnd, also, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, too, first, second, finallyTO show emphasis and clarityAbove all, after all, in fact, particularly, that is常见连接词常见连接词Coordinators and SubordinatorsTo show similarityLike, likewise, in the same manner, in the same way, similarlyTo show contrastAlthough, but, however, in comparison, in contrast, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, whereas, while, yet常见连接词常见连接词Coordinators and SubordinatorsTo express cause and effect relationshipAs, because, due to, for, for this reason, now that, since, owing t, as a result (consequence), accordingly, consequently, therefore, thusTo point out examplesFor example, for instance, to illustrate常见连接词常见连接词Coordinators and SubordinatorsTo draw a conclusion, an inference, or a summaryIn a word, in conclusion, in brief, in short, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, to sum up, thereforeTo indicate timeAt times, after, afterward, from then on, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, now, then, until, while.Activity 1P140exercises.Correctfaultycoordinationorsubordinationinthefollowingsentences.P.13Read and Compare thetworeadingsfromyourpeers(p18-19)myfirstexperiencewithdeath,myfirstparttimejob.findoutthephrasesorwordsofcoordinationandsubordinationasmuchaspossible.Analyzing“experience”intermsofwhoexperience,Whatistheexperience,whatisthelessonoftheexperience.Narration-to describe a person1.focus on the main character2.briefly describe the main character3.describe an incident to display the character and personality4.conclude with a remark about the impliesDiscussionDiscussinyourgroupaboutthefollowingtopic:MyfirstAccordingtowhatyoudiscussed,writeacomposition.Assignment:P14课外阅读 P16背诵Narration -Major types of point of view The first person point of viewI Observer or participantsubjectiveThe third person point of viewHe, she, theyObserverobjective Point of view-the perspective(观点)NarrationThe third person point of viewthe objective/dramatic 只叙述故事,不描写心理the limited omniscient(=all knowing)/limited 仅描写其中一个角色心理the omniscient 所有showing & tellingshowingtellingWays of telling a storyDramatize a scene (片面,突出想强 调的)Create a dialogue (为中心服务)Summarize what happenedMore vividReaderexperience the scene directlyInclude many events and detailsShort narrative = showingLonger narrative = showing + tellingShort historical narratives 1.be brief account of a persons life the history of a family the establishment & development of an organizationShort historical narratives2. basic structure Conclude withOpen withprovide a brief introduction(name,date of birth, birth place) a brief account of major phrases(turning point, achievement) a remark or twoShort historical narratives3.summaryparagraphsA typical paragraphTopic sentence&Supporting sentencesExplanations or proofThe summary paragraphSimple facts &conclusionsParagraph Writing1.What a number of sentences-develop an idea2.Structure topic sentence & supporting details a single point a discussible point dont be too narrow(狭窄) or too broad(宽泛)Paragraph unity (一致性)1.What sentences that explain or support the general statement2.How begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence stick and prove this single point ,not only repeat it link wordsParagraph coherence(连贯性)1.What every sentences after the first is connect to the one before it, to topic sentence, or to both2.How clear order (顺序) correct pronouns link words and expressionsInteresting paragraphInteresting paragraphInteresting topic sentenceEnough detailsSurroundingsappearancesactionsAnd so on.SurroundingsappearancesactionsSurroundingsappearancesAnd so on.actionsSurroundingsappearancesSurroundingsappearancesactionsSurroundingsappearancesAnd so on.actionsSurroundingsappearances3.parallelism(平行结构,排比)grammaticalequalparallelismcoordination所有平行结构都是并列结构所有平行结构都是并列结构 words phrases clauses4.variety HowHow vary sentence opening use a variety of sentence structure invert sentences occasionally Tips Tips put an verb before the subject put the verb or direct object before the subject begin the sentence with a prepositional or an infinitive phrase begin the sentence with a subordinate clause5.conciseness -be brief unnecessary words 1) cut out unnecessary repetition empty phrase 2) use appropriate(合适的) language6.emphasis -emphasize your point coordination 并列结构 subordination 从属结构 sentence ending 强调末尾 parallelism 平行结构 active verb choosing the right subjectDescriptionBasic Writing (2)Essay WritingContents1. What is descriptive writing?2. Why do we use descriptive writing? 3. How to write description4. AssignmentDeliciousTastyYummyGoodFinger-licking goodWhat is descriptive writing?Asentencedefinitionofdescription:Descriptionistopaintinthemindofthereaderanimageoraseriesofimagesbymeansoflanguage.Why do we use descriptive writing? Thepurposeofapurelydescriptiveessayisto1.involvethereaderenoughsoheorshecanactuallyvisualizethethingsbeingdescribed.2.makenarrationorexpositionmorelively,colorfulandexcitingwhencombinedwiththem.How to develop an essay of description effectively?1. A descriptive essay is generally developed through sensory details.Theimpressionsofonessensessight,hearing,taste,smell,andtouch.What makes good descriptive writing?What makes good descriptive writing?Sensory Details (Asking questions):SightSightSoundSoundSmellSmell Colors?Colors?Loud/Soft?Loud/Soft?Sweet/Sour?Sweet/Sour?Shapes?Shapes?Piercing/soothing?Piercing/soothing?Sharp/mild?Sharp/mild?Sizes?Sizes? Continuous/on and off?Continuous/on and off? Good? (Like what?)Good? (Like what?)Patterns?Patterns?Pleasant/unpleasant?Pleasant/unpleasant?Bad? (Rotten?)Bad? (Rotten?)Shiny/dull?Shiny/dull? Does it sound likeDoes it sound likeNew? (Like what?New? (Like what?Does it Does it anything else?anything else? leather? leather?look like look like plastic?) plastic?)anythinganythingOld? Old? else?else?Does it smell likeDoes it smell likeanything else?anything else?from Susan Ankers from Susan Ankers Real Writing with Readings Real Writing with Readings (2001)(2001)What makes good descriptive writing?What makes good descriptive writing?Sensory Details (Asking questions):TastesTastesTouchTouch Good?Good?Hard/Soft?Hard/Soft?(What does good(What does good Liquid/Solid?Liquid/Solid? taste like?) taste like?)Rough/Smooth?Rough/Smooth?Bad?Bad?Hot/Cold?Hot/Cold?(What does bad(What does badDry/Oily?Dry/Oily? taste like?) taste like?)Textures?Textures?Bitter/Sugary?Bitter/Sugary?Does it feel like something else?Does it feel like something else?Metallic?Metallic?Burning?/Spicy?Burning?/Spicy?Does it taste like anything else?Does it taste like anything else?from Susan Ankers from Susan Ankers Real Writing with Readings Real Writing with Readings (2001)(2001)Types of descriptionObjectivedescription-recorddetailswithoutmakinganypersonalcomment.Subjectivedescription-thewriterisfreetointerpretdetailsforthereader/audience.Note:Fewdescriptionsoutsideofsciencewriting,however,arecompletelyobjective.Ways to develop a description essayThroughtheimpressionsofonessenses-sight,hearing,taste,smell,andtouchUsingspatialorder:describingthephysicallayoutoftheplace(leftright,bottomtop,clockwise/counterclockwise,insideoutside)UsingchronologicalorderUsespecificwordsDecideonthedominantimpressionDominant Impression for Good Description Decideonadominantimpression-anoverallattitude,moodorfeelingabouttheplaceyouaredescribing(thehustleandbustleofamarketplace,ahauntedcastle,abreathtakingsceneryspot)How to develop an essay of description effectively?2. A descriptive essay has one, clear dominant impression.E.g.describingasnowfall-letyourreaderknowifitis threateningorlovely,threateningorlovely, dangerousorpeacefuldangerousorpeaceful;What Is the Dominant Impression in the Following Photos?What Is the Dominant Impression in the Following Photos?General and Specific Words for Good DescriptionSpecificwordshelptomakewritingclear,exact,vivid,andstriking,fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords.Compare:a good mankind, honest, just, generous, sympathetic, warm-hearted, selfless, brave, honorablegood foodtasty, delicious, nourishing, rich, wholesome, fresh, appetizing, abundant Housemansion, villa（别墅）, chateau（庄园）, cottage, bungalow（平房）, cabin, hut, shack, shanty, barn(仓房）General and Specific Words for Good DescriptionPracticeEg. Laugh :smile, grin, chortle, guffaw, sneer, titter, giggleCry: sob, weep, blubber, snivel, howl, bawl, wail, moan, Animal:Flower : Wind :RainTree :Walk:Angry:Look at:General and Specific Words for Good DescriptionGeneral: It is often windy and dusty here in spring.Specific: In spring there is often a very strong northwest wind. It carries so much fine dust with it that sometimes the sun becomes obscure. There is no escape from the fine dust; it gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair. It goes through the cracks of closed windows and covers your desks and chairs.General and Specific Words for Good DescriptionGeneral:General: The room was a mess. Specific:Specific: As I walked into the room I could barely find a clean place to step. There were clothes all over the floor, along with papers, books, and possibly what looked like an old, moldy sandwich. The stench was unbearable.General and Specific Words for Good DescriptionGeneral :I love the smell of sunshine. Specific: ?Your turnDescribing a placeDescribing a PlacePlaces may be described for their own sake, as in essays on visits to famous scenic places, but also for the purpose of revealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood.Eg.Acleanandtidyroommightshowthattheoccupantisanorderlyperson.Eg.Thehowlingofachillywind,thefallingofautumnleaves,ahousestandinginsolitudeonabarrenmountain,allhelptobuildupasombermoodandincreasethefeelingofdepression.Practice: What is the dominant impression of this place? This room was chill, because it seldom had a fire; it was silent, because remote from the nursery and kitchen; solemn, because it was known to be so seldom entered.The house-maid alone came here on Saturdays, to wipe from the mirrors and the furniture a weeks quiet dust:and Mrs. Reed herself, at far intervals, visited it to review the contents of a certain secret drawer in the wardrobe, where were stored divers parchments(羊皮纸古文稿）, her jewel-casket, and a miniature（微型人像画） of her deceased husband. (By Charlotte Bronte)Practice: What is the dominant impression of this place?PossibleKey:This description gives the reader a gloomy and lifeless impression and makes one feel chilly and frightened. This place appears to be ghost-haunted. Writing assignment Write an essay about a particular place that you observe carefully or that you already know well. You might choose one of the following or another place you think of: Pet shopDoctors waiting roomBar or nightclubLibrary study areaYour bedroom or the bedroom of someone you knowWaiting room at train station, bus terminal or airportAntique shop or some other small shop1.Adescriptivepapermusthaveathesis.Yourthesisshouldstateadominantimpressionabouttheplaceyouraredescribing.Thestudyareawasnoisy.Thebedroomwaswell-organized.Thepetshopwascrowded.Therestaurantwasnoisy.Theexamroomwastense.2.Onceyouhavewrittenyoursentence,makealistofasmanydetailsasyourcantosupportthatgeneralimpression.“TheDinneratMidnight”Tired workers at counterRainy parking lotQuiet Few cars in lotDreary gray buildingLonely young manNo hostessTired-looking waitress3.OrganizeyourpaperwithanorderPhysicalorderfromlefttoright,fartonearsizefromlargefeaturestosmalleronesspecialorderwhichappropriatetoyoursubject4.useasmanysensesaspossible5.proceedtowritethefirstdraftDescribing an objectTips on how to describe an objectState briefly how you got the object, if this is important.Provide some basic factual information about it(its size, shape, texture, color, ect.)Point out its useful features(uses, functions, etc.)Focus on a particular, probably the most important characteristic of the objectState in what way the object is important to youDescribing a personDescription of a PersonIn describing a person, the writer should not merely give details of his appearance. He should try to reveal the persons character, thoughts, and feelings, which may be shown in what the person does and says, or in how he behaves to others.It is important to grasp the characteristic features that distinguish him from all other people.Those features that he shares with others can be omitted.Peculiarities and idiosyncrasies of a person, if any, should be included in the description, for they usually impress the reader deeply and give life to the person described.Show the person in action-showing a person(indirect description)Use anecdotesWays to Describe a PersonDescribehis/herappearanceDescribehis/herlanguageDescribehis/herbehaviorDescribehis/hermannerDescribehis/herpsychologyEtc.Words Describing a PersonAdjectives to describe a personModest/Decorous端庄稳重的/Self-effacing谦让的/Easy-going/Quiet/Demure娴 静 的 /Unassuming平 易 近 人 的/Soft-spoken/Compatible能 谦 容 的 /Amiable 亲 切 的/Without air /Affable 和蔼的/Good-humored 脾气好的/Obliging 照顾周到的/Considerate考虑周到的/Cordial /Gregarious 合群的/Impartial 公正的Ardent/enthusiastic/zealous 热 情 的 /Erudite 博 学 的/Versatile /Diligent /Thrifty/frugal 节约的Optimistic 乐观的Open and above board 正大光明/Calm, cool and collected 镇静沉着/Introverted/ExtrovertedPhysical Appearance 描述身材常用的形容词有:tall,small,short,of medium height描述体型的有:fat, thin, slim, big, small, of medium build, strong, obese等. 描述相貌的有:beautiful, pretty, good-looking, charming, sweet, handsome, funny, ugly, peculiar, rough, ill-looking, homelyPhysical Appearance体格（build）: fat; thin; slim; skinny; overweight; slight; well-build身高 （height） :medium height;average height; below average; tall; short; tallish; middle-sized;of medium height; 1.78 meters脸型（face）: round; thin; long; square A. She has a very pleasant smile and she always has a twinkle in her eye. B. She was young,with a fair,calm face that showed a certain strength.Physical Appearance头发（hair）: (1) 发型（hair style）: straight; curly; pigtails; crew cut平头; baldHer hair is brown and curly. (2) 发色(hair color): jet-black 乌黑的; fair 金色的; blonde 淡黄色的; golden 金黄色的; dyed 染色的; brunette 浅黑色的; mousey 灰褐色的; chestnut 栗色的. She is a beautiful girl with fair hair. The middle-aged man already has double chins and receding hairline. Physical Appearance五官:(1) 眼睛（eye）: deep-set; sunken 凹陷的; bulging/protruding 凸出的; eyelashes; eyebrows. A. His eyes are deep-set because he has worked till midnight for a long time. 他的眼睛深陷，因为他这段时间经常工作到深夜。B. He had the most beautiful blue eyes I had ever seen. Physical Appearance(2) 鼻子(nose): long; straight; big; small; flat; hooked. A. He was born a hooked nose. B. His nose is very big, so he doesnt like it. (3) 嘴部(mouth): tooth; even; uneven; chinA. When he laughs, we see his even teeth. B. She has a double chin.Physical Appearance服饰（dress）: smart 潇洒的; scruffy 邋遢的； well-dressed 衣着华丽的; casual 随便的; conservative 不显眼的; elegant 优雅的; fashionable 时髦的; suave 文雅的; untidy 不整洁的. A. He looks casual just wearing a tweed suit. 他穿了一件花格子衬衫，看上去很随便。B. She always dress very elegant and tidy. 她总是穿着优雅整洁。 LanguageWell-educatedEducatedNot well-educatedIlliterateExample for “not well-educated”One day I found Tony at our meeting place behind the garage. I want to be prentice, he said. Mr. Craw, he said, I like a buy a house. Behavior快乐A.He is very happy and sweet. B.They didnt know what to do with themselves for joy. C.He jumped for fun. D.Her face brightened up. 满意A.The result is satisfactory. B.It is difficult to please everybody. C.There is always a smile of contentment on her face. D.She belongs to those who are very difficult to satisfy. E.Seeing their task finished gives them a sense of satisfaction. Behavior惊讶A.Imsurprisedtofindyouhere.B.Itsnothingtobesurprisedabout.C.Tomysurprise,hedidntcomeyesterday.D.She looked at me inamazement.E.Herappearancefairlytookmybreathaway.F.Everyonelookedatherinastonishment.悲伤A.Helookssosad.B.He is no stranger tosorrow.C.His sad story makesherfeelpity.D.Hiswifesdiseasetookawayhisappetite.E.Thenewsdepressesher.Behavior愤怒A.Shewasburningwithanger.B.He easily loses histemper.C.Hewasinarage.D.Shewasredwithanger.Speak/say/talk/tell/chat/gossipA.Canyouchildspeakyet?B.Hesaidhewantedtogototown.C.I want to talk to youaboutanurgentmatter.D.Tellmewhathappened.E.They dropped in for achatlastnight.F.You shouldnt listen togossip.Model 1: A talkative personHe is so talkative that whenever he chooses you as his listener, whether you are willing or not, you cant escape from him without helplessly giving up 2 or 3 hours of your precious time. He is a frequent visitor to others houses. Once he has settled himself comfortably on your sofa, he will remain there rooted, talking on and on except for a few intervals of filling his tea cup and lighting his cigarettes. He is extremely insensitive to others attitudes; while his victims keep silent, desperately giving him hints to stop, he takes their silence as admiration of his eloquence. He is really a great talker and able to seize on any chance to begin his constant flow of words whenever he sees you.summaryStructure:introduction-development-conclusionFactors:dominantimpression,pointofview,orderAssignmentWriteacompositiondescribingapersonwhohashadalastingimpactonyou,orwhoyoulikeoradmire,orwhoyoudislikeSummaryTo write a successful descriptive essay:1.concrete,sensorydetailsoffivesensestocommunicateitspoint2.nounrelateddetails3.showemotions:usemoreverbs,adverbs,andadjectivesthannouns&useexamples4.haveanattitudeinthedominantimpressionunlessobjective