English Pronunciation Practice英语语音技巧突破英语语音技巧突破Lecture 5 Syllables and Stress 音节与重音音节与重音英语语音技巧突破 Warming up activitytap pet sit myth tape Pete site my arm warm her first care here there fireDo you think reading English is like singing a song?英语语音技巧突破Definition of syllables 音节的定义音节的定义A unit of spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound formed by a vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant alone, or by any of these sounds preceded, followed, or surrounded by one or more consonants.英语语音技巧突破 Application of syllables 音节的应用音节的应用There are four kinds of syllables: open syllables, closed syllables, -r syllables and re syllables.Open syllables: A syllable ending in a vowel. eg. name, go, useClosed syllable: A syllable ending in a consonant. eg. tub, not, cap-r syllable: A stressed syllable composed of a vowel and r eg. fur, thirty, her-re syllable: A stressed syllable composed of a vowel and re eg. tire, sure, before英语语音技巧突破 Practice 练习练习Read the following words by oneself and then in pairs, paying attention each words pronunciation in different syllable. time type home new huge hot pet met let term nursery or party cure pure more fire英语语音技巧突破 Stressed Syllables and Unstressed Syllables英语语音技巧突破What does Stress in Speech mean?In speech, stress may be defined as the degree of intensity or loudness placed on a sound; the amount of force one puts on a syllable or a word to give it importance.英语语音技巧突破What is Word Stress?A word stress means a prominent/stressed/strong syllable within a word.wordpatterntea.cher .beau.ti.ful . .un.der.stand. . con.ti.nue. .英语语音技巧突破Stressed Syllables & Unstressed SyllablesStressed syllables are strong syllables. Unstressed syllables are weak syllables.Stressed syllables:are longhave a pitch changehave full vowel sounds.Unstressed syllables:are shortoften have a reduced vowel sound.英语语音技巧突破Three degrees of stressPrimary stress: strong emphasisSecondary stress: less strong emphasisZero stress: no emphasisEg: timetable operation 英语语音技巧突破How to pronounce word stress?When a syllable is stressed, it is pronouncedlonger in duration higher in pitchlouder in volume 英语语音技巧突破How do you say teacher?Longerteeeeeeeeeeee cherHigherteacherLouderTEA cherAll three combinedTEEEEEEEEEEEcher英语语音技巧突破Different types of weak syllables The schwaa - attend, character, barracks, again, ballad, necklace, workaday, workable, elephantar - particular, molar, monarchyate - intimate, accurate, desolateo - tomorrow, potato, carrotor - forget, ambassador, opportunitye - settlement, violet, postmener -perhaps, stronger, supermanu - autumn, support, halibutough - thorough, boroughous - gracious, callous英语语音技巧突破Any English vowel letter can be pronounced with the schwa /allowafiremenepossiblei/commandosupportu英语语音技巧突破Some Rules for Word StressWord typeWhere is the stress?ExamplesTwo or three syllablesNounson the first syllablecenter object flowerreferenceVerbson the last syllablerelease admit arrangeCompoundNouns (N + N) (Adj. + N)on the first partdesktop pencil case bookshelf greenhouseAdjectives (Adj. + P.P.)on the last part (the verb part)well-meant hard-headed old-fashionedVerbs (prep. + verb)understand overlook outperform英语语音技巧突破Word typeWhere is the stress?ExamplesPhrasal Verbson the particleturn off buckle up hand outWords with added ending-icthe syllable before the endingeconomic Geometricelectrical-tion, -cian, -sionTechniciangraduation cohesion-phy, -gy, -try, -cy, -fy, -althe third from the last syllablePhotographybiology geometry-meterParameterThermometerbarometer英语语音技巧突破General Rules of Word Stress英语语音技巧突破1. Most English word of two or three syllables, the stress falls on the first syllable, e.g. apple carry problem holiday primary英语语音技巧突破2.Words of three or more syllables, the stress normally falls on the third syllable form the end: family recognize democracy phylosophy economy英语语音技巧突破3.Words of two or three syllables with one of the 3.Words of two or three syllables with one of the following prefixes (following prefixes (前缀前缀), the stress usually falls ), the stress usually falls on the syllable following the prefixon the syllable following the prefix a- above along be- become below com- combine compare con- contain connectde- detect design em- embark employen- encourage engage es- escape especial ex- exchange excuse im- important implyin- inform intend ob- obtain observeper- permit perform pre- prepare prepaypro- propose promote sub- submit subectivetrans- transform translate英语语音技巧突破4. Words with the following suffixes, the 4. Words with the following suffixes, the stress nearly always on the syllable stress nearly always on the syllable preceding the suffixpreceding the suffix -ian musician politician -ic atomic democratic-ical physical political -id solid stupid-ial social partial -ion revolution discussion-ify simplify beautify -ible possible terrible-ient sufficient patient -ience patience experience-ity possibility responsibiity -ish foolish punish-eous courageous hideous -ious conscious delicious -ive native progressive -ant important dependant英语语音技巧突破Note:Note: The following suffixed do not The following suffixed do not influence the place of word-stress: -ed, -influence the place of word-stress: -ed, -es, -er, -est, -or, -ary, -ory, -ment, -ous, -es, -er, -est, -or, -ary, -ory, -ment, -ous, -cy, -ry, -ty, -al, -ure, -ute, -ble, -ar, -ly, -cy, -ry, -ty, -al, -ure, -ute, -ble, -ar, -ly, -less, -ness, -ful, -ing.less, -ness, -ful, -ing.prision-prisoner move-movementconquer-conqueror carry- carryingcustom-customary beauty-beautifulproper-property sorrow-sorrownessquick-quickly help-helpless英语语音技巧突破5. Some suffixes attract the primary stress (5. Some suffixes attract the primary stress (主重主重音音) onto themselves. There is a secondary stress ) onto themselves. There is a secondary stress on the first syllable in words with such suffixes. on the first syllable in words with such suffixes. Suffixed of this kind are as follows: -ain, -ee, -Suffixed of this kind are as follows: -ain, -ee, -eer, -ier, -ade, -ival, -itis, -mental (-ental).eer, -ier, -ade, -ival, -itis, -mental (-ental).Examples:refuge- ,refugee employ- ,employeeengine- ,engineer mountain- ,mountaineerfundament- ,fundamental accident- ,accidentallemon- ,lemonade英语语音技巧突破Note: But there is no stress on the prefix(1)if the word which is formed by means of the strong prefix is in common use, e.g., impossible, unuaual, (2)if the word to which it is addes is not in common use, e.g., unbounded, unwieldly used).(3)if the word does not correspond to the meaning which it has without the prefix, e.g., overcome, misgive (not commected in meaning with the verb to come and the verb to give). 英语语音技巧突破 *The semantic factor in English word-stress gives way to the rhythmical factor. Since there is a tendency to alternate stressed and unstressed syllables, a double-stressed word may lose one of its stresses if a stressed syllable immediately precedes or follows. e.g. thirteen, but thirteen hundred or just thirteen seasidebut seaside sports unknownbut the unknown soldier 英语语音技巧突破Lecture 6Definition of stress 重音的定义重音的定义The relative force of sound or emphasis given a syllable or word in accordance with a metrical pattern英语语音技巧突破Application of stress 重音的应用重音的应用In a sentence such words are stressed as noun, numeral, adjective, notional verb, adverb, pronoun, interjection; on the other side, such words are not stressed in a sentence as article, pronoun, conjunction and preposition. 英语语音技巧突破Practice 练习练习Read the following sentences paying attention to the stress of each sentence.An elephant is an animal.Her skirt is blue and white.John is nine.Mary loves her dolls.He speaks English slowly and carefully.Dear me!英语语音技巧突破 Stressed Words and Unstressed Words in a SentenceSentence stress is the music of spoken English. Like word stress, sentence stress can help you to understand spoken English, especially when spoken fast.Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or beat. Word stress is accent on certain syllables within a word. Sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence.英语语音技巧突破Most sentences have two types of words:content words/ information words structure words/ function wordsContent words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important words that carry the meaning or sense. Structure words are not very important words. They are small, simple words that make the sentence correct grammatically. If you remove the structure words from a sentence, you will probably still understand the sentence.英语语音技巧突破SELLCARGONEFRANCEImagine that you receive this telegram message: WillyouSELLmyCARbecauseIveGONEtoFRANCESELLmyCARIveGONEtoFRANCE英语语音技巧突破2131WillyouSELLmyCARbecauseIveGONEtoFRANCE英语语音技巧突破Rules for Sentence Stress in EnglishRules for Sentence Stress in EnglishThe basic rules of sentence stress are:1.content words are stressed 2.structure words are unstressed 3.the time between stressed words is always the same 英语语音技巧突破Content words - stressedWords carrying the meaningExamplemain verbsSELL, GIVE, EMPLOYnounsCAR, MUSIC, MARYadjectivesRED, BIG, INTERESTINGadverbsQUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVERnegative auxiliariesDONT, ARENT, CANTStructure words - unstressedWords for correct grammarExamplepronounshe, we, theyprepositionson, at, intoarticlesa, an, theconjunctionsand, but, becauseauxiliary verbsdo, be, have, can, must英语语音技巧突破If you stress all the words in an utterance, you may sound unpleasant or even cause misunderstanding because1. You are giving too much information, and2. English speakers usually stress all words only when they are impatient or angry.英语语音技巧突破Three levels of stress in a sentenceStrong stress on focus wordsStress on content wordsNo stress on function words英语语音技巧突破Different Focus Stress expresses different meanings. 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