句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫作句子成分。句子成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等。学会划分句子成分，是学好语法的第一步。第一讲理清句子成分第一讲理清句子成分学好语法的启蒙阶段学好语法的启蒙阶段一、主语句子的主体主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物，表示句子描述的是谁或什么。更确切地说，主语是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。主语通常由名词(短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句等充当。The table tennis team of our school is admitting new players.(2017全国卷书面表达)学校乒乓球队正在接纳新队员。(名词短语作主语)Sometimes giving up a little can mean getting more.(2015浙江卷书面表达)有时放弃一些东西可能意味着得到的更多。(动名词短语作主语)对点练习1根据提示补全句子1不同的人喜欢不同的季节；我最喜欢的季节是春季。(名词短语作主语) _ like different seasons; _ is spring.(2016四 川卷书面表达)2与别人友好相处是你应该学会的第二件事。(不定式短语作主语) _ is the second thing you should learn.(江西卷满分作文)3我打算告诉你的是关于我们学校向你们中文班赠书之事。(从句作主语) _ is about donating books from our school to your Chinese class.(2015天津卷满分作文)Different peoplemy favourite seasonTo get along well with othersWhat I am going to tell you二、谓语主语的行为谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征。实义动词(短语)可以单独作谓语，有时态、人称和数的变化；系动词不能单独作谓语，系表结构才可以作谓语；助动词和情态动词也不能单独作谓语，“助动词/情态动词实义动词”才可以作谓语。It will start from June 15th and last for three weeks.(2016全国卷书面表达)(摄影展)将于六月十五日开始，持续三周。(“情态动词实义动词”作谓语)Half an hour later, I managed to find the correct answer.(2015湖北卷短文写作)半小时后，我设法找到了正确答案。(实义动词作谓语)对点练习2根据提示补全句子1你的艺术技能优秀得令人赞赏，这给我留下了深刻的印象。(系表结构作谓语)Your art skills _，which leaves me a deep impression.(2016天津卷书面表达)2在我看来，我们可以信息共享，以便更好地相互理解。(“情态动词实义动词”作谓语)In my opinion, we _ information with each other to make a better understanding.(天津卷满分作文)are excellent and admirablecan share三、宾语动作的对象宾语是动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。可以作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句等。I have been organizing a oneday summer camp in Green Hill this Saturday.(2017浙江卷书面表达)我一直在组织这周六到Green Hill的单日夏令营活动。(名词短语作宾语)I think all our classmates have learned a lot from our munication and the various activities.(2016天津卷书面表达)我认为我的所有同班同学从交流和各种各样的活动中学到了很多东西。(从句作宾语)I managed to persuade my classmates into accepting my idea.(2015浙江卷书面表达)我设法说服我的同学们接受我的想法。(不定式作宾语)对点练习3根据提示补全句子1他突然想在启程之前再看看这座城市的美景。(动名词作宾语)Suddenly he thought of _ before setting out.2我已经写了申请书和个人简历。(名词短语作宾语)Ive already written _(2016全国卷书面表达)seeing the beautiful views of the city againthe application and personal resume四、表语主语的特征表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语(系表结构)，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。可以用作表语的有：名词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。The deadline is June 25th，2017.(2017全国卷满分作文)截止日期是2017年6月25日。(名词短语作表语)Although the answer seemed a little strange, nobody but I doubted it.(2015湖北卷短文写作)尽管答案好像有些奇怪，但只有我对此产生了怀疑。(形容词作表语)对点练习4根据提示补全句子1几分钟过去了，但是整个班级一片寂静。(介词短语作表语)Several minutes passed but the whole class was _(2015湖南卷书面表达)2那时，我成了全班的焦点，充满了自豪和自信。(形容词短语作表语)At that moment, I became the focus of the whole class and was _(2015湖南卷书面表达)in plete silencefull of great pride and confidence五、定语名词的修饰语定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，常和名词构成名词短语。可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。The team will hold a range of activities， including some training and matches.(2017全国卷书面表达)球队将举行各种各样的活动，包含各种训练和比赛。(现在分词短语作定语)Any student who is interested is wele to participate.(2016全国卷书面表达)欢迎感兴趣的所有学生参加。(从句作定语)We may have various ways to deal with such a situation.(2015浙江卷书面表达)我们可能有各种各样应付此类情况的方式。(不定式短语作定语)对点练习5根据提示补全句子1它刊登了一些由外国朋友所写的有关他们国家文化的文章。(过去分词短语作定语)It carries articles _ about the cultures of their home countries.(2015全国卷书面表达)2温暖而多雨的地方最适合竹子生长。Bamboo grows best in places _and _.written by foreign friendswhere it is warmwhere it rains often六、状语动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等。In order to be a qualified volunteer, I have to improve myself by reading some books about Tianjin so as to know more about it.(2017天津卷书面表达)为了成为一名合格的志愿者，我不得不阅读一些关于天津的书籍，了解更多的相关信息来提高自己，以便自己更加了解它。(不定式短语作状语)Looking at the figurines, we were all very excited.(2015北京卷书面表达)看着这些面人，我们都非常激动。(现在分词短语作状语)Time permitting, I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship.(全国卷满分作文)时间允许的话，我希望有更多的业余时间和朋友一起度过，这样我们就会有更加良好的关系。(独立结构和从句作状语)对点练习6根据提示补全句子1而且，通过做兼职工作，我能获得一些宝贵的经历以至于我能更好地适应社会的发展和变化。(从句作状语)Moreover, by doing the parttime job I can get some precious experience _ the development and changes of society.(2016全国卷书面表达)2为了解决这个问题，我和同学们进行了讨论，想出了一个建议并汇报给了校长。(不定式短语作状语)_，my classmates and I discussed it and came up with a suggestion and later reported to the headmaster.(北京卷满分作文)so that I can better adapt toTo solve this problem七、补足语宾语或主语的补充说明补足语是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫作主语补足语；补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫作宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：形容词、名词、不定式、分词和介词短语等。Hopefully, these books will help the students to know and learn Chinese better.(2015天津卷书面表达)这些书籍有望帮助同学们更好地认识和学习汉语。(不定式短语作宾补)对点练习7根据提示补全句子1科普类图书能帮助我们学生对科学和自然更感兴趣。(不定式作宾补)Popular science books can help us students _(浙江卷满分作文)2我们将尽全力使我们的国家越来越美丽。(形容词作宾补)Well try our best to make our country _to bee more interested in scienceand naturemore and more beautiful八、同位语同等重要的修饰语对句子中的某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。We are going to the local nursing home for the ing Double Ninth Festival，a holiday for us to show our respect for the elderly.(2015全国卷满分作文)我们打算去当地一家敬老院过即将到来的重阳节，该节日显示了我们对老年人的尊重。(名词作同位语)对点练习8根据提示补全句子1从个人角度来说，我更愿意(推荐) “长江之旅”，长江是中国最长的河流，也是中华文明的发源地之一。(名词作同位语)Personally, I prefer the tour along the Yangtze River，_(2017北京卷满分作文)2一方面，我非常自信能在考试中做好；另一方面，我又感觉有点紧张，尽管考试并不难。(从句作同位语)On the one hand, I have a strong belief _；on the other hand, I feel a bit nervous, though its not difficult.(四川卷书面表达)the longest river in Chinaand one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilizationthat I will do well in the exam