7/29/20241o引言Introductiono中国园林*的种类CatalogueofChinesegardeno中国园林的艺术特点ArtisticcharacteristicsofChinesegardenso历史名园一瞥Aglimpseofhistoricalgardenso中外园林的对比Comparisonwithforeigngardenso江南园林的要素ElementsofthegardensinthesouthernpartofYangtzeRivero如何欣赏中国园林HowtoappreciateChinesegardens目目 录录 Contents *AccordingtothedictionaryofChinesecharacters,theChinesewordfor“garden,”yuan,refersetymologicallytoanenclosurewithfruitandtrees.7/29/20242o壮丽的宫殿、雄伟的长城和曲折多变的园林，是中国建筑文化中的三大瑰宝，并一起构成中国古代建筑的主调。Introduction 引引 言言 p MagnificentPalaces,magnificentGreatWallandbeautifulandvariousstylesofGardensarethethreejewelsofChineseculture,theycomposingofthemelodyofancientChinesearchitecture.7/29/20243宫殿体现崇拜与信仰 Palaces Worship & FaithSymmetry-Balance-Justice-Authority-Power-Royalty Geo-featureDeductiveReasoningAttributionHallofSupremeHarmonyandItsSquareThemodeloftheForbiddenCity,Beijing7/29/20244太和殿太和殿 Hall of Supreme Harmony and Its Square, Beijing7/29/20245长城体现意志和力量 Great Wall Will & StrengthTerritory-Strongly Fortified-Strength-Defense-Safety-NationGeo-featureDeductiveReasoningAttribution7/29/20246园林体现趣味和感情 Gardens Human Interests & FeelingsLeisure -Nature-Life-Enjoyment-Humanity-FamilyImperialGardenFolkGardenGeo-featureDeductiveReasoningAttribution7/29/20247Thehappylifeofpeoplesofanationcomesfromtheinnereffectiveruleoftheruler,andtheindependence,thestrengthandtheabilityofthenationtorepelanyouterinvasion,andtheharmonyrelationshipsbetweenthehumanraceandthenature.Thisisthelanguageofarts;Thisisthemeaningofhistory;Thisisthespiritheritageofourarchitectures;Philosophy!宫殿宫殿- -长城长城- -园林园林 皇家皇家- -国家国家- -人家人家Palaces-GreatWallGardensRoyalty-Nation-FamilyThe Wisdom/Creativity of Our AncestryThe ancient architecture tells us:TheCarrierTheOwnerQ:WhydidntUSAbuildagreatwall?7/29/20248o皇家园林（主要分布在北方） Imperial Gardenso私宅园林（主要分布在南方） Private Gardenso寺庙园林 （广布全国） Temple / Monastery/ Mosqueo公共园林（主要分布在旅游胜地）Public Gardens 按其所属，中国园林可分为：1. 1. 中国园林的种类中国园林的种类 Catalogue of Chinese Gardens7/29/20249o中国最早出现的园林属于皇家园林，经过数千年的发展，已形成自己的特点，即合朝会、居住、游赏、狩猎于一体，成为一个多功能的处所。1.1 皇家园林皇家园林 Imperial Gardens pTheearliestgardensinChinaweretheImperialGardens.Afterthousandsofyearsofevolution,theImperial Gardenshadformedtheirowncharacteristics,i.e.theybecameamulti-functionalplacewhichputassembly,resorting,traveltours,huntingandsooninone.7/29/202410TheDuneGarden，therelicisnowlocatedintheterritoryofGuangzongCounty,HebeiProvince,wasbuiltbytheEmperorZhou,thelastemperorofShangDynasty(11051046B.C.),whichisthefirstgardenrecordedinChinashistoricalliteritures,theearliestImperialGardenaswell.p 沙丘苑台沙丘苑台 商代最后一位帝王纣王在今河北省广宗县境内所修造，这是见于史书记载的第一座中国园林，也是最早的帝王园林。TherelicoftheDuneGarden,11051046B.C.7/29/202411承德避暑山庄（典型代表）TheImperialSummerResort，Chengde,HebeiProvince(Typicalexample)WorldCulturalHeritageTheMountainHamlettoEscapetheSummerHeat7/29/202412The Mountain Hamlet to Escape the Summer Heat，Chengde7/29/202413o始建于西汉(公元前207年-公元25年) )，园主人多为贵族、富豪。唐代以来，江南经济迅速发展，文人显贵多出江浙，大量私宅园林在南方出现。南方现存私宅园林大多是明清两代的遗物。1.2 私宅园林私宅园林 Private GardenspPrivateGardenswerefirstfoundedinWesternHanDynasty(207B.C.25A.D.),andtheownersweremostlynoble,regalfamiliesbythattime.SincetheTangDynasty(618907A.D),societydevelopedrapidlyintheSouthernpartofYangtzeRiver.Atthesametime,theciviliandignitariesappearedaswelllikemushroomsinJiangsuProvince.Therefore,alargenumberofprivate-ownedgardensemerged.ExistinggardensinthisregionmostlywereconstructedbetweentheMingDynasty(13681644A.D.) andQingDynasty(16161912A.D.),whichnowbecomevaluablecommonculturalheritageofthehumanrace.7/29/202414狮子林狮子林 元代 TheLionGrove(Lion-likeStoneCollectionGarden),Suzhou,BuiltinYuanDynasty(in1342A,D.)7/29/202415狮子林狮子林 元代 TheLionGrove,Suzhou7/29/202416扬州个园扬州个园 TheHalf-bambooGarden,since1818,Yangzhou“Thereisnorulewithoutsomeexception”,Yangzhouislocatedinthenorthern.7/29/202417o出现于佛教传入和道教产生以后，典型代表山西晋祠，最早是纪念晋国创始人唐叔虞的祠庙。1.3 寺庙园林寺庙园林 Gardens Attached to Religions Temple / Monastery/ MosquepTemplegardensappearedaftertheintroductionofBuddhismandtheestablishmentofTaoism.TypicaloneisJin Temple(466/472？527A.D.)inShanxiProvince,whichoriginallywasusedtocommemoratingTangShuyu,founderoftheJinDynasty.7/29/202418布达拉宫The PotalaPalace,Buddhism,Lassa,TheTibetAutonomousRegion7/29/202419武当山 WudangMountain,Daoism,Shiyan,HubeiProvince7/29/202420曲阜孔庙大成殿Confucianism.TheDachengHall,themainhalloftheTempleofConfuciusinQufu,ShandongProvince 7/29/202421o出现于唐代，长安城外的“曲江池”是典型代表。另有杭州西湖和济南大明湖等。1.4 公共园林公共园林 Public Gardens (Public Parks)pPublicgardensemergedinTangDynasty，thetypicaloneisthe“PoolbyCurvedRiver”,Xian,Shaanxi.Besides,thereare“WestLakePark”inHangzhou,Zhejiangand“GrandMingLakePark”inJinan,Shandong,etc.7/29/202422杭州西湖 The “WestLake”inHangzhou,Zhejiang7/29/202423济南大明湖The“DaMingLake”inJinan,Shandong7/29/202424o2.1 追求人与自然的统一和融合2.中国园林的艺术特点中国园林的艺术特点 Artistic Characteristics of Chinese Gardens 中国园林的根本造园思想可以概括为八个字：“虽由人作，宛自天开。”反对任何的牵强附会和故意雕琢。这一造园思想实际上是“天人合一” 的哲学观念在园林艺术中的体现。所以中国园林多从自然界中寻找美感。Chinesegardeningideacanbesummarizedintothewords:Nature-oriented,thoughartificial-made.Thedesignersdontlikeanyfar-fetchedanddeliberatelycarving,whichhasactuallybecomethephilosophyofChinesegardenarts,namely,“EmbodyingHeavenandPeopleintoOne.SoagoodChinesegardendesignershouldalwaysputitasfirstthingsfirsttosearchforaestheticssensefromthenature.p 2.1 To pursue the unity and the fusion between people and the nature7/29/202425People and the Nature in One7/29/202426o中国园林虽然是艺术地再现自然，却不似无目的地再现，而是在自然景物中寄托一定的理想和信念，借助自然景物来表达园林主人的志向和趣味，以满足人的某种精神追求。2.2 2.2 体现人的志趣和精神追求体现人的志趣和精神追求p 2.2 To reflect human interests and spiritual pursuitTheartsofChinesegardenaimtoreproducethenature,butnotsimplytoreproduceitwithoutanyotherpurposes.Thegardensownerstriedtosustaincertainidealsandbeliefsviathenaturalscenery.Bycollectingandreproducingnaturalscenesingardens,theyexpresstheirambitionsandintereststomeettheneedsofhumanscertainkindofspiritualpursuit.7/29/202427苏州拙政园，为明代御史王献臣所建。其因不满朝政，退而居家，取晋代潘岳闲居赋中“拙者为政”之意命名，寄托了娱山水而避朝政的愿望。拙政园拙政园 TheHumbleAdministratorsGarden,SuzhouThe“HumbleAdministratorsGarden”inSuzhouwasbuiltbyWangXianchen,theMinisterofSupervisionofMingDynasty.WangXianchenwasnotsatisfiedwiththestateaffairs,soheresignedhispositionandstayedathishometown.Henamedhisgardenbytakingthemeaningofapoem“StayatHome”byPanYueofJinDynasty,bywhichhefoundsustenanceinhisdesiretoavoidstateaffairsandenjoynaturallandscapes.7/29/202428退思园退思园 The Retreat and Reflection Garden， Tongli, Suzhou7/29/202429 2.3 造园手法上含蓄、曲折、变化，反对僵直、单调、一览无余 造园要充分表现自然的活力，要在有限的空间里显示出自然景物的无限层次，要在造园时小中见大，虚实相间，主次分明，高低互现，远近相衬，动静宜变。园林面积越小，要求变化越多，而在变化中又不失为一个有机的整体。中国造园艺术之难就在这里。p2.3 Topayattentiontosubtle,twistsandturns,andvaryingingardeningmethods,ratherthanstiffness,monotone,andlackofimaginationGardendesignshouldfullyreflectthevitalityofthenature,andshowunlimitednaturalscenesinalimitedspaceandatdifferentlevels.Duetogardendesignersdistinguishedmainscenesandminoronesveryclearly,peoplecanseebigfromsmall,realfromvirtual;high-lowmixed,andthecontrastbetweenfarandnear,movingandthestill.Thesmallerthegardenarea,themorethevarietyisrequired;butfinallythegardenshouldbeintegratedandlookedasawhole.ThesearetheessenceofChinesegardenarts.7/29/202430拙政园平面图拙政园平面图 ThePlanofthe HumbleAdministratorsGarden 7/29/202431留园留园平面图平面图 ThePlanoftheLingeringGarden,Suzhou7/29/202432o三大皇家园林(Three Famous Imperial Gardens)： 承德避暑山庄、颐和园、北京三海(中海 南海 北海 ) TheMountain Hamlet to Escape the Summer Heat ;TheSummerPalace;ThreeSeesinBeijing(MiddleSee,SouthernSeeandNorthernSee)p苏州四大名园(Four Famous Gardens in Suzhou)： 拙政园、留园、沧浪亭、狮子林 3. 历史名园一瞥历史名园一瞥 A Glimpse of Historical Famous GardensuHumbleAdministratorsGardenuLingeringGardenuSurgingWavesPavilionuLionGroveGardenTheOldSummerPalace7/29/202433The Mountain Hamlet to Escape the Summer Heat，Chengde, Hebei Province 7/29/202434TheMountainHamlettoEscapetheSummerHeat,theancientChineseimperialpalaceandgarden,locatedinChengdeofHebeiProvinceinthenorthernpart.Itsconstructionstartedin1703,andcompleted89yearslater,viathreeImperialgenerations,i.e.theEmperorKangxi,YongzhengandQianlongoftheQingDynasty.Now,itisoneofthefourmostfamousgardensinChina.InDecember1994,itwasincludedinthelistofworldculturalheritage.7/29/202435颐和园颐和园 The Summer Palace (GardenofPerfectBrightness), BeijingSummerPalace,theQingdynastyImperialPalaceandGarden,Startedin1750byEmperorofQianlongofQingDynasty,finishedin1764,withanareaof290hectares,aboutthreeoffourthsofitsareaiswater.7/29/202436ASceneintheSummerPalace,Beijing7/29/202437颐和园石舫颐和园石舫The Stone Boat in the Summer Palace, Beijing7/29/202438北京三海之北海北京三海之北海 The NorthernSeeGarden,Beijing7/29/202439拙政园拙政园 TheHumbleAdministratorsGarden,Suzhou,JiangsuProvince7/29/202440留园留园 The Lingering Garden ,Suzhou,JiangsuProvincehttp:/www.gardenly.com/en/home.asp7/29/202441沧浪亭沧浪亭 宋代 The SurgingWavesPavilion,Suzhou7/29/202442狮子林狮子林 元代 TheLionGrove,Suzhou7/29/202443 外国园林具有代表性的是东方的日本园林，15世纪中叶意大利文艺复兴时期后的欧洲园林，包括意大利、法国和英国园林等，近代又出现了美国的国家自然公园。它们在风格上各有特色。4. 中外园林的比较中外园林的比较 The Comparison with Foreign GardensRepresentativesofforeigngardensareJapanesegardensintheEast,Europiumgardensbythemiddleof15thcenturyaftertheRenaissanceinItaly,includingItalian,FranceandBritishgardens.InmoderntimestherehavebeentheNationalNaturalParksinUnitedStates.Allofthemhavetheirowncharacteristicsinstyle.7/29/202444日本庭园特色的形成是与日本民族的生活方式与艺术趣味，以及与日本的地理环境密切相关的。日本庭园在古代受中国文化和唐宋山水园的影响，后又受到日本宗教的影响，逐渐发展形成了日本民族所特有的“山水庭”，十分精致和细巧。它是模仿大自然风景，并缩景于一块不大的园址上，象征着一幅自然山水风景画，因此说，日本庭园是自然风景的缩景园。园林尺度较小，注意色彩层次，植物配置高低错落，自由种植。石灯笼和洗手钵是日本园林特有的陈设品。4.1 日本庭院7/29/202445Japanese Gardens7/29/202446 意大利是古罗马中心，经过15世纪中叶文艺复兴，造园艺术成就很高，在世界园林史上占有重要地位，其园林风格影响波及法国、英国、德国等欧洲国家。意大利独特的园林风格台地园，一般依山就势，分成数层，庄园别墅主体建筑常在中层或上层，下层为花草、灌木植坛，且多为规则式图案。园林风格为规则式，规划布局常强调中轴对称，但很注意规则式的园林与大自然风景的过渡，即从靠近建筑的部分至自然风景逐步减弱其规则式风格，如从整形修剪的绿篱到不修剪的树丛，然后才是大片园外的天然树林。 意大利花园的美就在于它所有要素本身以及它们之间比例的协调，总构图的明晰和匀称。 4.2 意大利园林7/29/202447Italian Parks7/29/202448法国民族独特的园林风格精致而开朗的规则式园林。路易十四建造的宏伟的凡尔赛宫苑，是这种形式杰出的代表作。这种园林在水景方面，多系整形河道、水池、喷泉及大型喷泉群。为扩大园林空间，增加园景变化，取得倒影艺术效果，常在水面周围布置建筑物、雕像和植物等。4.3 法国园林7/29/202449FrancePalacesandGardens7/29/202450 18世纪出现的英国风景园，崇尚自然，为世界园林艺术作出了重大贡献。英国园林大多数以植物为主题。英国风景园的特点是以发挥和表现自然美出发，园林中有自然的水池，略有起伏的大片草地，在大草地之中的孤植树、树丛、树群均可成为园林的一景。道路、湖岸、林缘线多采用自然圆滑曲线，追求“田园野趣”，小路多不铺装，任游人在草地上漫步或作运动场。善于运用风景透视线，采用“对景”、“借景”手法，对人工痕迹和园林界墙，均以自然式处理隐蔽。从建筑到自然风景，采用由规则向自然的过渡手法。植物采用自然式种植，种类繁多，色彩丰富，常以花卉为主题，并注意小建筑的点缀装饰。 4.4 英国园林7/29/202451British Gardens7/29/202452 18世纪90年代，美国先后开辟了四个国家公园，到现在美国国家公园共有40处，占地五六百公顷。国家公园内严禁狩猎、放牧和砍伐树木，大部分水源不得用于灌溉和建立水电站。在大自然景区，有便利的交通条件，有多处宿营地和游客中心，为科学考察和旅游事业提供了很大便利。4.5 美国园林 Parks in US7/29/202453National Natural Parks, US7/29/202454凡尔赛宫凡尔赛宫 Versailles, France“Reflectthecitylife”承德避暑山庄承德避暑山庄TheImperialSummerResort,China“Forgetthecitylife”4.6 风格的差异风格的差异 The Difference in General Style7/29/202455人工水景，喷泉瀑布 ArtificialSpraying自然水景，溪池滴泉NaturallyFlowingorStillWaterWater Methods7/29/202456图案花坛，重色彩Bed-PatternandColororientedObviouslyMansdesignandwill盆栽花台，重姿态BonsaiandPostureorientedNaturesReproductionFlowers7/29/202457自然型孤植、散植Naturallyplanted 整形对植、列植FormulisticPlantMatrixPlanting7/29/2024585. 江南园林的要素江南园林的要素 Main elements of gardens in the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River a 假山（洞） CavernousRockeryb池塘/流水PoolsorRunningWaterc亭台楼阁榭Pavilionsd小桥SmallStoneBridgese廻廊Corridor/ Turn Galleryf月洞门MoonGateg配植Plantingmatches5.1 Main Elements:7/29/202459a.假山（山洞）CavernousRockery7/29/202460b. 池塘/流水 Pools/RunningWater7/29/202461c. 亭台楼阁 Pavilions7/29/202462d.小桥SmallStoneBridges7/29/202463e. 廻廊 Corridor/TurnGallery7/29/202464f. 月洞门月洞门MoonGate7/29/202465g. 配植配植 Planting matches7/29/202466Garden Plantings7/29/202467p家具摆设Furniture&Ornamentsp绘画书法Drawing/Painting&Calligraphyp匾额楹联Inscribedboard&Coupletshungonprincipalcolumnsofahall/Pavilionsp藏书Collectbooks&Classics 5.2 5.2 内部内部 Interior7/29/202468室内室内 Interior7/29/2024697/29/2024706. 如何欣赏中国园林 How to Appreciate Chinese Gardens 类别属性皇家、私家、寺庙 Catalogue & Attribution: Imperial / Private / Religious 历史地位建造人；年代；地点；背景 HistoricalPosition:Who;When;Where;Why 布局特点占地面积；景观：山、水、树、花MainCharacteristics:Scale;Features7/29/202471 建筑特色南、北：亭台楼阁 Architecturalfeatures:Whichschool? 名人足迹御碑 CelebrityFootprints-Steles 文化品味主题（园名）；风格； 文物：砖雕、石刻 Culture-Gardenname(Theme);Style;Culturalrelics 镇园之宝Attractiveness/MostimportantscenesorrelicsHow to Appreciate Chinese Gardens7/29/202472苏州网师园布局 The Panorama of the Master of Nets Garden, Suzhou7/29/202473名人足迹御碑 CelebrityFootprints-StelesThesiteConfuciusvisited,Taian,ShandongHandwritingofQianlong,theEmperorofQingDynasty,Zhenjiang7/29/202474匾额楹联 Boards and CoupletsPingshantang,YangzhouLantingGuji,Zhenjiang7/29/202475欣赏细节欣赏细节A small corner7/29/202476砖雕石刻 Brick Inscriptions and Stone Carving7/29/202477镇园之宝镇园之宝Attractiveness/Mostimportantscenesorrelics天下第二泉Thesecondspringundertheheaven,Wuxi杏坛Xingtan,Qufu拙政园的镇园之宝 留听阁里的双面银杏木雕Dualfacegingkowood-carvingofHumbleAdministratorsGarden,Suzhou7/29/202478留园镇园之宝留园镇园之宝冠云石冠云石留園鎮園之寶奇石一方Thelandscapepaintingconsistsofthenaturaltexturesofthisamazingstone,TheLingeringGarden,Suzhou,China.7/29/202479It is our culture，It is our history,It is our civilization.SummeryChinese Garden is one of the most brilliant contributions of ancient people on this land. In a word, this is the source of our confidenceThis is the power for the journey we continue today.Q:Whatcanweleaveforourfuturegenerations?7/29/202480Thank you for your patience!Thank you for your patience!luoxmmail.ujs.edu.cn7/29/202481