CollegeEntranceExaminationEnglishReadingComprehension高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题英语考纲-阅读要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。阅读题型阅读题型细节理解猜测词义推理判断主旨大意观点态度篇章结构解题技巧细节理解词义猜测推理判断主旨大意观点态度篇章结构主旨大意题主旨大意题加工与浓缩信息的能力加工与浓缩信息的能力加工与浓缩信息的能力加工与浓缩信息的能力考察要点：这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题主题和理解中心思想中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求考生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心主题和中心句句；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。主题句（topicsentence）及主旨大意(mainidea)的概括:一篇文章或一个段落一般表达一个中心内容或主题。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文或全段的主要内容概括全文或全段的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和高度的综合性和概括性概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.主主旨旨大大意意题题标题标题文章主旨文章主旨段落主旨段落主旨Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.1 Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.to try to judge a person only by his appearanceSo, it is foolish2 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying tohide his own weakness. So, it is foolishto try to judge a person only by his appearancecalled “bait and switchThis sales method is”. 3 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hu- -rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. ”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. called “bait and switchThis sales method is”. 4 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Tom received a excellent education 1.Whatsthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeintheparagraph2/?2.Whatdoesthethird/paragraphdiscuss?3.Whatismainlydiscussedinparagraph?4.Paragraph5/mainlytalksabout_段落主旨段落主旨QuestionForms主主题题句句的的呈呈现现段首段首提出主题提出主题,随之用细节来解释随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想所表达的主题思想.最常见的演绎法写作方式。最常见的演绎法写作方式。段尾段尾通常前面只提出问题，通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作而后又作进一步的解释进一步的解释,支撑或发展。支撑或发展。无主无主题句题句即主题句隐含在全段中即主题句隐含在全段中,没有明确的主题句没有明确的主题句.必须根必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合综合分析，归纳成一般概念分析，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。在表述在表述细节后细节后,归纳要点归纳要点,印象印象,结论建议或结果结论建议或结果,以概括主题以概括主题.这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。式。段中段中d e t a i l sParagraph ideasPassage idea1) What is the topic sentence of the passage? 2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _. 3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage? 4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?5.Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?6.Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?文章主旨大意文章主旨大意QuestionForms1.1.新闻报道新闻报道 News report News report Explanationof5W,1HMoredetailsof5W,1HBackgroundandrelevantevents1.BBC,VOACNN,AP,ChinaDaily,Reuters,AFP(AgenceFrancePresse)2.Payattentiontothetimeandtheplacebeforethepassagecalled3DTouchincludeanewrosegoldoptionandanewscreentechnologyThenewiPhones,calledthe6sand6sPlus SanFrancisco-,.TheiPhone6Sand6SPluscomeinfourfinishes-silver,gold,spacegreyandrosegold-andcomeintwosizesthatmatchlastyearshandsetsmeasurements.Thephonealsohasanew,muchfasterchipApplesPhilSchillersaysisthefastesteverinaphone.ItwillcostthesameastheiPhone6and6Plus,from$199,andgoonsaleonSeptember25th.includeanewrosegoldoptionandanewscreentechnologyThenewiPhones,calledthe6sand6sPluscalled3DTouch.2说明文的基本结构Descriptive writingExamplesComparisonClassificationreasonswhyyoushouldplanatriphereinthecomingmonths.someofthebest Cooltemperatures,goldencolorsofautumnanddramaticeventsarejustthreereasonstovisitOregonsWashingtonCountythisfall.Theseasonbringsalargenumberofplacestoseeandthingstodo.WevecollectedItsaHarvestSeasonAutumnmarkstheheightoftheagriculturalseason,.TheColorsAreChangingOnacool,autumnday,therural,agriculturalandforestedsceneryofOregonsWashingtonCountycomesalivewithbrightred,orangeandyellowleavessomeofthebestreasonswhyyoushouldplanatriphereinthecomingmonths.BirdMigrationSeasonIsinHighSeasonSeptemberandOctoberarebusymonthsforbirdwatchersExperienceTree-to-TreeAdventuresatSunsetEnjoythecrisptemperaturesandrichcolorsoftheseasonatTreetoTreeAdventurePark5.Whichisthemainideaofthepassage?ASomereasonstovisitOregonsWashingtonCountyBWashingtonCountyWelcomesitsBestSeasonCCharmoftheColorfulSeasonDTakeAdventuresintheComingAutumnA3.议论文的基本结构ArgumentationOpinionSupporting sentencesfactsexamplestheoryLikemostpeople,Iwasbroughtuptolookuponlifeasaprocessofgetting.Itwasnotuntilinmylatethirtiesthat.You need not worry if you lackmoney.ThisishowIexperimentedwithgiving-away.If an idea for improving the window display of aneighborhoodstoreflashestome,Istepinandmakethesuggestiontothestorekeeper.OnediscoveryImadeaboutgiving-awayisthatitisalmostimpossibletogiveawayanything in this world without getting something back,thoughthereturnoftencomesinanunexpectedform.giving-awaymakeslifeImadethisimportantdiscovery:somuchmoreexcitingsomuchmoreexcitinggiving-awaymakeslifeOne Sunday morning the local post office delivered animportant special delivery letter to my home, though it wasaddressedtomeatmyoffice.Iwrotethepostmasteranoteofappreciation.MorethanayearlaterIneededapost-officeboxforanewbusinessIwasstarting.Iwastoldatthewindowthattherewerenoboxesleft,andthatmynamewouldhavetogoonalongwaitinglist.AsIwasabouttoleave,thepostmasterappearedinthedoorway.Hehadoverheard(无意中听到)ourconversation.“Wasntityouthatwroteusthatletterayearagoaboutdeliveringaspecialdeliverytoyourhome?”Isaidyes.“Well,youcertainlyaregoingtohaveaboxinthispostofficeifwehavetomakeoneforyou.Youdontknowwhataletterlikethatmeanstous.Weusuallygetnothingbutcomplaints.”4.记叙文的基本结构Narrative writings寻找主题句的方法寻找主题句的方法(一一) 文中出现的文中出现的连词连词（转折（转折but/ however，因果因果 so/ therefore)，或一些常见但在文章中，或一些常见但在文章中间出现有一定目的的词（间出现有一定目的的词（in fact, the study shows that, for example, in short）, 这这些词后面所阐述的往往就是主题句些词后面所阐述的往往就是主题句 。(二二)首段首段出现疑问句时出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文对该问题的解答就是文章主旨章主旨.寻找主题句的方法寻找主题句的方法(三三) 有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要读者对每段文章的段意段意之中，这就需要读者对每段文章的段意进行进行归纳归纳，在段落大意的基础上再，在段落大意的基础上再进一步加进一步加工概括工概括了。了。(四四)关注关注高频词高频词 (常为名词常为名词) 。许多文章中最许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词中心词，即高频词，也叫即高频词，也叫做主题词做主题词。抓住了它，便容。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。易抓住文章的中心。推敲选项推敲选项, 排除干扰排除干扰推敲选项正误的推敲选项正误的5个小窍门个小窍门: 根据第一步寻找主题句根据第一步寻找主题句,找出关键词找出关键词,与四与四个选项进行匹配个选项进行匹配,选出最合适恰当的答案选出最合适恰当的答案 正确选项常含正确选项常含有概括性有概括性的词语的词语 正确选项正确选项一般不含绝对意义一般不含绝对意义的词的词 正确选项应能概括全文正确选项应能概括全文,内容全面内容全面,含义深含义深刻或说明道理刻或说明道理 四个选项中四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反的两个选内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案项中往往有一个是正确答案确定文章的标题确定文章的标题 ：标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题点明文章主题。1)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_.2)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled_.3)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?4)Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?标题特征： 独特新颖独特新颖概括性强概括性强短小精炼短小精炼QuestionFormsArrivinginSydneyonhisownfromIndia,myhusband,Rashid,stayedinahotelforashorttimewhilelookingforashorttimewhilelookingforahouseformeandourchildren.Duringthefirstweekofhisstay,hewentoutonedaytodosomeshopping.Hecamebackinthelateafternoontodiscoverthathissuitcasewasgone.Hewasextremelyworriedasthesuitcasehadallhisimportantpapers,includinghispassport.Lateintheevening,thephonerang.Itwasastranger.Hewastryingtopronouncemyhusbandsnameandwasaskinghimalotofquestions.Thenhesaidtheyhadfoundapileofpapersintheirtrashcan（垃圾桶）thathadbeenleftoutonthefootpath.Myhusbandrushedtotheirhometofindakindfamilyholdingallhispapersanddocuments.Theiryoungdaughterhadgonetothetrashcanandfoundapileofunfamiliarpapers.Herparentshadcarefullysortedthemout,althoughtheyhadfoundmainlyforeignaddressesonmostofthedocuments.Atlasttheyhadseenahalf-writtenletterinthepileinwhichmyhusbandhadgivenhisnewtelephonenumbertoafriend.Thatfamilynotonlyrestoredtheimportantdocumentstousthatdaybutalsorestoredourfaithandtrustinpeople.Westillremembertheirkindnessandoftensendawarmwishtheirway.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.FromIndiatoAustralia. B.LivinginaaNewCountry. C.TurningTrashtoTreasure.D.InSearchofNewFriends.C遵循遵循 四字原则四字原则:精精用用精炼精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想的语言概括出文章的中心思想准准要注意文章的内涵和外延要注意文章的内涵和外延,把作者的观点把作者的观点准确准确地地表达出来表达出来.要排除掉那些片面的选项要排除掉那些片面的选项,选取包含文章的选取包含文章的主要主要内容内容及作者观点的选项及作者观点的选项,范围不宜过大或过小范围不宜过大或过小.全全新新所选择的标题要所选择的标题要新颖新颖,对读者有吸引力对读者有吸引力,能激发读能激发读者的阅读兴趣者的阅读兴趣.主主旨旨大大意意题题段落主旨段落主旨文章主旨文章主旨标题标题段首段首段尾段尾段中段中无主题句无主题句新闻报道新闻报道说明文说明文议论文议论文记叙文记叙文总分总分总分总总分总分总分总分总分分总分综合分析综合分析独特新颖独特新颖概括性强概括性强短小精炼短小精炼