PygmalionUnit 4 Section Learning about Language栏目导航课堂深度拓展课堂深度拓展课后限时作业课后限时作业课末随堂演练课末随堂演练课堂深度拓展课堂深度拓展考点语法细解过去分词过去分词( (短语短语) )作状语作状语一、过去分词的基本用法1.过去分词（短语）作状语功能可表示时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、伴随等意义。这种过去分词作状语相当于一个时间、地点、原因、条件、让步等状语从句。若过去分词作状语，句子的主语与分词所表示的动作构成动宾关系，即是该分词动作的承受者。过去分词(短语)作状语时，也可在其前面加上连词when, if, once, though, unless等，以便明确作何种状语。(1)表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。Seen from the hill(When it is seen from the hill), the city looks like a beautiful garden.从山上看，这个城市就像一个美丽的大花园。When (you are) given a medical examination, you should keep calm.当你做体检时要保持镇定。(2)表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Encouraged by the speech(=Because they were encouraged by the speech), the excited young people stopped arguing.激动的年轻人们被演说深深地鼓舞了，停止了争吵。(3)表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。Given another chance(=If he is given another chance), he will do it better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。(4)表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。Exhausted by the running（=Although he was exhausted by the running）, he went on running after the robber.尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他还是继续追赶着那个强盗。(5)表方式或伴随情况。Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。 关键一点过去分词(短语)作伴随或方式状语时通常不能转换为方式状语从句，但可转化为一个并列分句或并列谓语。He spent a whole day at home, locked in his study.=He was locked in his study and spent a whole day at home.他一整天都在家里学习。2.过去分词(短语)作状语在句中的位置过去分词(短语)在句中作状语，可放在主句前作句首状语，后面用逗号与主句隔开，也可放在主句后面，前面用逗号与主句隔开。He stood there silently, moved to tears.=Moved to tears, he stood there silently.他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。二二.难点突破难点突破1.过去分词与现在分词作状语时的用法比较过去分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动作之前或与之同时发生。而现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与主句中谓语动作同时发生且自身正在进行。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难时，我们必须设法克服。Reading carefully, youll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。2.过去分词的独立结构过去分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。否则，过去分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立结构或独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。Her homework done(After her homework was done), Mary decided to go shopping.做完作业后，玛丽决定去购物。All things considered, her paper is of great value.把所有的情况考虑在内的话，她的论文很有价值。3.有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表示状态。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(迷路)；seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；stationed(驻扎)；lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)；born(出身于)；dressed in(穿着)；tired of(厌烦)等。Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt notice us entering the room.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没有注意到我们进入房间。Tired of the speech, he left without saying a word.厌倦了这个演讲，他一句话没说就离开了。4.有些过去分词作状语并不表示被动意义，多有其特殊意义，是一些固定句式。但considering, judging by/from, thinking of, takinginto consideration等作状语，要用动词-ing形式。Given the general state of Toms health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.考虑到汤姆的健康状况，他可能还要一段时间从手术中康复过来。Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.考虑到对方实力强大，我们进了两个球就很不错了。