Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry13-1.Carbon Bonds13-2.Alkanes13-3.Petroleum Products13-4.Structural Formulas13-5.Isomers13-6.Unsaturated Hydrocarbons13-7.Benzene13-8.Hydrocarbon Groups13-9.Functional Groups13-10.Polymers13-11.Carbohydrates13-12.Photosynthesis13-13.Lipids13-14.Proteins13-15 Soil Nitrogen13-16. Nucleic Acids13-17.Origin of LifeOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon. The general properties of carbon compounds are:1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow.3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated.4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures.13-3. Petroleum Products Fractional distillationCatalytic cracking Modern cracking uses zeolites as the catalyst.13-3. Petroleum Products 13-5. Isomers OpticalIsomersStructuralIsomers13-6. Unsaturated HydrocarbonsUnsaturated compoundshavedoubleortriplecarbon-carbonbondsandaremorereactivethansaturated compounds,whichhaveonlysinglecarbon-carbonbonds(alkanesandsimilarcompounds).http:/www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/intro.htmhttp:/www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm13.7 Benzene AromaticcompoundsAliphaticcompoundsareorganiccompoundsthatdonotcontainbenzenerings.13.8 Hydrocarbon GroupsAlkanesorHydrocarbonsMethane 1carbonEthane2carbonsPropane 3carbonsButane4carbonsPentane5carbonsHexane6carbonsHeptane 7carbonsOctane8carbonsTable13.113-9. Functional GroupsAlkenesEthene2carbonsPropene 3carbonsButene4carbonsPentene5carbonsHexene6carbonsHeptene 7carbonsOctene8carbonsAlkynesAcetylene2carbonsPropyne 3carbonsButyne4carbonsPentyne 5carbonsHexyne6carbonsHeptyne 7carbonsOctyne9carbonsFig.13.9,etc.Acetylenegasweldingandcutting.AlcoholsEthanol2carbonsPropanol 3carbonsButanol4carbonsPentanol 5carbonsHexanole6carbonsHeptanol 7carbonsOctanol8carbons13-9. Functional GroupsEthersoxygeninthemiddleAldehydesDoublebond“O”with“H”onend13-9. Functional GroupsKetonesDoublebond“O”inmiddle13-49 Functional GroupsCarboxylicAcidsDoublebond“O”with“OH”AminesNH2onend13-9. Functional GroupsEstersDoublebond“O”with“O”bothinmiddleTable13.213-10 PolymersA polymer is a long chain of simple molecules (monomers) linked together. Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on cooling. Polymerization-the making of plasticsVinyl13-3. Petroleum Products Table13.313-10 Polymers.A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples.Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers called elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of monomers. 13-10 Polymers.Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a no-stick surface in cookware.13-11. Carbohydrates D-AlloseD-AltroseD-GlucoseD-MannoseD-GuloseD-IdoseD-GalactoseD-TaloseD-Glucose(analdose)-D-Glucose-D-Glucose-D-Glucose(chairform)SucroseLactoseMaltose 13.11 PolysaccharidesAmylopectinCellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants. 13.11 Polysaccharides 13.12 Photosynthesis 13.12 Photosynthesis13-13. Lipids SaturatedandUnsaturatedFattyAcidSoapMoleculewithPolarheadandnon-polartail13-13. Lipids13-14. Proteins Thepolypeptidechainformsabackbonestructureinproteins:Onfirstinspection,thisstructureappearstobeconnectedentirelybysingleC-CorC-Nbonds.Itshouldthereforebeasflexibleasasimplehydrocarbonchain.Notethatflexinginacovalentstructuredoesnotoccurbybendingbonds,andthenormaltetrahedralortrigonalplanarbondanglesaremaintained.Instead,differentshapesareobtainedbytorsional rotationabouttheaxisofthebonds:13-15 Soil Nitrogen 13-16. Nucleic Acids . Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation. 13-17. Origin of Life 2001 Space Odyssey HAL 9000Where did Clarke and Kuberick get the name HAL?IBMIBM thought Hardware would be King! Net worth in 2013 $112.5 billion.Who really became King?Bill Gates software MS DOS! Net worth $72.6 billion in 2013Microsoft Net worth $290 billion in 2013.13-17. Origin of Life 13-16. Nucleic Acids . Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation. Intelligent Designhttp:/www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CwL7xXUriE#t=23 DNAMoon same size as the sun to usAtmosphere Magnetic fieldJust right size for the right gravityJust the right distance from the sunTitius -Bode Law-planetary distances from sun have a patternDark energy and matterPatterns in electron energy levelsThe brain-greatest brain authority says we know nothingThe eye-seeing only colorsOnly 4 basic forces? What about Intelligence?What are the 4 forces and where do they come from?There is no evidence that one species has changed into anotherTunneling affect of electronsNot enough time for man to evolve by chance (14 billion years)Paranormal evidence