托福托福基础语法基础语法 国外部国外部 史月史月 什么是语法什么是语法 (Grammar)？语言的章法语言的章法课程安排课程安排宏观宏观写作写作阅读阅读微观微观7333七种句子成分七种句子成分三种句子类型三种句子类型三大类从句三大类从句三种特殊句型三种特殊句型句子的七种成分句子的七种成分句子的七种成分句子的七种成分主谓宾主谓宾定状补定状补同位语同位语句子的核心句子的核心谓语谓语谓语谓语什么词性可以作谓语？什么词性可以作谓语？一个简单句中谓语动词的个数？一个简单句中谓语动词的个数？造句：造句：有许多同学都想出国有许多同学都想出国有有there be许多同学许多同学many students都想出国都想出国want to go abroad.There are many students want to go abroad. There are many students wanting to go abroad. There are many students who want to go abroad. 造句造句广告类作文广告类作文在许多在许多地方性的报纸和国家发行的报纸地方性的报纸和国家发行的报纸上上都有关都有关于假期的广告和信息于假期的广告和信息。地方性的地方性的local 国家的国家的 nationalThere are advertisements and information about holidays on many local and national newspapers.Many local and national newspapers carry advertisements and information about holidays.时时 态态 动词动词在不同时间下在不同时间下的的“变态变态”一般一般进行行完成完成完成完成进行行现在doam/is/are doinghave /has donehave/has been doing过去didwas/were doinghad doneX将来 will do will be doingwill have doneX过去将来XXXX一般现在时态一般现在时态1.1.目前存在的状态、性质目前存在的状态、性质太空探索是崇高的理想。Space exploration is a high ideal.一般现在时态一般现在时态2. 经常发生的动作、习惯经常发生的动作、习惯网上学习只提供了与机器的交流。E-learning; interactionE-learning only provide interactions with a machine.E-learning only provides interactions with a machine.一般现在时态一般现在时态3. 客观真理、客观存在客观真理、客观存在哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。Columbus proved that the earth was round.Columbus proved that the earth is round.一般过去时态一般过去时态表示在过去时间里发生过的事情。表示在过去时间里发生过的事情。主语主语+ v过去式过去式一般过去时态一般过去时态大众以往只从包括报纸、杂志、电视、收音机等传统媒体中获取信息。used to obtainthe public ；traditional mediaThe public used to obtain information merely from traditional media, including newspaper, magazines, TV and radio.一般过去时态一般过去时态It is high/about time that did 现在是时候了现在是电子书籍完全取代纸质书籍的时候了。It is about time that electronic books completely replaced paper books.现在是政府和普通市民联合起来保护日益现在是政府和普通市民联合起来保护日益恶化的环境的时候了。恶化的环境的时候了。join together/ join hand in hand / deteriorating It is high time that the government and common people joined hand in hand to protect the deteriorating environment.一般将来时一般将来时表示将要发生的事情表示将要发生的事情shall/will + v.be going to/ be about to一般将来时一般将来时 地球有一天将会不适合人类居住。地球有一天将会不适合人类居住。be suitable for Mankind / human beingsThe earth will not be suitable for mankind to live one day.现在进行时现在进行时1.表示此时此刻或当前一段时间内表示此时此刻或当前一段时间内正在正在 发生发生的事情的事情。be + doing现在进行时态现在进行时态成百上千万人都在挣扎，只为了可以度日。成百上千万人都在挣扎，只为了可以度日。Millions of people are struggling simply to live from day to day.新的媒体正在出现新的媒体正在出现New media are showing up.现在进行时态现在进行时态2.go,come,leave,arrive,return(去来离到去来离到)等等动词现在进行时可以表示将要发生的、计动词现在进行时可以表示将要发生的、计划好、安排好的事情划好、安排好的事情。You are going to Britain next year.He is arriving at 10 p.m.Im leaving for Beijing.造句造句如果我们忽视环境保护，全球性的生态如果我们忽视环境保护，全球性的生态危机就快到了。危机就快到了。come/approach / ecological crisis / neglectA global ecological crisis is approaching, if we neglect environmental protection.现在完成时态现在完成时态过去发生，已经完成，对现在有影响过去发生，已经完成，对现在有影响have/has + done区别区别： I loved him. I have loved him.现在完成时态现在完成时态在研究人类长寿的问题上，医生已经取得在研究人类长寿的问题上，医生已经取得很大的进展。很大的进展。Doctors have made a great breakthrough in human longevity.过去完成时态过去完成时态过去的过去！过去的过去！Had done在电视机发明之前，广播是最主要的交在电视机发明之前，广播是最主要的交流工具。流工具。Radio had been the most important communication tool before TV was invented.动词的语态动词的语态动词的语态动词的语态主动语态主动语态被动语态：被动语态：be + done为了保护公民的生命和财产，人们在繁忙为了保护公民的生命和财产，人们在繁忙的城镇安装的城镇安装摄像头摄像头Install / cameraPeople install the cameras in the busy downtown, in order to protect the citizens life and property.Cameras are installed in busy downtowns in order to protect citizens life and property.主语主语主语主语名词名词代词代词动名词动名词不定式不定式名词性从句名词性从句 主语从句主语从句名词作主语名词作主语一些一些城市城市貌似比其他貌似比其他的的城市城市拥有更好的教育。拥有更好的教育。貌似貌似seem to have更好的教育更好的教育better educationSome cities seem to have better education than others.一些城市，地区和国家貌似比其他的地区和国一些城市，地区和国家貌似比其他的地区和国家拥有更好的教育。家拥有更好的教育。Some towns, cities, regions and countries seem to have better education than others.动名词作主语动名词作主语同其他孩子在一起并且分享经验能够使孩子更有同其他孩子在一起并且分享经验能够使孩子更有社交能力。社交能力。同其他孩子在一起同其他孩子在一起spend time with other children分享经验分享经验share experiences使孩子更有社交能力使孩子更有社交能力make children more sociableSpending time with other children and sharing experiences can make children more sociable.不定式作为主语不定式作为主语在工作有压力时，保持冷静是很重要的。在工作有压力时，保持冷静是很重要的。保持冷静保持冷静 keep calmIt is important to keep calm while working under pressure.Keeping calm while working under pressure is important.To keep calm while working under pressure is important.主语从句作为主语主语从句作为主语X 让我吃惊。让我吃惊。X shocked me.X：She used to be a man.That she used to be a man shocked me.宾语宾语宾语宾语名词名词代词代词动名词动名词不定式不定式名词性从句名词性从句 宾语从句宾语从句问题：找宾语问题：找宾语没有没有人能否人这一事实人能否人这一事实:教育是人生最教育是人生最重要的一方面重要的一方面.No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.定定 语语修饰成分修饰成分定语定语定语定语 “的的”修饰名词修饰名词形容词形容词贝多芬是一个天生的音乐家贝多芬是一个天生的音乐家。Beethoven is a natural musician.名词充当定语名词充当定语前置前置规律规律：名词短语名词短语 N1 + N2中心词永远是最后一个名词中心词永远是最后一个名词N2前面的名词前面的名词N1作为定语作为定语。Eg.a table clotha college student有关有关 Of Of 的那点事的那点事ofofprep.“的”of of 前后连接名词短语前后连接名词短语规律：规律：the + N1 + of + N2 中中 of 的的理解理解方法方法1)N1是普通名词，则是普通名词，则 of 结构结构翻翻译成：译成：N2的的N12) N1是动词是动词V1变来的名词，且变来的名词，且V1与与N2为为动宾关系，则动宾关系，则 of 结构结构翻翻译成：译成：对对N2的的N1of of 前后连接名词短语前后连接名词短语the beauty of nature the protection of nature the book of the teacherthe criticism of the teacher the screen of the computerthe screening of harmful information介词结构作定语介词结构作定语穿裙子的男人The man in the skirt is Xiao Shenyang.不定式作定语不定式作定语The old provide the young with enough money to spend.n + (to do)每个人，不论男女，都有在大学学习的同等机每个人，不论男女，都有在大学学习的同等机会。会。不论男女不论男女male or femaleEveryone, male or female, has equal opportunities to study in universities.从句作定语定语从句 “的”定语从句定语从句Any teacher would be dismissed instantly.Any teacher who hit children would be dismissed instantly.Teacher hit children. who状语作用：修饰动词，形容词，或者整个句子可以作为状语的词：副词介词短语（介宾）动词不定式分词从句副词做状语副词做状语他们通常会比其他的孩子更有自信。通常generallyThey are generally more confident than other children.介宾结构介宾结构这一周以来，我都感觉我有点病了。这一周以来for a weekI have been feeling slightly ill for a week.动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语我到这里来，是为了和你说再见。I come here only to say good-bye to you.为了赶上第一辆公车，他跑的很快。He ran very fast in order to catch the first bus.We saw a flower show, walking through the park.We saw a flower show.We walked through the park.We saw a flower show, when we walked through the park.现在分词作状语现在分词作状语阅读阅读重要句法：重要句法：S + V , v-ing S + V , v-ed 第一种变化：V-ing , S + V V-ed , S + V 分词作状语分词作状语第二种变化：Conj. + v-ing , S + V Conj. + v-ed , S + V Walking through the park, we saw a flower show.When walking through the park, we saw a flower show.Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.If seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.分词作状语分词作状语从句做状语从句做状语状语从句状语从句状语从句是行使状语功能的从句，状语从句是行使状语功能的从句，其作用相当于副词，因此也称为副词性从句。其作用相当于副词，因此也称为副词性从句。在观众享受赛马或者斗牛的时候，动物们在遭受痛苦。赛马horse racing斗牛 bull fighting受苦 sufferWhen the audience enjoy horse racing or bull fighting, the animals are suffering状语从句状语从句种类：种类：时间状语从句时间状语从句地点状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句目的状语从句目的状语从句方式状语从句方式状语从句让步状语从句让步状语从句比较状语从句比较状语从句同位语同位语一个一个名词名词/ 或或其它其它形式形式,对对另一另一个个名名词或代词词或代词进行进行修饰，限定或说明，修饰，限定或说明，这个名词这个名词(或其它形式或其它形式)就是同位语就是同位语。同位语同位语名词名词代词代词数词数词形容词形容词名词名词词组或分词词组或分词词词有明确引导有明确引导词的同位语词的同位语名词充当同位语名词充当同位语He wrote a biography of the Russian writer Tolstoy.You girls are much more active than us boys.This is Professor Baker, head of our department.They are staying at Miami, a summer resort in Florida.We completed the project in six months, half the usual time.代词充当同位语代词充当同位语We both came from Australia.The theory itself is all right.We each put forward a proposal.They none of them said anything.She seemed different from us all.数词充当同位语数词充当同位语Is there room for us two?You three sit here.Another example is John Brown, now 66, who has been here for 40 years.形容词充当同位语形容词充当同位语People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished visitors.Middle-aged, tall and thin, he used to be a famous singer.名词词组或分词词组充当同位语名词词组或分词词组充当同位语Mary, normally a timid girl, argued with them about it.It has several waiting rooms, filled with chairs and sofas.Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer.有明确引导词的同位语有明确引导词的同位语They visit eight European countries, for example, London and Paris.New Zealand possesses rich mineral deposits, including gold.The children like animals, particularly the panda.I like all the kids, especially Lester.I like only one boy, namely George.He is a cutter, that is to say , a man who sells knives and sharp tools.1. 主主+谓谓2. 主主+谓谓+宾宾3. 主主+谓谓+双宾双宾4. 主主+谓谓+复合宾语复合宾语5. 主主+系系+表表简单句句式简单句句式1.1.句子冗长句子冗长2.2.结构复杂结构复杂3.3.经常作为出题点经常作为出题点阅读长难句特点阅读长难句特点快速读出主谓宾快速读出主谓宾理解理解一些特殊句型一些特殊句型读懂句子在上下文中的作用读懂句子在上下文中的作用怎样才能真正理解长难句？怎样才能真正理解长难句？他看书。他看书。困倦的他在看书。困倦的他在看书。一夜没睡的困倦的他在看一一夜没睡的困倦的他在看一本发黄的本发黄的旧旧书。书。靠在沙发上，没有血色的嘴唇上叨靠在沙发上，没有血色的嘴唇上叨着一支不知什么时候早已经熄灭的着一支不知什么时候早已经熄灭的雪茄烟，一夜没睡的他目光呆滞地雪茄烟，一夜没睡的他目光呆滞地借助一盏忽明忽亮的摇曳的油灯绝借助一盏忽明忽亮的摇曳的油灯绝望地在无精打采地看着一本发黄了望地在无精打采地看着一本发黄了的、但却保存得颇为完整的现在市的、但却保存得颇为完整的现在市面上很难买到的名叫准备面上很难买到的名叫准备英语英语考考试的你能读懂这句不仅无聊之极而试的你能读懂这句不仅无聊之极而且无耻之极的话么？的旧书。且无耻之极的话么？的旧书。靠在沙发上，没有血色的嘴唇上叨靠在沙发上，没有血色的嘴唇上叨着一支不知什么时候早已经熄灭的着一支不知什么时候早已经熄灭的雪茄烟，一夜没睡的雪茄烟，一夜没睡的他他目光呆滞地目光呆滞地借助一盏忽明忽亮的摇曳的油灯绝借助一盏忽明忽亮的摇曳的油灯绝望地在无精打采地望地在无精打采地看看着一本发黄了着一本发黄了的、但却保存得颇为完整的现在市的、但却保存得颇为完整的现在市面上很难买到的名叫准备面上很难买到的名叫准备英语英语考考试的你能读懂这句不仅无聊之极而试的你能读懂这句不仅无聊之极而且无耻之极的话么？的旧且无耻之极的话么？的旧书书。句子分类句子分类简单句简单句并列句并列句复合句复合句 （三大从句）（三大从句）句子分类句子分类规律：句子的分类判断规律：句子的分类判断只有一套主谓关系简单句简单句。有两套主谓关系，中间用and/or/but/so 连接并列句并列句。有两套或以上主谓关系，句子之间用that/if /wh- 等引导词连接复合句复合句。动词的各种形式：动词的各种形式：动词原形v.动词第三人称单数vs动词过去式v-ed动词现在分词v-ing动词过去分词v-ed动词不定式to do/(to) do怎样找谓语动词怎样找谓语动词? ?一定是谓语动词的动词形式：一定是谓语动词的动词形式： 动词第三人称单数 am / is / are / was / were 情态动词can / may / must 怎样找谓语动词怎样找谓语动词? ?一定不是谓语动词的动词形式：一定不是谓语动词的动词形式： 不定式 to do 独立存在的现在分词 v-ing 独立存在的过去分词 v-ed可能是谓语动词的动词形式：可能是谓语动词的动词形式： 动词原形 v. v-ed （过去式）怎样找谓语动词怎样找谓语动词? ?A world rise in allergies, particularly asthma, over the past four decades, is now said to be linked with increased air pollution.Allergy 过敏过敏Asthma 哮喘哮喘Automated techniques to measure these characteristics and verify a persons identity infallibly are attracting widespread attention in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail.Infallible 绝对不会有错的绝对不会有错的Verify 证实，核实证实，核实Government has encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. sort - 分类；分类；scheme - 方法；方法； respond - 回应；回应； pave - 铺路；铺路； utilization - 使用；使用；fibre - 纤维纤维Government regulations limit the oil content allowed to discharged, and the produced water is treated on the platforms to meet those specifications.Content 内容，含量内容，含量Discharge v 排放排放Specifications n.规范；说明书规范；说明书