第四讲定语从句第四讲定语从句 第一课时知识过关课1在限制性定语从句中which，who，whom常可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。2在非限制性定语从句中，或者当先行词是指人的those，anyone，everyone，people，he，all，few，one(s)等时，不能用that引导。3以下情况下一般用that：(1)当先行词是指物的all，little，few，much，any，anything，everything，nothing，none，the one时，或先行词被all，little，few，much，any，every，no等修饰时。(2)先行词是序数词或形容词最高级时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last，next)、形容词最高级及the only，the very等修饰时。(3)先行词包括人和物时。4当先行词是表示时间、地点、原因(且只能是reason)等，且这些先行词在定语从句中作状语时，就分别用when、where、why来引导定语从句。另外，when，where，why一般可用“介词which”替代，其中reason后的why通常用for which替代。 注意当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的词语时，不一定填关系副词when，where，why，只有当这些词在定语从句中作状语时，才用关系副词，否则要用关系代词。5当先行词是整个主句或主句的一部分时，这类非限制性定语从句只能由which或as来引导。两者的区别在于：(1)which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，而as引导的定语从句可位于主句前、中、后。(2)which常译作“这”；而as常译作“正如”，且多与see，expect，imagine，know，hope等动词连用。(3)在定语从句中作主语时，若用as，其谓语部分一般有be；若谓语是不含be的行为动词时，要用which。(4)as引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，而which不受此限制。(5)as常用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)；as we expected(不出所料)；as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)；as is known to all(众所周知)；as has been said before(如上所述)；as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等等。读语篇，悟语法。反复朗读下列短文，领悟画线和黑体部分。思考：引导定语从句的关系词是如何确定。It was the summer of 2012, when1 I came to Guangning No. 1 Senior High School.Our school is a wonderful place, where2 I can see a lot of beautiful buildings and a large square.Our classroom, the roof of which3 looks like a rocket in the distance, is located in the center of our school.The main reason why4 I like our school is that I can make many friends.I can get along with my classmates here, two of whom5 are my best friends.Jack，who6 es from Tanbu Junior High School, is very active. He likes various_sports，among which7 he likes running very much.He will run 5 kilometers every day，which8 makes him look strong.Nick，whose9 father is a teacher in Lianhe Junior High School, studies very hard.We often talk about the people and the things that10 we see in our school.Nick prefers the food that11 is made in our canteen.The teacher whom12 he likes is Mr. Zhang, our math teacher, while my beloved teacher is my English teacher, Miss Chen. To be honest, I gradually fall in love with our school.1先行词是the summer of 2012，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when (in which，during which)引导定语从句。2先行词是a wonderful place，在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where (at which)引导定语从句。3先行词是Our classroom，直接在介词of后作其宾语，先行词是物时，只能用which。the roof of which中的of表所属关系，意为“我们教室的屋顶”。4先行词是the main reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，只能用why引导。5先行词是my classmates，直接在介词of后作其宾语，先行词是人时，只能用whom。two of whom中的of表示部分与整体的关系，意为“我的同班同学中的两个人”。6先行词是Jack，在定语从句中作主语，用who引导。7先行词是various sports，直接在介词among后作宾语，只能用which。8先行词是He will run 5 kilometers every day整个句子，并在从句中作主语，用which引导。9先行词是Nick，在定语从句中作定语，表示Nicks，用whose引导。10先行词是the people and the things，既包括人又包括事物，通常只用that引导。11先行词是the food，在定语从句中作主语，故用that或which引导。12先行词是the teacher，在定语从句中作likes的宾语，故用whom引导。.单句填空(用适当的关系词填空)1Is this the reason _ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?2Is this the reason _ he was so careless in his work?3The reason _ he didnt e was _ he was ill.4He lives in a village _ is not far from the city.5He lives in the village _ he was born.thatwhywhythatwhichwhere6A pany _ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.7In an hour, we travel to places _ we can relax and get refreshed.8The place _ interested me most was the Childrens Palace.9The place _ he had a good time last Sunday was the Childrens Palace.10Ill never forget the days _ we studied together.whosewherewhichwherewhen.单句改错(下列每句中有一处错误，每处涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改，请指出并改正。)1There was a time that he didnt get along well with his classmates._2Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of who agreed that it was the best of this year._3The earthquake was felt in Beijing, that is more than two hundred kilometres away._4This is the best method which has been used against pollution._5 The school shop, which customers are mainly students， is closed for the holidays._thatwhenwhowhomthatwhichwhichthatwhichwhose6Which is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress._7The Great Wall was built in a time that countries were at war._8She told her mother she would not marry anyone that she didnt love._9The school which I studied was 3 kilometers away from my home. _10The reason why he gave for not ing was that his mother didnt allow him to._WhichAsthatwhenthatwhomwhichwhere/在which前加上atwhywhich/that.语篇填空(在下面空格处填入1个适当的连接词，使结构完整，语意通顺。)There was a time 1._ I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this is the reason 2._ my father forced me to join in a 30day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club，3._ I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately, my guide，4._ teacher was Li Yang，municated with me face to face, from 5._ I gained some useful instructions.He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there. Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series ofactivities 6._ we did. My father and the guide 7._ encouraged me to fall in love with English should be appreciated.Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into 8._ I put my entire energy.Every day I will read my words and passages aloud.In class I will join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep, I will recall my passages, through 9._ I can memorize a large number of new words.10._ our English teacher says，“As long as we form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, we will conquer English sooner or later.”【语篇导读】本文讲述了作者参加的一次英语学习培训的经历以及这次经历带给他的对英语学习态度的转变。1when先行词是时间，并在从句中充当时间状语。2why先行词reason表示原因，并在从句中充当原因状语。3where引导地点定语从句，先行词club是一个地点。4whose引导定语从句，并且在定语从句中作定语，意思是“他的老师是李阳”。5whom根据句子结构和前面from可知填whom。6that/which根据先行词activities表示事情且在从句中作宾语，可知填that/which。7who/that从先行词和句子结构可知，who/that作主语。8which根据前面的介词into以及先行词English可知，填which。9which根据前面的介词through可知填which，which在这里是指代前面整个句子。10As引导定语从句，意思是“正如”。第二课时高考研究课定语从句在语法填空中的考查点规律方法找：就是先把句子分为主句和从句两部分，再找出先行词和关系词。还：根据先行词提示的意思，把定语从句还原为完整的一句话。(可以添词)替换：用关系词替换定语从句中还原后添加的部分，作主语和宾语用关系代词，作状语用关系副词。(时间状语用when，地点状语用where，原因状语用why。同初中时做的“对画线部分提问”相似，该用what的时候用which/that即可)例如：This is the school _ I once studied.This is the school _ is the most famous in the city.I am studying at a school _ my father teaches English.找：(略)还原：根据先行词的提示，这三句话的定语从句还原成完整的一句话后分别为：I once studied at the school.The school is the most famous in the city.My father teaches English at the school.黑体部分为根据先行词的意思把关系词还原后的部分。替换：根据“对画线部分提问”的规则，和用where，本该用what，在定语从句中该用what的要换为which/that。因此，答案为：where；that/which；where。1Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both，_ is not good for the health. (2017全国卷)2. But Sarah，_ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国卷)真题验证1whichwhich引导非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作主语，指代前面主句的内容。who根据句子结构可知，此处应是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，在从句中作主语，故关系代词用who。3Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，_ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长)through it.(2017浙江卷)4. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，_ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC., influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016全国卷)where根据句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为the garden，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where。who句中先行词为the great Chinese scholar Confucius，定语从句中缺少主语，故填who。5But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，_ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全国卷)6Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.(2015全国卷)when句中先行词为the mid1980s，定语从句中缺少时间状语，故填when。that/which句中先行词为the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River，定语从句中缺少主语，故填which/that。7When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market _ people from the towns met regularly.(2015广东卷)8Many young people, most of _ were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(2016江苏卷改编)9Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _ school education depends.(2015安徽卷改编)where句中先行词为the market，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故填where。whom句中先行词为many young people，定语从句中缺少主语，且所填关系词为介词of的宾语，故填whom。which句中先行词为the fundamental skill，定语从句中缺少宾语，且所填关系词为介词on的宾语，故填which。第一步：判断是否为定语从句，what不引导定语从句是常考点；第二步：判断是何种定语从句，that不引导非限制性定语从句是常考点；第三步：分析关系词在定语从句中所作成分，关系词混用是常考点。规律方法定语从句在短文改错中的考查点1In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.(2017全国卷)_2The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite.(2016四川卷)_3Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，that might not be served until 8 oclock at night.(全国卷)_真题验证2thatwhich关系词的混用。that不能够引导非限制性定语从句，故改为which。whatthat/which，或者去掉what首先判断dishes后面的从句为定语从句，what不引导定语从句；其次定语从句中缺少宾语。thatwhich关系词的混用。that不能够引导非限制性定语从句，故改为which。第三课时写作增分课定语从句在写作中的增分点一、用as作关系代词写句子1起初，我认为李老师有点怪，因为他总是问一些没人能回答的问题。(kind of odd, such questions as) _ _2他不是一个把今天能做的事拖到明天做的人。(such a man, put off.till tomorrow) _At first, I thought Mr. Li was kind of odd, because he was always asking such questions as no one could answer.He isnt such a man as puts off what he can do today till tomorrow.3我们应当读一些使我们明智的书。(such books as, wiser) _4在我生日那天，我收到了像母亲承诺的那样好的一件礼物。(receive as good a gift) _We should read such books as make us wiser.On my birthday, I received as good a gift as my mother had promised.二、用as, which引导非限制性定语从句写句子1我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。(find somebody doing, take.to) _ _2正如一句谚语所说，“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”如果没有一个强壮的身体，一个人会一事无成。(saying, a sound body, achieve) _ _I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately, which was why I was late that morning.As a saying goes, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” Without a sound body, one cannot achieve anything.3正如图表所显示的那样，这个城市的空气质量在过去两年越来越糟。(as is shown in the chart, the air quality) _ _4在汉语演讲比赛中获得一等奖，这我做梦也没有想到。(win the first prize, Chinese speech petition, beyond my wildest dreams) _ _As is shown in the chart, the air quality of the city has bee worse and worse in the past two years.I won the first prize in the Chinese Speech Competition, which was beyond my wildest dreams.三、使用非限制性定语从句写高级句子1我们的学校，位于内乡西北角，有34年历史。(be located in, have a history of) _ _2我们学校里的老师，大多数都是三十多岁，把他们一切都奉献给了我们。(in ones thirties, devote oneself to) _ _Our school, which is located in the northwest of Neixiang, has a history of thirtyfour years.The teachers of our school, most of whom are in their thirties, have devoted themselves to us.3我们学校有四千多名学生，大多数都能用心学习。(the majority of, put ones heart into) _ _4我为我们的学校而感到自豪。我相信，在这里，如果我们好好学习的话，一定会考上名牌大学。(be proud of, there is a good chance that, be admitted to) _ _There are more than 4，000 students in our school, the majority of whom put their hearts into their studies.I am proud of our school, where I am sure if we do our best, there is a good chance that we can be admitted to the best famous universities.四、综合运用定语从句知识写句子1但是，现在许多公司关心的却是怎样挣到更多的钱，不管环境受到怎样的破坏。(all, care about, make money, no matter how seriously) _ _2我的家乡已不再是十年前的那个小村庄了，那时到处都是破旧房子，人们食不果腹。(the little village, when, old houses, hardly feed themselves) _ _However, all that many panies care about is how to make more money, no matter how seriously the environment is damaged.My hometown isnt the little village what it was ten years ago, when there were old houses everywhere and people could hardly feed themselves.3那个小学的许多学生，他们的父母在遥远的大城市打工，不得不由他们的祖父母照看，而他们的祖父母许多连自己都照顾不了。(work as migrant workers, be taken care of) _ _ _4他是那些学生中唯一一个连续三次获得一等奖的学生。(the only one, win the first prize, in a row) _Many students of the primary school, whose parents are working as migrant workers in big cities far away, have to be taken care of by their grandparents, many of whom can hardly take care of themselves.He is the only one of the students who has won the first prize (for) three times in a row.5参观你所在的城市是一次难忘的经历，一次我将永远珍惜的经历。(visiting your city, one, value for the rest of my life) _Visiting your city is an unforgettable experience, one I will value for the rest of my life.