WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?FromFatherFromMotherWheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?Wherearewefrom?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?Humanembryologyissciencefocusedontheresearchesofontogenesis,developmentanditsvariationforhumanbody.ConceptInclusionsHumanEmbryologyPeriodoffertilizedovumorzygotetoblastocystFertilizationbeginningtothesecondweekend:includingfertilization,cleavage,blastocystformationandbeginningofimplantationPeriodofembryogenesisThethirdweektoeighthweekends:embryonicdiscformation,andprimordiaofprincipalorgansestablishmentandprimitivehumanbodysettingFetalperiodTheninthweektoparturitionPerinatalperiod:the28thweekto1stweekafterbirth.TimeofBirth266daysEarlyStagesofDevelopmentinHumanEmbryoItindicatesthetimebetweenbeginningoffertilizationto8thweekendforprimitivehumanbodysetting,includinggameteandfertilization,cleavageandformationofblastocyst,implantation,embryonicdiscformationanddifferentiation,fetalmembraneandplacenta,including:Pre-embryoperiodandperiodofembryogenesis.1.ThepreparationoffertilizationGermcellsdevelopmentandmaturationFertilizationCompositionReproductiveglandtestisGenitalductsepididymis,vasdeferens,ejaculatoryduct&urethraAccessorysexglandsprostategland,seminalvesicle&bulbourethralglandExternalgenitalorganspenis&scrotumMaleReproductiveSystemFunctionTestisproducespermatozoa&secreteandrogenReproductivetractspermmaturation,nutrition,storage&transportationAccessoryglandsThesecretionstoformseminalplasmaSeminiferousTubulesSeminiferousepitheliumSpermatogeniccells(5-8layers)Sertolicells(only1layer)BasementmembraneTheoutsideofbasementmembranemyoidcell,collagenousfibertoformlimitingmembraneTestisspermatogoniaprimaryspermatocytessecondaryspermatocytesspermatidsspermatozoaSpermatogenicCells1.SpermatogoniumCellisrelativesmallinsize，situatednexttothebasallamina.46xy,2nDNA,mitosisAType(AdAp)BTypeAdType:nucleusshowsovalshapeanddarkstaining,belongtostemcellApType:nucleusshowsovalshapeandlightstainingBType:roundnucleusandroughchromatinprimaryspermatocyte2.PrimarySpermatocyteThelargestcells，severallayersLargeandroundnucleus，darkstaining，roughorgranularchromatin46xy,4nDNAFirstmeioticdivisionsecondaryspermatocyte3.SecondarySpermatocyteAdjacentlylocalizedinthelumenofseminiferoustubules,smallinsize,short-livedcellsRoundnucleus，darkstaining23xor23y,2nDNASecondarymeioticdivisionspermatid4.SpermatidJuxtaluminallocationwithintheseminiferoustubules,distinguishedbytheirsmallinsize,nucleiwithareasofcondensedchromatin(roundnucleitoflatnuclei)Cellsinroundshape inelongatedshape23xor23y,1nDNATransformingtospermatozoa4.SpermatidSpermiogenesisanditsprocedureNucleusflatshapeandcondensed，GolgiapparatusacrosomalvesicleacrosomeCentrioleflagellumMitochondriagraduallymovetowardtheflagellumandarrangethemselvesasaspiralaroundthemiddlepiecesheathofmitochondriaCytoplasmresidualbodiessheddingSpermiogenesis 贺忆培，季颖婕，黄敏，丁之德。贺忆培，季颖婕，黄敏，丁之德。精子变形中相关蛋白的精子变形中相关蛋白的研究进展研究进展。国际生殖健康国际生殖健康/ /计划生育杂志计划生育杂志 2014;2014; 33(6):432-43633(6):432-436 基金资助基金资助 上海交通大学医学院第七期大学生科学创新项目上海交通大学医学院第七期大学生科学创新项目 （20120092012009）；）；第七期国家大学生科学创第七期国家大学生科学创新项目。新项目。 作者单位作者单位 上海交通大学医学院上海交通大学医学院 20112011级临床医学八年制级临床医学八年制Spermatogenesis&structureofhumanspermatozoon5.SpermatozoonTadpole-shaped,length60m,head(5m)andtail5.SpermatozoonHeadNucleus(DNA)；Acrosome：covered2/3nucleus,containingacrosinandseveralotherproteolyticenzymesFertilization5.SpermatozoonTailAxoneme(9+2microtubules)motilityFourpiecesNeck,middlepiece,principalpieceandendpieceNeck:short,ContainingcentrioleMiddlepiece:spermaxoneme,outercondensedfibersheath,mitochondrialsheathprovidingenergy5.SpermatozoonTail5.SpermatozoonTailPrincipalpiece:length45m,spermaxoneme,outercondensedfibersheathEndpiece:spermaxonemeSpermatogenesisDefinitionSpermatogoniaspermatozoa(64days)Synchronousdevelopment 1.SpermatogoniaproliferationMitosisAdApBprimaryspermatocyte(46XY,4nDNA)2.Spermatocytemeiosis23X/23Y,2nDNA23X/23Y,1nDNA3.Spermatidtransformation(spermiogenesis)NochangingbothinDNAandchromosomespermatozoa(23X/23Y,1nDNA)SpermatogenesisinthreeperiodsSpermatogenesisSpermatogenicCellsSpermatogonia：ATypeBTypeATypedifferentiationMitosisPrimarySpermatocytes:46XYSecondarySpermatocytes:23X/23YSpermatid:23X/23YSpermatozoa:23X/23YSpermiogenesisSpermatogenesisSertoliCellsMorphologicalStructureLMElongatedpyramidalcells,partiallyenvelopspermatogeniccells.Cellsadheretothebasallamina,whiletheirapicalendsfrequentlyextendintothelumenoftheseminiferoustubule.Cytoplasmappearspoorlydefined.Nucleusistriangleorirregular,andpalestainingandnucleolusisobvious.EMOrganellesarewelldevelopedincludingRER,SER,Mitochondria,Golgiapparatus,lysosome,microtubuleµfilament.Tightjunctionsextratubularcompartmentandintratubular(adluminal)compartment.FunctionSupport,protection,andnutritionalregulationofdevelopingspermatozoa,Phagocytosis:residualbodies,SynthesizeandsecreteInhibitin,Secretetesticularfluidtotransportspermatozoa,Secreteandrogen-bindingprotein(ABP)highconcentrationofandrogenwithinseminiferoustubulesfacilitatethespermatogenesisBuilduptheblood-testisbarriertoprotectthedevelopingspermcellsfromimmunologicattackLeydig(Interstitial)CellsLocalization Agroupofthecellshavecharacteristicsofsteroidsecretorycell,adjacenttothebloodandlymphaticvessels.StructuresLMRoundedorpolygonalinshape,acentralnucleusandaeosinophiliccytoplasmrichinsmalllipiddroplets seminiferousepitheliumspermatogenesisT bloodsecondarysexualcharacteristicslibido(sexualfunction)developmentofgenitalorgansFunctionsynthesizeandsecreteandrogenEMRichinSER,Thecristaeofmitochondriashowtubularinshape,ContaininglipiddropletsMr.ArnoldSchwarzeneggerSeminiferousEpithelium&TesticularInterstitiaReteTestis,DuctuliEfferentes(EfferentDuctules)andDuctusEpididymisCaput efferentductpseudostratifiedcolumnarepitheliumLumenisirregularinshape,containingtallcolumnarciliatedcellsandshortcolumnarnon-ciliatedcells.Corpus&CaudaepididymalductpseudostratifiedcolumnarepitheliumLumenisregularinshape,containingtallcolumnarciliatedcells( (stereocilium)andbasalcells.Functionspermatozoastorageandmaturation,synthesizeandsecretebioactivemolecules,e.g.carnitine,glycerophosphorylcholine,sialicacidandtestosterone.Epididymis Caput,CorpusandCaudafromEpididymisDuctuliEfferetes(EfferentDuctules)fromEpididymisMucosapseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepitheliumlaminapropria:richinelasticfibersplica:longitudinalfoldsMuscularissmoothmuscle,thick,innerlongitudinal,middlecircular,outerlongitudinalAdventitiaC.T. DeferentDuctAccessorySexGlandsprostateglandseminalvesiclebulbourethralglandSecretionstoformseminalplasmaComposedbyspermatozoaandseminalplasma,milkycolor,pH7.2Normalvolume:1.41.7mL/perejaculation，15M/mL,alivesperm58%，spermmotility40%，forwardmotility32%,normalmorphologicalsperm4%(WHO5th)Ifthespermamountandmotilitydecline,andabnormalmorphologicalspermincreaseorelementsinseminalplasmachangesleadingtomaleinfertilitySemenPollutionandMaleInfertilityMeekerJD,et al.Reprod Toxicol 2010LiDK,et al.Fertil Steril 2010BisphenolAPollutionandMaleInfertilityMendiolaJ,et al.J Androl2011 di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEPH)DEPHandBPA周婉格，王统菲，周周婉格，王统菲，周 任任 综述；丁之德综述；丁之德 审校。审校。 DEHPDEHP对哺乳对哺乳动物生殖系统影响的研究进展；动物生殖系统影响的研究进展；国际生殖健康国际生殖健康/ /计划生育杂计划生育杂志志2013; 32(1):50-542013; 32(1):50-54李李 倩倩, , 应应 倩倩 综述；丁之德综述；丁之德 审校。审校。双酚双酚A A对哺乳动物生殖对哺乳动物生殖系统影响的研究进展；系统影响的研究进展；国际生殖健康国际生殖健康/ /计划生育杂志计划生育杂志2012; 31(6):46-50 2012; 31(6):46-50 作者单位作者单位: : 上海交大医学院上海交大医学院0909级临床医学八年制级临床医学八年制 基金资助：基金资助：上海交通大学医学院第五期大学生创新项目上海交通大学医学院第五期大学生创新项目 （20110252011025）；）；第五期上海市大学生创新第五期上海市大学生创新训练项目。训练项目。MaleObesityandInfertilityYueLiu,YiGuoZhideDing*.Proteomicpatternchangesassociatedwithobesity-inducedathenozoospermia.Andrology2015;3(2):247-59*CorrespondingauthorYueLiu,WenzhenZhao,ZhideDing*.Palmitoyl-ProteinThioesterase1(PPT1):AnObesity-InducedRatTesticularMarkerofReducedFertility.Mol Reprod Dev 2014;81:55-65*CorrespondingauthorObesityandMaleInfertilityObesityandMaleInfertilityFanY,DingZ*.Diet-inducedobesityinmaleC57BL/6micedecreasesfertilityasaconsequenceofdisruptedblood-testisbarrier.PLoS One 2015; 10(4):e0120775. *CorrespondingauthorMaleFertilityTheyoungestfatherTheoldestfatherMaleContraceptivePills(2012)CompositionandFunctionOvaryproduceoocyte,synthesizeandsecretefemalesexualhormonesOviducttransportoocyte,thesiteforfertilization UterusfetusgrowthVaginaandVulvaMammaryglandsbabyfeedingFemaleReproductiveSystemGeneralStructureSurfaceasinglelayerofsquamousorcuboidalcellsTunicaalbugineaathinlayerofdenseconnectivetissueCortexouterpart,thick,CT,oocytesindifferentstages,reticularfibersandstromacellsMedullacentralpart,CT,richinbloodvesselsandelasticfibersaswellasnervesHilusvesselsandnervereachandleave,CT,hiluscells,androgensecreting,smoothmusclesOvaryAmodelforovarystructureFollicleoocyte+follicularcells1.PrimordialFolliclesuperficiallayerofcortex,alargeamountofcells,ball-shapePrimaryoocyte resultsofmitosisofoogoniumandenteringintothephaseoffirstmeiosis,andstopinthestageofprophase,30mindiameter,cellsinroundshape,lightstaining,prominentnucleolus,eosinophiliccytoplasmcontainingcorticaloocytegranulesFollicularcells asinglelayerofsquamouscells,smoothsurface,celljunctionsbetweentheprimaryoocyteandfollicularcells，athinlayerofbasalmembraneoutside FollicleDevelopment&Maturation2.GrowingFollicle(1)PrimaryFollicleprimaryoocyteincreaseinsize,50-80mfollicularcellsasinglelayerofsquamouscellscuboidalcellsorseverallayerszonapellucida:betweentheprimaryoocyteandfollicularcellssperm-oocyterecognitionthecafolliculithecainternaandthecaexternaZonaPellucida(ZP)betweentheprimaryoocyteandfollicularcells,ahomogeneouseosinophilicmembraneofglycoproteinPrimaryoocyteFSHstimulating,increaseinsize,125-150m,ZP5mFollicularcells antrumfolliclecontainingfollicularfluid, composedofsecretoryfluidfromfollicularcellsandpenetratedfluidfrombloodvesselsofthecafolliculi,cumulusoophorus, ,coronaradiata,granulosacellstoformzonagranulosa. （2）SecondaryFollicle granularcells primaryoocyteSecondaryFollicle(TEM)3.MatureFollicle(TertiaryFollicleorGraafianFollicle) Theterminalstageoffolliculardevelopment,thefullsizeof25mm,abulgeonthesurfaceoftheovary(stigma),accumulationoftheliquorfolliculi,enlargedantrum,zonagranulosabecomingprogressivelythinner3.MatureFollicle Beforethe36-48hrsofovulation，primaryoocytecanfinishthefirstmeiosis，formingsecondaryoocyteandthefirstpolarbody,localizedinperivitellinespace(betweenthesecondaryoocyteandZP).Thechromosomeisdividedintohalfforeach(23,X).Then,secondaryoocyteimmediatelyenterthesecondarymeiosisandstopinthemetaphase.ERp57andOocyteMaturationYueLiu,YeminZhu,XiaohuiWu,ZhideDing*.IncreasedExpressionofERp57inRatOocytesDuringMeioticMaturationIsAssociatedWithSperm-EggFusion.Mol Reprod Dev2014;81:315-325*CorrespondingAuthorEpigeneticsinGameteandFetusDevelopments李美姿、姜梦迪、黄楷李美姿、姜梦迪、黄楷 综述；丁之德综述；丁之德 审校。审校。表观遗传学与哺乳动物配子表观遗传学与哺乳动物配子和胚胎发生发育的研究进展；和胚胎发生发育的研究进展；中国男科学杂志中国男科学杂志2015; 29(1): 63-66 2015; 29(1): 63-66 作者单位作者单位: : 上海交大医学院上海交大医学院20122012级临床医学专业级临床医学专业基金资助：基金资助：上海交通大学医学院第八期大学生创新项目（上海交通大学医学院第八期大学生创新项目（20140112014011） Primaryoocyte(46,XX2nDNA) firstmeiosisFirstpolarbody+Secondaryoocyte(23,X2nDNA)metaphaseinsecondarymeiosisfertilizedunfertilizedsecondarymeiosisfinishSecondarypolarbody+matureoocyteDegeneration(23,X1nDNA)4.TheSynthesisofEstrogenDuringtheoocytedevelopment,estrogencanbesynthesizedandsecretedbycellsfromboththecagranulosaandthecainterna.Thecellsofthecainterna(LHR)takecholesterol(blood)，synthesizeAndrogen(aromatase)granulosacells(FSHR&LHR)Estrogenantrumfolliculiandbloodcirculationtargetcellsandtissues Fourteendaysbeforetheexpectedonsetofthenextmenstruation,theserumlevelofluteinizinghormone(LH)reachapeak.Enzymesofthefollicularfluidleadtoaruptureofthethinfollicularwall,andthesecondaryoocyte,withitscoronaradiataandtheliquorfolliculiandZP,arereleasedintothepelviccavityandsweptintotheoviductbyitsfimbriatedfunnel. OvulationAmodelforovulationofmaturefollicleOvaryOocyte OvulationCorpusLuteumFormation&DegenerationAfterovulation,therupturedfolliclecollapses,anditsholeisfilledbyahemorrhage.Followingseveraldays,itbecomesacellmasswithyellowcolorunderfreshconditionandsecretsthesteroidhormones.Granulosaluteincells derivedfromgranulosacells,polygonalshape,increaseinsize,lightstaining,localizedincentralpartofcorpusluteum,secretingprogesteroneandrelaxinThecaluteincells derivedfromthecellsofthecainterna,smallinsize,darkstaining,localizedinperipheralpartofcorpusluteum,secretingestrogen(togetherwithgranulosaluteincells)CorpusLuteumL.M.（thecaluteincellsgranulosaluteincells)TheChangesinCorpusLuteumIfoocyteisnotfertilized,corpusluteumofmenstruation degeneratedaftertwoweeksIfoocyteisfertilized,corpusluteumofpregnancy degeneratedafter46monthscorpusalbicans(connectivetissue)SecondaryfollicleCorpusluteumofmenstruationEndocrineinOvaryThecellsofthecainterna andzonagranulosa androgenestrogenthecaluteumcellsestrogen(withgranulosaluteumcells)granulosaluteumcellsprogesteroneHiluscellsandrogenCorpusluteumofpregnancy progesterone,estrogen,relaxinWallmucosaepitheliumsimplecolumnarlaminapropriaathinlayerofC.T. ciliatedcell secretorycellmuscularissmoothmuscle,circular(inner)andlongitudinal(outer)serosa L.C.T.+mesothelium(fibrosa+mesothelium)Oviduct(FallopianTube)infundibulum,ampulla,isthmus,uterinepartAmpullainoviductMucosafromampullainoviductIsthmusinoviduct Structureofuterinewallendometriummyometrium perimetrium-epithelium-LPserosamyometriumlaminapropriaUterusepithelium1.EndometriumSimplecolumnarepitheliumSecretorycells+ciliatedcellsLaminapropriathick,CT,uterineglands,stromacells,richinbloodvessels Theepitheliafromendometrium(SEM)ClassificationofEndometriumStratumfunctionale4/5layerfromthesurfaceofendometrium,periodicchangesunderthestimulationofhormonesfromovarymenstruationDuringthepregnancy,itbecomesthesiteforimplantationandfetalgrowth.Stratumbasale1/5layerjustbeneaththestratumfunctionale,noperiodicchanges,repairedbystratumfunctionale.2.Myometriumthick,consistsofsmoothmusclecells,connectivetissue,bloodvesselsandnerves.Threeill-definedlayers:inside,athincircularlayer,centrally,athickreticularlayer,outside,athincircularlayer3.Perimetriumcoveredbyaperitonealserosa,butcervixfibrosaBloodCirculationinUterus Uterineartery（muscularis) (branches)Basalartery(straightandshort,nutritionforbasallayer) (majorstem) Helicalartery(nutritionforfunctionallayer,affectedbyhormones)Capillary network (superficial layer in the endometrium,affectedbyhormones) SmallveinsUterineveinAmodelforbloodvesselsanduterineglandsfromendometriummenstrualcycle Inthesexually-mature,non-pregnantfemalethegenitalorgansundergoperiodically-recurringchanges(28days),whicharecausedbyhormonesofthehypothalamicadenohypophyseal-ovarianaxis.Cyclichistologicalchangesaremostmarkedintheendometriumofthecorpus,wherethreetypicalphasescanbedistinguishedmenstrualphase1stday4thdayproliferativephase5thday14thdaysecretoryphase15thday28thdayTheCyclicalChangesinUterineEndometrium1.ProliferativePhaseOvary Folliculardevelopmentandgrowth,ovulation,hormone(estrogen)UterineEndometrium Initially, the uterine glands are short, straight, tubular andfew,buttowardstheendofthephase,theybecomecoiledandtheir cells start to store glycogen. The stroma cells areproliferatedandpackedtightly. Thehelicalarteriesbegintosprout into the growing functional layer. During the late ofproliferative phase, the endometrium increases in thethicknessto2-3mmorevenmore.ProliferativephaseofuterineendometriumL.M.(E:functionallayer,M:basallayer,G:uterinegland,S:stroma)Theendofproliferativephaseinuterineendometrium(L.M.)2.SecretoryphaseOvarycorpusluteumformed,progesteroneestrogenUterineEndometriumcontinuetoincreaseinthickness,reaching57mm. Theuterineglandsbecomemorecoiledandtheircellsaccumulateglycogen.Duringthatprocess,thenuclei,whichwerelocatedcentrallyatfirst,becomeorientedapically.Thehelicalarteriesalsobecomemoreandmorecoiledandcanreachsurfaceofendometrium.Thelaminapropriaisedemaandstromacellsarefurtherproliferative,becomingthepredecidualcells(roundandlargerinsize,containingglycogenandlipiddroplets).Iffertilizationtakesplace,theendometriumbecomesdecidua.Ifnot,theendometriumenterthemenstrualphase.Secretoryphaseofuterineendometrium(L.M.)Theendofsecretoryphaseinuterineendometrium(L.M.)3.MenstrualPhaseOvarycorpusluteumofmenstruationdegenerating,progesteroneandestrogenUterineendometriumThehormonecausesvasoconstrictionofthehelicalarteriesanduterineglandsstopsecretion,leadingtheischemia,degenerationandnecrosisofthefunctionallayer,thenfunctionallayerissloughed,butthebasallayersuppliedbystraightarteries,doesnotbecomenecrotic.Whentheestrogenlevelrisesagain,transientvasodilatationcausesbleedingandthesheddingofthenecrotictissuemenstruation.Severaldayslater,thefunctionallayerisregeneratedfromthecellsofthebasallayer.Menstrualphaseofuterineendometrium(L.M.)Amodelforcyclicalchangesinuterineendometrium