unit-4-writing-cause-unit-4-writing-cause-and-effectand-effectObservetheabovepictureandlistthecausesandeffectsofthephenomenon?Procedure Procedure Steps for writing a cause and effect essay:Steps for writing a cause and effect essay:1) Distinguish between cause and effect. 1) Distinguish between cause and effect. 2) Develop your thesis statement.2) Develop your thesis statement.(127)(127) 3) Find and organize supporting details.3) Find and organize supporting details. 4) Using appropriate transitions.4) Using appropriate transitions. Chronological Chronological （按年代顺序排列的）（按年代顺序排列的） Order of importance Order of importance Categorical Categorical （按类别顺序的）（按类别顺序的） effectsTherefore soas a result, consequentlyaccordinglybecause of thisThus. hencefor this reasonresult in causesdue to because ofowing to as a result of on account of foron the ground ofThrough Because since ason the ground thatTransitional Words and Phrases常用于因果分析法的连接词常用于因果分析法的连接词 because,becauseof,for,sincedueto,owingto,thanksto,asaresult(of),accordingly,hence,so,thus,therefore,consequently,forthisreasonForonething,foranother,ThefirstreasonisthatthesecondoneisItismainly(partly)becauseofItisnotthat,butthatItisnotbecausebutbecauseThisiswhy高级句型高级句型Two major factors contributed todevastatingsummerfloodingalongtheYangtzeRiveranditstributaries.First,erosionresultingfromexcessivedeforestationintheupperreachesoftheriverand,second,heavysiltingwhichraisedtheriverbedinthemainchannel.两个主要因素导致了夏季长江及其支流的特大洪水。第一，过度砍伐引起的河流上游的侵蚀，第二，严重的泥沙淤积抬高了主干道的河床。Greedandatotallackofsocialconsciousnesshave been cited as major reasons forthedramaticrisecorruption.人们认为贪婪和社会意识的彻底缺乏是造成腐败急剧增加的主要原因。Identifying the reasons for an emerging phenomenon which involves several complicated factors is far from an easy task . For example , somescientistsattributeenvironmentaldeteriorationtoaseriesofnaturalfactors,while others place the blame solely（独（独自的，单独的）自的，单独的） oninappropriatehumanbehavior.高级句型高级句型要找到涉及许多复杂因素的新现象的原因远非一件易事。例如，一些科学家把环境的恶化归结为一些自然因素，而另一些人把责任都推在人类不适当的行为上。The explanation for the phenomenon oftherisingteenagesuiciderateinvolves many complicated factors . Some attributetherisetoanoveremphasisonearlysuccess,others point tomountingpeerpressure,and still others toconfusionoverchangingsocialvalues.对上升的少年自杀率的解释涉及很多复杂的因素。有的人把上升的原因归结为过分强调少年时期的成功，有的人指出是因为不断增长的同伴之间的压力，还有人认为是对不断变化的社会价值的迷茫造成的。高级句型高级句型TrytorecitealltheusefulsentencestructuresIprovideyou.Types of the Cause-Effect PatternCausal ChainJimsfatherhasabadtemper,andheoftenbeatsJimsmotherandthekids.(familyviolence)JimsmotherleavesJimsfather,takingthechildrenwithher.WithonlyJimsmothersincome,thefamilyhaslessmoney,sothefamilyexperiencesfinancialproblems.Jimsmothermovesinwithherboyfriendtohelpthefamilyfinances.Jimfeelsunwantedinhisnewhomeandrunsaway.ahomelesschildcauseeffect(cause)effect(cause)effect(cause)effectthemostimmediateeffectCause因因-Effect果果PeerPressureSinceIattendcollege,Ifeelmoreandmorepeerpressure.WhileIusedtobeatopstudentinseniorhighschool,andwasalwayspraisedbyteachersandenviedbypeers,nowIfindtherearealotoftalentedpeersincollegeandIamtemporarilyandrelativelypoorinacademicperformance.Therefore,IfeelthatIhavechangedfromaherotoazero.contemporaryCause & Effect Relation Topic: peer pressureCause used to be a top student in senior high school, praised by teachers, envied by peers; a lot of talented peers in college, poor in academic performanceEffect from a hero to a zeroWhat has sparked the increasing interest inexercise?For one thing,peoplehavegainedagreaterawarenessoftheneedforphysicalfitness.For another,theconstantlyimprovingstandardoflivingenablesChinesepeopletopatronizetheincreasingnumberofrecreationalvenues.The main thing perhaps centers onthehealthcareandpsychologicalbenefitsexerciseprovides.什么引发了人们对锻炼越来越浓的兴趣？一方面，人们更加清楚地意识到保持身体健康的必要性。另一方面，不断提高的生活水平使中国人能够支付增加的娱乐支出。最主要的可能在于锻炼带来的保健和心理上的好处高级句型高级句型EffectCause 1Cause 2Cause 3Cause & Effect Relation Topic: My learning experience in junior middle schoolCause I had a kind and patient teacher who often praised all of the students. Effect Because of this positive method, I eagerly answered all the questions I could, never worrying much about making mistakes. I was at the top of my class for two years. The deep impact ofopeningtotheoutsideworldis readily discernible in a number of areas:theadoptionofmanyWesternhabits,bothgoodandbad;changingsocialandmoralvalues;thetrendtowardsindividualism;andtheintroductionofstate-of-the-artconceptsandtechnology.The key toadoptingWesternwaycenters onacceptingthegoodandrejectingthebad.对外开放的深刻影响在许多方面都能看到：模仿西方的习惯，包括好的和坏的；改变社会和道德价值观；个人主义的趋势；引进已发展的概念和技术。采取西方方式的关键在于取其精华，去其糟粕。高级句型高级句型因果型段落的结构因果型段落的结构主题句主题句 “果果” “果因果因”型语段型语段主题句主题句“因因” “因果因果”型语段型语段主题句主题句“果果”，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点 “果果-因因-果果”型语段型语段主题句主题句“因因”，分析带来的影响，分析带来的影响“因因-果果-因因-果果”型语段型语段There is no life on Earth.(S1) For one thing, Earths surface in the area of Manhattan （曼哈顿）is composed of solid concrete (混凝土)and nothing can grow there.(S2) For another, the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide （一氧化碳）and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breathe this air and survive. (S3) topic sentence 主题主题S1effect(果果)S2S3cause 2 (因因)cause 1 (因因)分析分析主题句主题句 “果果”， “果因果因”型语段型语段The rapidly emergingsexualrevolutionhas been accompanied bymanydisturbingtrends.Perhaps the most serious consequences center on the rapid spread ofsexuallytransmitteddiseases(STDs),risingprostitutionandtheriseinAIDScases.伴随着迅速出现的性革命有很多令人烦恼的趋势。最严重的后果可能是性传染病的迅速蔓延、卖淫现象及艾滋病患者的增多。高级句型高级句型主题句主题句“因因” “因果因果”型语段型语段The two-day weekend is sincerely popular with college students. It offers students more leisure time for their hobbies and entertainments, which help them relax completely after five-day hard work. It also relieves the pressure on them from too many courses and assignments. Therefore, many students try to enjoy themselves in many interesting ways such as going camping and having a potluck party.主题句主题句“果果”，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点 “果果-因因-果果”型语段型语段Although blacks had “freedom” in a legal sense, most of them still did not have any education or economic independence. Consequently, they were helpless to participate significantly in the political process to try to improve their status. Except for farm work, most former slaves had no skills. As a result, many blacks went back to work for the same white people who used to be their masters.“因因-果果-因因-果果”型语段型语段Tobrainstormandmakealistofpossiblecausesforthetopic. Girls dont do as well in math and science as boys.Exercise:PhenomenonstatisticsgraphWhy?ReasonsReasonSignificanceProblemThesisCauses,ConclusionReasonDetailDetailGirlsdontdoaswellinmathandscienceasboys.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.Thefirstandmostimportantreasonisthattheyarentencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatbuildupinterestinmathandscienceproblemsandthatbuildskillsforproblemsolvingorunderstandinghowthingswork.Girlsareencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatfosterlanguageandhumanrelationsskills.Asaresult,theycangrowupnotknowinghowanengineworksorhowtobuildamodelfromdirections.Second,studieshaveshownthatteachersdontexpectgirlstobegoodatmath.Evenfemalemathandscienceteacherspaymoreattentiontoboysinclassandcallonboysmoreoften.Becauseteachersdontexpectgirlstoexcel,theydonttryveryhard,andsoongirlsarefarbehindboysinthesestudies.Finally,girlsdonthavemanyrolemodelstolookupto.Manymathandscienceteachersarenotwomen,especiallyinthelatergrades.Whenthemediapicturemathematiciansandscientists,theyusuallypicturemen.Asaresult,girlsarentinspiredtochoosethesefieldsascareers. How to write cause-and-effect paragraphvSound Reasoning or logic When discussing causes and effects, make sure your analysis is of logic. You must not take it for granted that event A causes event B simply because event A occurs before event B. In other words, you must explain clearly what really brings about a particular result.www.themegallery.comLOGOvPossible Shift in order In cause-and-effect writing, it seems convenient to state the effect first and then analyze the causes. The reverse order, however, is to be preferred when one cause leads to a number of effects.www.themegallery.comLOGOv 1 : Has the cause/effect relationship been effectively addressed ? v2 : Has sufficient supporting detail been included ? v3 : Does the writing contain an effective opening and closing ? v4 : Does the writing form a meaningful whole ?Writing and Revising Evaluatingwww.themegallery.comLOGOWhy Do College Students Take a Part-time Job?1. 最近几年越来越多的大学最近几年越来越多的大学生加入打工的队伍生加入打工的队伍 2. 为什么大学生要打工为什么大学生要打工3. 大学生打工的意义大学生打工的意义PhenomenonWhy? ReasonssignificanceReasons:1. money2. experiencesignificance1.To be independent, confident.2.To broaden their outlook.3.To place an influence on their future life.Percentage of College Students Taking Part-time Jobs Trend: The number of college students taking part-time jobs is going up.Topic结束结束