中国学习者英语书面语和口语中中国学习者英语书面语和口语中话语标记的使用情况话语标记的使用情况许家金许家金xujiajinbfsu.edu.cn中国外语教育研究中心The Use of Discourse Markers in Chinese EFL Learners Written and Spoken EnglishXu Jiajinxujiajinbfsu.edu.cnBeijing Foreign Studies UniversityDM extractionContentsDM use in NS EnglishDM use in CHN learners EnWhy DMs?Comparison of DM use3QUESTIONCORPUSRETRIVALINTERPRETAIONCL research process4Beads, necklace, and threadGestalt 格式塔格式塔The whole is bigger than the sum of parts. 5Beads, necklace, and threadGestalt 格式塔格式塔The whole is bigger than the sum of parts. 6Why discourse and why DMs?Knowledge (language)Declarative vs procedural陈述性知识陈述性知识 vs 程序性知识程序性知识What vs how7Why discourse and why DMs?Referential vs relational概念（客观的概念（客观的/抽象的）抽象的） vs 关系关系8Lexical orality in NS English speechStep 01Wordlist and keyword list generationICE-GB-Spoken 600,000 wordsThe entire BNC World 100 m wordsicespvsbnc.kws英语口语的词汇特征英语口语的词汇特征9Lexical orality in NS English speechStep 01Wordlist and keyword list generationICE-GB-Spoken 600,000 wordsThe entire BNC World 100 m wordsicespvsbnc.kws英语口语的词汇特征英语口语的词汇特征10Lexical orality in NS English speechStep 02 Collocational behavior of the key keywords in ICE-GB-SpokenConcord-file-based search-Compute-Cluster1-3 word clustersDM search word (SW) list英语口语的词汇特征英语口语的词汇特征11Taxonomy of DMsFilled pause: Hesitation markers-cognitive constraintsAttracting attention or starting a new topicEnding conversation中国学生很不善于开启、延续话题方便的中国学生很不善于开启、延续话题方便的discourse技巧技巧老师教了老师教了Ive got to go now.12自然话语过程示意图主体间空间认知空间话语空间认知空间话语使用者1话语使用者213话语空间话语空间认知空间1认知空间2主体间空间图图1 1 话语标记在自然话语时间轴上的分布话语标记在自然话语时间轴上的分布( ( ) )分别代表不同的话语标记分别代表不同的话语标记 uhuhOKOKYou meanYou meanohohYknowYknowumumwellwellYou seeYou seeyeahyeah14特特征征音韵音韵特征特征1、不重读，相对于邻近的音节往往弱读；、不重读，相对于邻近的音节往往弱读；2、话语标记前后通常有可感知的停延；、话语标记前后通常有可感知的停延；3、常常单独构成韵律单位；、常常单独构成韵律单位；语义语义特征特征 没有或者较少含有概念意义。没有或者较少含有概念意义。结构结构特征特征1、句法上难以归入某一类别；、句法上难以归入某一类别；2、不是句法上的必要成分，往往是可以取消、不是句法上的必要成分，往往是可以取消的。但就现场即席的互动话语而言，当某的。但就现场即席的互动话语而言，当某些些DM单独构成话轮时，则不可取消；单独构成话轮时，则不可取消；3、在话语中的位置较为灵活，可出现在话轮、在话语中的位置较为灵活，可出现在话轮（或韵律单位或韵律单位）的开始、中间或末尾；的开始、中间或末尾；15功能功能1 1、示意话轮、示意话轮（或韵律单位或韵律单位）的开始、的开始、延续、转换、结束等；延续、转换、结束等；2 2、可以表达和暗示说话人的态度；、可以表达和暗示说话人的态度；3 3、可以帮助促成会话双方的互动；、可以帮助促成会话双方的互动；4 4、提示话题或者信息焦点。、提示话题或者信息焦点。表1 话语标记的操作性定义16My version of DMsContinuum perspectiveCognitive constraints uh, um etcInterpersonal ties well, you seeTextual hinges or joints connectives17My version of DMsContinuum perspectiveuh well/you see/I mean and/so/but18Discourse marker Search WordsStep 03Plain text file of discourse markers Step 04File-based search with discmark.txt in SECCLFile-based search with discmark.txt in ICE-GB-Spoken19Contrastive study of DMs between SECCL and ICE-GB-SPStep 05Keywords or Chi-square test in SPSS Step 06Interpretation and analysisImplications for pedagogyTouchstone I mean etc20A quick summaryIntroducing DMs How DMs stand out of English speech21Other aspects of corpus-based discourse-pragmatic researchExpressions of gratitudeSpeech actGenre analysisCode-switchingRepairKennedy Page 176ffDiscourse items22Other aspects of corpus-based discourse-pragmatic researchInformation structure-Given-Accessible-New-Topic-Comment (B-S)Color metaphor (CA)RedDiscourse management chunksChinese learners translation of clausal relationsTeachers prosody as a constructional element of classroom interaction23Thank you!24Discouse_NN1 marker_NN1 use_NN1 in_II Chinese_JJ learners_NN2 English_NN1Xu Jiajinxujiajinbfsu.edu.cn