FrancisBacon(1561-1626)FrancisBacon(1561-1626)vLawyervessayistvStatesmanvPhilosophervMasterofEnglishv“Thewisest,brightest,meanestofmankind”Baconian methodvBaconsworksestablishandpopularizeaninductivemethodologyforscientificinquiry,oftencalledtheBaconian method.Inductionimpliesdrawingknowledgefromthenaturalworldthroughexperimentation,observation,andtestingofhypotheses.BaconsWorks1.Philosophical:Advancement of Learning 论学术的进展论学术的进展Novum Organum 新工具新工具2.Literary: Essays 随笔The New Atlantics(autopiannovelpublishedin1610)新大西岛3.Professional:Maxim of the Law法律箴言Reading on the Statute of Uses谈使用法则The Advancement of LearningAgreattractoneducationAccordingtoFrancisBacon,knowledgecanbedividedintotwokinds:oneisobtainedfromtheDivineRevelation,theotheristheknowledgefromtheworkingsofhumanmind.Mansunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts;historytomansmemory,poetrytomansimaginationandcreation,andphilosophytomansreason.Novum OrganumAsuccessfultreatisewritteninLatinonmethodology,whichisthemostimpressivedisplayofBaconsintellect.TheuseofinductivemethodofreasoninginscientificstudyBaconshowsthenewempiricalattitudestowardstruthaboutnatureandbravelychallengesthemedievalscholasticistsEssaysMontaigne,thefirstgreatmodernessayist,isthepredecessorofBacon.Theterm“essay”wasborrowedfromMontaignesEssais which appeared from 1580 to 1588. Baconsstylehasthreeprominentqualities:.directness,tersenessandforcefulnessOf studiesisthemostpopularofBacons58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwayadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forcefulandpersuasive,compactandprecise,Of StudiesrevealstousBaconsmatureattitudetowardslearning.Bacons EssaysvHisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.vBaconsessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.vBalanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmentofhisownopinionsunderthecloakoftheopposingalternatives.EssayvAnyshortcompositioninprosethatundertakestodiscussamatter,expressapointofview,persuadeustoacceptathesisonanysubject,orsimplytoentertain.EssayshasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.CharacteristicsofBaconsEssaysvCompactvLogicalvPowerfulvElegantTripleseriesParallelsentencesAntithesisBiblicalallusionsMetaphorsCadence3.Ofstudiesvfive parts:vpurposeofreadingvattitudestowardsstudyvprinciplesofstudiesvstudymethodvstudydevelopyourcharacter/effectofstudyonhumancharacterStyleof“OfStudies”va. The arguments are well arranged in unity andcoherenceinoneparagraph.vb.theconcisenessofexpressionsandphrasespresentsaplainstyleaswellashissimplelanguage.vc.Thesimplemetaphorshavedeepimplications.vd.The omission makes the essay concise, clear andcoherent.ve.The natural flow of parallels makes his logic andphilosophicalargumentconvincinglyandforceful.E.g.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudy.OfStudiesFrancisBaconOf StudiesvOf StudiesisthemostpopularofBacons58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forcefulandpersuasive,compactandprecise,OfStudiesrevealstousBaconsmatureattitudetowardslearning.OfStudiesva.fiveparts:purposeofreadingattitudestowardsstudyprinciplesofstudiesstudymethodstudydevelopyourcharacter/effectofstudyonhumancharacterOfStudiesvStyle:vThe arguments are well arranged in unity andcoherenceinoneparagraph.vthe conciseness of expressions and phrasespresents a plain style as well as his simplelanguage.vThesimplemetaphorshavedeepimplications.vTheomissionmakestheessayconcise,clearandcoherent.vThenaturalflowofparallelsmakeshislogicandphilosophicalargumentconvincinglyandforceful.读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。vStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.vForexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementonlybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.v练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。vTheyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。vCraftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。vReadnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.vSomebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。水经蒸馏，淡而无味。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。vReadingmakethafullman；conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle，hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。vHistoriesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoric，abletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmorse.vNay，thereisnostondnorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。vSoifamanswitbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;fortheyareCyminisectores.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyerscases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.v如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。皆有特效可医。BaconsStyleIn The Essays, one sees a glorious literary world lofty, marvelous, terse, pithy, full of wisdom and practicality. Here, Bacon endeavors to “study the simple natures of such things as ambition, beauty, studies, wisdom, revenge, love” and the like. These themes are grave, serious and instructive, and “they come home to mens business and bosoms” because they must have “recorded experiences derived from history and his own observations.”Bacons style is something special and different from Montaignes austere, succinct, impersonal and aphoristic. This is a Latin nature which he employs in his philosophical writings. (He considered Latin as “the only language worthy of a great work.” )BaconsImportancetoLiteraturevhewasthefirstEnglishwritertopayattentiontotheaudiencetowhomhewaswriting.vhewrotethegreatesttractsoneducationintheEnglishlanguage,Advancement of Learning.vheandNewtonrepresenttheadvancementofscienceduringthe17thcentury.Infact,Bacondevisedtheinductivemethodofdoingresearch.vheintroducedtheessayasaliteraryformintotheEnglishlanguage.