GrammarandusageNon-restrictiveattributiveclauses非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句Finishtheattributiveclausesbelow:1.Thelesson_westudiedyesterdaywashardtounderstand.2.Youcantakeanybook_interestsyoubest.thatwhich/thatPractice3.Peopleliketoliveinaplace_theresfreshairandlittlenoise.4.Thegirl_yousawatthemeetingisawell-knownswimmer.5.Heistheveryworker_picturewesawinthenewspaperyesterday.6.Hewasveryhappyontheday_heenteredtheuniversity.wherewhom/thatwhoseonwhichwhen/7.Ineverreallyunderstandthereason_hemadesuchaseriousmistake.8.Dontreadsuchbooks_youcannotunderstand.9.Isthatthestudent_youlentyourdictionary?towhomwhyas10.Isthisthenewnovel_youhavetalkedsomuch?11.Thelittlehero,_hasgivenhislifeforhiscountry,willalwaysliveintheheartofthepeople.whoaboutwhichWhatsthedifferencebetweenNo.10andNo.11?No.10isarestrictiveclausewhileNo.11withacommaisanon-restrictiveclause.Question:1.定语从句定语从句(attributiveclauses)通常由关系通常由关系代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词有有:which(指物指物),that(既可指人又可指物既可指人又可指物),who(指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语语),whom(指人，在定语从句中作宾语指人，在定语从句中作宾语),whose(指人或物，作定语指人或物，作定语)等。关系副等。关系副词有词有:when(指时间指时间),where(指地点指地点),why(指原因指原因)等。等。Explanation2.定语从句分为限制性定语从句定语从句分为限制性定语从句(restrictive)和非限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)两种。限制性定语两种。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词从句紧跟先行词,与先行词之间一般与先行词之间一般不加逗号；非限制性定语从句与主不加逗号；非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号分开。句之间通常用逗号分开。TrytofindtheattributiveclausesintheReadingsectiononpage42-43andtelltheirfunctions.restrictiveattributiveclauses:1.Theycontainaharmfulchemicalthatcausedmylivertofail.PracticePractice2.Weshouldntbeashamedofthewaywelook,shouldwe?3.Thisisreallyatouchingstoryastrangerwhodonatedpartofhislivertoagirlhedoesntevenknow!1.Imtakingweight-losspillscalledFat-Less,whicharequitepopularamongyoungwomenhere.2.Mymother,whomyoumetlastyear,keepstellingmenottotakethembecausetheyaredangerous.non-restrictiveattributiveclauses:3.Thenthedoctorfoundsomeoneinyourcountry,whosenameisLiDong,wasanexactmatchforme.4.ItsthesameinChinamanypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweightatall,arealwaysgoingondietortakingweight-losspills,whichareoftendangerous.Differencesbetweentherestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclauses.DiscussionLookatthefollowingexamplesandtellthedifferencesbetweenthesentences.1.Hisfather,whoworksinBeijing,camebackyesterday.2.Shanghai,whichisinEastChina,isdevelopingquickly.Example1Conclusion1当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。1.Ihaveasisterwho/thatworksinahospital.我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。2.Ihaveasister,whoworksinahospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。Example2不只一位姐姐不只一位姐姐只有一位姐姐只有一位姐姐3. Themagazinesherewhich/thathavenicepicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。4.Themagazineshere,whichhavenicepicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.所有的杂志都是他写的所有的杂志都是他写的,里面都有漂亮里面都有漂亮的图画。的图画。杂志有两类杂志有两类杂志只有一类杂志只有一类Conclusion21.限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是先行词不可缺少的部分是先行词不可缺少的部分,如果去掉如果去掉它，主句意思往往不明确。它，主句意思往往不明确。2.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充或说明充或说明,去掉它也不会影响主句的去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。意思。1.Thisisthehouse(which/that)weboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。2.2.Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这房子很漂亮这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。是我们上个月买的。Example3限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句3.HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没领会我的意思他似乎没领会我的意思,这使我心烦。这使我心烦。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句Conclusion31.限制性定语从句可以由关系代词限制性定语从句可以由关系代词,关关系副词来引导，关系代词作宾语时系副词来引导，关系代词作宾语时可以省略。可以省略。2.非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句又可修饰整个主句,不可用不可用that引导引导且关系代词不可以省略。且关系代词不可以省略。1.Thefamousbasketballstar,_comesfromAmerica,willvisitourschoolsoon.2.Inthosedays,sheusedtogotoMrblack,with_shehadawonderfultime.3.Iboughtacaryesterday,_costmealot.whichwhomwhoPractice4.Xian,_Ivisitedlastyear,isaniceoldcity.5.HewillcometoseemenextJuly,_hewontbesobusy.6.Theschool,_Ioncestudied,wasbuiltthirtyyearsago.whichwherewhen7.Johnsaidhedbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,_wastrue.8._weallknow,heisgoodatEnglish.Aswhich非限制性定语从句考点归纳：非限制性定语从句考点归纳：I.as和和which引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句,代代替整个主句。替整个主句。1.Aseveryoneknows,Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.众所周知，中国是一个众所周知，中国是一个历史历史悠久的国悠久的国家。家。Example:2.Sheisateacher,asisclearfromhermanner.她是个教师她是个教师,这一点从她的举止可以清这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。楚地看出。3.Hemissedtheshow,whichwasreallyagreatpity.他他错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。4.Heinvitedmetodinner,whichmademeveryhappy.他请我吃饭，这使我很高兴。他请我吃饭，这使我很高兴。Conclusion1.as和和which在引导非限制性定语从句在引导非限制性定语从句时时,as和和which可代替整个主句，相当可代替整个主句，相当于于andthis或或andthat。这两个关系代。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。2.as和和which引导非限制性定语从句的不引导非限制性定语从句的不同之处在于：同之处在于：(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首引导的定语从句可置于句首,而而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。引导的定语从句不可放在句首。(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若若从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句中的从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用关系代词只能用which。另外。另外,as引导非引导非限制性从句限制性从句,常带有常带有“正如正如”的意思。的意思。Practice1.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_cameasasurprise.2.2.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.3._isexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch.Aswhichwhich4.Itrainedhardyesterday,_preventedmefromgoingtothepark.5._wecansee,thesmokecamefromthelittledustbin.whichAsII.all/some/of+whom/which引导非引导非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句Example:1.Hehastoldusmanystories,allofwhichareaboutthefamousLongMatch.2.ThestudentsofClass1,someofwhomcamefromJapan,wentcampingyesterday.Conclusion在非限制性定语从句中在非限制性定语从句中,一些表达数量一些表达数量或定位的数词或代词如或定位的数词或代词如all/some/one/both/neither/none/any/either/any等可等可与与of构成介词词组修饰限制先行词构成介词词组修饰限制先行词,此时先此时先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语,关关系代词不可用系代词不可用that。如先行词指人则用。如先行词指人则用whom，如先行词指物则用，如先行词指物则用which引导从句。引导从句。1.Manystudentsinthisschool,someofwhicharenotoverweight,aregoingondiets.2.Thereare54studentsinmyclassandtenofwhomcomefromUS.whomCorrection:them3.Halfamillionpairsofshoesareproducedbytheworkershereeveryyear,80%ofwhomaresoldabroad.4.Ihavemanyfriendsinthistown,someofwhicharebusinessman.5.Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises,allofthemarequitehelpfultomyhealth.whichwhich或或all前加前加andwhomPractice timePractice time1.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,_,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which2.TheEnglishplay,_mystudentsactedattheNewYearsparty,wasagreatsuccess.A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich3.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers_shehadwipedherhands.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that4.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthatschool.Itisnolongerwhatitwas20yearsago,_itwassopoorlyequipped.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.that5.TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,_isoftenthecaseinothercountries.A.itB.thatC.asD.so6.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,_wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose7.Mr.SmithwillmoveintohisnewhousenextSunday,_itwillbecompletelyfinished.A.bythetimeB.onthattimeC.onwhichD.bywhichtime8.Haveyouseenthefilm“Titanic”,_leadingactorisworld-famous?A.itsB.itsC.whoseD.which9.Isthereadepartmentstorearound_Icangetabirthdaypresentformydaughter?Yes,justacrossthestreet.A.hereBwhichC.whereD.it10.JiuzhaigouValleyisamostfamousplaceofinterest,_Iwillneverforgetinmylife.A.itB.thatC.oneD.what1.Thisisoneofthemostinterestingfilms_shownlastweek.Thisistheveryoneofthemostinterestingfilms_shownlastweek.A.whichwasB.thatwasC.whichwereD.thatwereBDComparisonComparison2.Hehastwosons,_arecollegestudents.Hehastwosons,and_arecollegestudents.A.bothofwhichB.bothofwhomC.bothofthemD.bothofitCB3.Hestilllivesintheroom_windowfacestotheeast.Hestilllivesintheroom,thewindow_facestotheeast.Hestilllivesintheroom_isinthenorthofthecity.Hestilllivesintheroom_thereisabeautifultable.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.ofwhichCADB4._weallknow,Chinaisrichinnaturalresources._iswell-knownthatChinaisrichinnaturalresources._iswell-known,Chinaisrichinnaturalresources.A.WhichB.AsC.ItD.ThatBCB5.Isthismuseum_hevisitedlastmonth?Theteachertellsusthat_cleanstheblackboardistobepraised.A.thatB.theoneC.whichD.theonewhoBD1.Goovertherestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclauses.2.FinishtheexercisesofPartAandBonp48-49inyourtextbook.3.FinishPartC1onP96inyourworkbook.HomeworkHomework QuestiontagsQuestiontagsDoyouoftensay“Iloveyou”toyourparents?Howdoyousaythat?Sometimesyoumayaskthem:Youloveme,dontyou?1.Whatarequestiontags?Questiontagsareshortquestionsthatcomeattheendofstatements.Discussion2.Lookatthefollowingexamplesandtellinwhatdifferentsituationsthequestiontagsareused.Example1:Itsalovelyday,isntit?Situation1:tostartaconversationExample2:Neitherofyouhasheardthenews,haveyou?Situation2:torequestinformationinamorepoliteway.Example3:Passtheknifeonthetabletome,willyou?Situation3:tosoftenanorderorarequestforsomeonetodosomething.Situation4:1.toaskforagreement,usingafallingtone.(Thespeakerissureaboutwhatissaid.)2.toaskforconfirmation,usingarisingtone.(Thespeakerisnotsureaboutwhatissaid.)Example4:1.Youreahighschoolstudent,arentyou?2.Youreahighschoolstudent,arentyou?TrytofindthequestiontagsintheReadingsectiononpage42-43andtellthesituationsandtones.Practice:1.Lookinggoodisimportanttowomen,isntit?2.Iwaslucky,wasntI?3.Weshouldntbeashamedofthewaywelook,shouldwe?ExamplesAllthequestiontagsaboveareusedtoaskforagreementbythewriterandtheyshouldbereadinafallingtone.Conclusion:DiscussionPairwork1.Whatarethetwokindsofquestiontags?Positivequestiontagsandnegativequestiontags.2.Howarequestiontagsformed?Usuallyanegativequestiontagisusedattheendofapositivestatement;apositivequestiontagisusedattheendofanegativestatement.Formationofquestiontags:Neitherofyouwillhavecoffee,willyou?NoonehasfoundmyCD,havethey?Nobodyunderstoodhisspeech,didthey?Hissisterseldomargueswithpeople,doesshe?Example1Whenthemainclauseusesnegativewordslikeneither,none,nobody,nothing,few,little,never,hardlyorseldom,itisfollowedbyapositivequestiontag.Conclusion1e.g.Thereareagroupoflittlechildreninthemuseum,_?arentthereWhatdoestheword“little”meanhere?“Smalloryoung”ratherthan“almostno”.AttentionQuestionImlate,arentI?Peteroftenhelpstheoldman,doesnthe?Everyonehasadvisedyounottogoonadiet,haventthey?WeuseapersonalpronounlikeI,we,you,he,she,itortheyinaquestiontag.Example2Conclusion2Example3Conclusion3Youliketraveling,dontyou?YoucantspeakItalian,canyou?Thereissomethingwrong,isntthere?Weuseanauxiliaryverb,modelverborbeinaquestiontag.Example4Conclusion4Postaletterforme,willyou?Letshaveabreak,shallwe?Letusgohomenow,willyou?Afteranimperativeclause,weusewill you.AfterLets,weuseshall we.Example5Ithinkeveryonewillbeinterestedinthesebooks,wontthey?Iguesstheyhaventheardabouttheplan,havethey?IdontsupposeTomwentbackhomeyesterday,didhe?Conclusion5WhenthemainclauseofthesentencebeginswithI think / suppose / guess / believe / imagineandisfollowedbyanobjectclauseintroducedbythat,thequestiontagsareformedaccordingtotheobjectclause.1.Itoldhimthatyouhadfinishedthework,_?2.YouthinkhecomesfromJapan,_?3.Hedoesntguessyouareright,_?4.Wedontimaginethathehasliedtous,_?dowedoeshedontyoudidntIPracticeExample6Conclusion6Hesaverygoodteacher,isnthe?Youdwatchthefootballmatchratherthangototheparty,wouldntyou?Remembers=isorhas,andd=hadorwouldTipsaboutusingquestiontags:Takenoteof:thekindofverb(auxiliary/modalverb/otherverbs)thetenseoftheverb/verbagreement1.Whydoesshealwaysaskyouforhelp?Thereisnooneelseshecanturnto,_?A.isthereB.isitC.cansheD.doesshe2.Therewasaloudscreamfromthebackstageimmediatelyaftertheconcertended,_?A.wasntthereB.wasthereC.didntitD.diditPracticePractice3.Thereisnolightinthedormitory.Theymusthavegonetothelecture,_?A.didnttheyB.donttheyC.mustnttheyD.haventthey4.BillsaimistoinformtheviewersthatcigaretteadvertisingonTVisillegal,_?A.isntitB.isitC.isntheD.isheLanguagepointsLanguagepoints1.considerNowheisconsideringtakingsomepills,whichhethinkswillmakehimbecomestronger.(Page49,line7)释义：释义： a.thinkabout 考虑考虑,思考思考b.beoftheopinion,regardas 认为认为,以为以为c.takeintoaccount 顾虑顾虑,体谅体谅considersbas/tobeconsiderit+adj./n+forsb.todoconsider的常见用法的常见用法considersbthatclause/wh-clause1.我们已经考虑了今天下午去科技馆。我们已经考虑了今天下午去科技馆。Wehave_thisafternoon.2.我认为你不该为之受责备。我认为你不该为之受责备。Iconsider_. consideredgoingtothesciencemuseum thatyouarenottoblameforit完成下列句子的英文翻译：完成下列句子的英文翻译：3.他们认为你很热心。他们认为你很热心。Theyconsider_.4.我们认为这件事不重要。我们认为这件事不重要。Weconsider _.thismatter(as)unimportant youtobewarm-hearted5.这个科学家被认为发明了一种新型电这个科学家被认为发明了一种新型电话。话。Thisscientist_.6.我们认为他这样做是自私的。我们认为他这样做是自私的。Weconsider_.isconsideredtohaveinventedanewtypeoftelephone itselfishforhimtodosoaffecteffecteffortofferresult,impressionholdout,putforwardtryinghardhaveaninfluenceon2.affect/effect/effort/offer1.Allthepeopletherewere_totears.2.Katewasmuch_bythesadnews.3.Thebookhadagreat_onhisfuture.affectedaffectedeffectaffect/effect/effort/offerPractice4.Heusedto_meblackbreadforlunch.5.Jimwillmakemore_tolearnEnglishwell.offerefforts3.recognize/realize释义：释义：know,identifyagain; 认识认识,认出认出bewillingtoaccept.asinthepast; 承认承认,认可认可 bepreparedtoadmit;自认自认,知道知道 acknowledge; 公认公认,赏识赏识常见用法常见用法:recognizesb/sth.recognizeas/toberecognizethatrecognize释义释义: befullyconsciousof,understand完全认识完全认识,了解了解convertintoafact使使(计划、希望等计划、希望等)实现实现exchangeformoney变卖变卖(财产、股票等财产、股票等)obtainasapriceorprofit 卖得卖得、获得获得常见用法常见用法: realizesb./sth.realizethat realizerecognize/realize1.Hashe_hismistakeyet?2.Dogs_peoplebytheirsmell.4.Idontthinkyoufully_theimportanceofhistalk.5.Shelookedattheletterand_myhandwriting.recognizerealizedPracticerealizerecognizedFillintheblanks,usingthecorrectformsofthefollowingwords.lift,achievement,risk,post,puton,fallout1.He_hishatandwentoutside.2._yourheadupandpayattention.3.Jimwentbackhomeafterhehad_hisgoal.achievedLiftputon4.Doyoumind_alettertome?5.Dont_goingonthinice!6.Herhairhas_aftertakingthiskindofmedicine.fallenoutriskpostingIhaveagoodfriend,(1)_isreallythin.Twiceaweekhegoestothegym,(2)_heexercisesandliftsweights.Butthefactishesstillquitethin,(3)_makeshimunhappy.NowheisthinkingwhowherewhichCompletethefollowingpassageswithwho,whose,which,where,orwhenabouttakingsomepills,(4)_hethinkswillmakehimbecomestronger.Doesanyoneknowifitssafetotakethesepills?Therearesomepillstomakeyoulookstrong.However,theyhavesideeffects,(5)_willdoharmtoyourhealth.Aftertakingthiskindofpillforsomewhichwhichtime,yourfriendshairmightfalloutorhemighthavehealthproblems,someof(6)_mayevendoharmtohisliverorheart.Manysportsmen,(7)_achievementsweregreat,diedveryyoungbecausetheytookthesekindsofpills.Idontthinkyourfriendshouldwhichwhosetaketherisk.Tellyourfriendnottotakethepillsbecausehemayhavehealthproblemsinthefuture,(8)_itistoolate.when1.Gooverthequestiontags.2.FinishPartAandBonP51inyourtextbookaswellasPartC2onP96inyourworkbook.3.PreviewTask.HomeworkHomework