商务英语翻译教程College Business EnglishA Course for Translationn从商务英语翻译教程这门课的名称来看， 他有两个关键词，一个商务英语，一个翻译。这门课就围绕这两方面来进行。n说到翻译呢，对于一个优秀的翻译人员的话，理论是基础，实践是真理。n也就是说，实践对于学好翻译来说是至关重要的。如果只掌握了理论，而不去实践，是不能成为好的翻译人员的。相反，没有理论系统的学习，而有大量的翻译实践，有可能是以为合格的翻译者。n而商务英语翻译除了关系着翻译，还涉及到很多商贸知识。翻译理论n在我国，文字翻译最早开始于春秋时期的越人歌，迄今大约有2500年的历史，对翻译标准的争论也有1000多年，但有关翻译标准在翻译界迄今还没有达成“共识”，即还没有一个大家都认同的翻译标准。n翻译是一门推敲的，无唯一答案的课程。n国内外翻译标准百家争鸣、白花齐放。 n信、达、雅”。n1898年，严复在天演论的译例言中说：“译事之难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。”后来一般就把“信、达、雅”当作翻译的标准。n用今天的话来说，“信”就是忠实准确，“达”就是通顺流畅，“雅”就是文字古雅。 n“功能对等”。n“功能对等”（Functional Equivalence）翻译准则是由美国著名翻译家尤金.奈达（Eugene A . Nida）博士提出的。在众多的国外翻译家中，奈达的翻译理论可以说对我国的影响最大。他认为，翻译的预期目的主要是原文与译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等。 n综观国内外翻译家们的观点，可以得出结论：中外翻译标准其实质上有一致性，即：信息对等。n说到底，不管什么样的翻译标准，都离不开一个“真”字，换言之，译文应该是原文信息的真实反映，译者最大限度地将原文作者所赋予原文语言文字的“任务”转译到译文里。 n一.翻译的概念n.关于翻译的几种定义n 翻译是一门艺术.(Translation is a fine art.)-林语堂翻译论n翻译是一门科学-董秋斯nTranslation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.-尤金奈达n.广义的翻译是指语言与语言，语言变体与语言变体，语言与非语言等的代码转换和基本信息的传达n.狭义的翻译是一种语言活动，是把一种语言表达的内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来二.翻译的分类.按所涉及的两种代码的性质分为：语内翻译（intralingual translation)：同一种语言间不同语言变体的翻译 语际翻译（interlingual translation）：不同语言间的翻译，是狭义翻译的研究对象 语符翻译（ interseniotic translation）：用非文字符号解释文字符号.按翻译主体的性质分为人工翻译和机器翻译两类nextexercisen.按照翻译的工具和成品形式可分为口译和笔译n.按翻译的客体即所译资料的性质可分为n文学翻译（literary translation)：包括诗歌，小说，戏剧等文学作品的翻译，着重情感内容和修辞特征的表达n实用翻译(pragmatic translation)：包括科技，商务，公文等资料的翻译，着重实际内容的表达三.翻译的过程翻译的过程是理解和表达的有机结合翻译的关键在于对原文的理解，要真正理解原文，译者必须有扎实的语言功底和相关专业背景知识，并熟知英汉两种文化知识，否则译者就不能真正理解，从而产生误差例：Cannot Beat the Real Thing.(美国可口可乐广告）不能打败真正的商品挡不住的诱惑！nextn后者简单明了的把原文的真正含义表达了出来，能达到打动消费者的目的n表达阶段就是译者把自己从原文所理解的内容用目的语重新表达出来表达的好坏主要取决与对原文的理解深度和对译文语言的饿修养程度理解原文不是易事，表达亦然n例：As we obtained a clean B/L, you will see that the goods were slopped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it.n由于我们获得了清洁提单，所以你们将明白货物在装运时情况良好，且被安放的井井有条由此看来我们建议你们可以向该轮船公司提出索赔n我方已获得清洁提单一张，贵方谅必清楚货物装船时状况良好，因此建议贵方可依此向该轮船公司提出索赔四.翻译的方法.直译和意译是翻译的两大基本方法.所谓直译是指翻译时要求译文与原文在词语，语法结构及表达方式上保持一致的方法例：Many investors no longer treat a stock as an instrument of ownership in a corporation but only as a derivative of economic factors, risks and potentials. 许多投资者不再把他们拥有的股票看作是拥有某一公司一部分权益的工具，而只是将它视为经济因素，风险，潜力的衍生物See morenextn.意译是指摆脱原文形式的束缚而传达原文的内容nDuring Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspans nearly 20 years as the world most powerful central banker, the U.S has suffered only one recession, a brief one in 1990-1991.n 格林斯潘作为全球最有实力的中央银行的掌舵人，在其近年的任期中，美国仅在年间遭受过一次短暂的经济萧条n本句意译主要体现在句子结构层面上，将only one recession和a brief one in 1990-1991进一步融合，更加符合汉语的表达习惯一.讨论翻译的概念，分类，过程及方法并提出自己的看法和观点二.将下列汉语译成英语：三.语内翻译四.语际翻译五.语符翻译六.文学翻译七.实用翻译八.功能对等九.机器翻译十.目的语十一.源语三结合直译和意译两种翻译方法，将下列英语译成汉语：.Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.2.A translation should give a complete transcript of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.n3. Automatic package has been adopted into production of almost every industry.n4.A compensation package often includes a base salary, an annual bonus and some other extra rewards and benefits.n5. A packaged service called Trade Web costs companies less than 1,000a year to join. It is so cheap that 3,000 small suppliers have signed up with the operator.n6.The through quality management is apparent not just in the products, but also in the system through a self-check system and tracebility at each stage of production from the greenhouse to the table.译者应具备的能力n翻译过程是一个语言转化的过程，涉及跨语言，跨文化的内容。n扎实的语法功底n外语水平能力n母语水平能力n知识水平能力商务英语专业行话 术语n应用水平能力n只有通过练习实践，才能真正提高译者的翻译水平翻译的特点之一翻译的特点之一n语言、文化、思维差异往往造成不同民族语言、文化、思维差异往往造成不同民族语言使用者所用的语言具有不可对应的表语言使用者所用的语言具有不可对应的表达形式。达形式。to go to sleep to be no more to lay down ones life to die martyr to expire to pass away to end ones day to breath ones last to go west to come to a violent death to give up to the ghost to kick the bucket to kick ones heel to abandon the world to pay the debt of nature to departure to the world of shadowsto pass over to the great beyondto go to the gloryto return to dustto join the choir invisibleto release souls from sufferingto go to the Nirvanato demise翻译的特点之二翻译的特点之二n不同民族的文化影响其语言的使用和表达，不同民族的文化影响其语言的使用和表达，其文化渗透于日常用语之中，如颜色词的其文化渗透于日常用语之中，如颜色词的文化内涵等。文化内涵等。n1）Im feeling blue today.n2) That man who makes the air blue is capable of anything.n3) He is the black sheep of the family.n4) She began to cry when the black tidings reached her. n5) The young man is a green hand in doing this work. n6) The thief was caught red-handed. n7) When we started to criticize her work, she saw red. n8) Everything is black-and-white to Bill; if youre not his friend, you are his enemy.n9) The car we bought last year was a white elephant. n10) Don be yellow dogs.n11) The yellow journal you referred to should be banned.（n1）Im feeling blue today.n2) That man who makes the air blue is capable of anything. 诅咒诅咒n3) He is the black sheep of the family.n4) She began to cry when the black tidings reached her. （噩耗噩耗 ）n5) The young man is a green hand in doing this work. （生手）（生手）n6) The thief was caught red-handed. （现行）（现行）n7) When we started to criticize her work, she saw red. （发火）（发火）n8) Everything is black-and-white to Bill; if youre not his friend, you are his enemy.（白纸黑字）n9) The car we bought last year was a white elephant. （累赘之物累赘之物 ）n10) Don be yellow dogs.（卑鄙的人 ）n11) The yellow journal you referred to should be banned.（色情的）翻译的特点之三翻译的特点之三 词的多义性与搭配能力词的多义性与搭配能力 n rainncloudsncrops n wine nnewsnroadnseanheart firen smoker nbread nwire nload nstorm ntraffic heavynknife rebukensword work ntemper boynPin tradernAngle earsnedge turn peak flavor words smellnfeature nosencurve watch cry voice ndesire pain sharp一词多义与上下文一词多义与上下文n：n1 事件、事情、情况、情形等事件、事情、情况、情形等nThis war is becoming the most important story of this generation.nIt is quite another story now. n2 报道、消息、电讯等报道、消息、电讯等nLast December, the Post first reported probes were being made in wade of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story. n3 3 内情、内容、真相等内情、内容、真相等nSome reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.一词多义与上下文一词多义与上下文n4 传说、说法等nHell be very happy if that story holds up.n5 5 热门、有意的渲染、谎言等热门、有意的渲染、谎言等nThe story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American television.n6 6 身世、遭遇等身世、遭遇等nThe Rita Hayworth story is one of the saddest. 一词多义与上下文一词多义与上下文n7 7 情节、案情等情节、案情等n young man came to Scottis office with a story. Translation Practice1.The three men sat down facing each other and began their casual chat.2. They usually go to bed early, especially on school nights .3. I buried my head under the miserable sheet and the rug, and cried like a child. 4.The old man lay all night on his sleepless bed .5. He spent an anxious day in the lockup.6. All these things were distressful memories to her. 7. The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoings 8.The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men 9. Lying on the sea, I enjoyed the clean voluptuousness of the warm breaze on my skin and the cool asupport of water.10. The fan, with its modern, elegant, bright, and harmoniously colored design, is an electrical household applicance for cooling purpose on hot summer days.翻译技巧什么是翻译中的词性转换？什么是翻译中的词性转换？n在翻译中，将原文中的某一词类转换为译文的另一词类，如在英译汉中，将英语的名词译成汉语的动词，将英语的形容词译成汉语的副词等，这就叫做词性转换。为什么要转换词性？n采用词性转换方法的根源在于中英文的巨大差异。比方英语倾向名词化，而汉语倾向动词化。英语中对冠词的使用很严格，而中文则少用冠词。怎么样转换词性？ 技巧：汉语动词转化为英语名词 医生建议我多锻炼一些。The doctor gave me some advice of doing more exercise 一定要少说空话，多做工作。There must be less empty talk and more hard work 技巧：汉语动词译为英语介词或介词 短语 英语中介词数量多，搭配灵活，意义丰富。有些英语介词是由动词演变而来的，具有动词特征。n技巧：汉语动词译为英语介词或介词 短语n他到商店去买酱油。He went to the shop for a bottle of sauce.n她漂亮得无法形容。Her beauty is beyond word. 技巧：英语介词译为汉语动词 This machine is out of repair 这台机器失修了。 The plane crushed out of control 这架飞机失控坠毁了。n技巧：英语名词译为汉语动词nWe find it a necessity to change the countrys economic developing pattern.n我们发现必须要改变国家的经济发展模式。nThere is big increase in demand for fossil fuel in the transportation industry.n运输业对化石燃料的需求大大增加了。n技巧：英语名词译为汉语形容词 nThe paleness on her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.n她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。nThe blockade was a success.n封锁很成功。nIndependence of thinking is an absolute necessity in study.n独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。 技巧：英语副词译为汉语动词 As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去时， 连鞋子都忘了穿。 After careful investigation they found the design behind. 经过仔细研究后，他们发现这个设计落后了。 nThe application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity.nThere is considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality.nThe board of directors will hold a consultation about the matter.nThe firm has a large business connection.nThere is a large attendance at the Fair.nWithdraw of offernRevocation of offernTermination of offernWithout his consent or confirmationnShe is a real beauty.nIndependent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.nWe find difficulty in solving this problem.nIt is our great pleasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously.nThe blockade was a success.翻译中的肯定否定转换翻译中的肯定否定转换n英汉两种语言在表达方法上存在很大差异，尤其在表达否定概念上，英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有很大不同。有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式，而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又往往变成否定形式。翻译时要灵活转换，才能准确翻译。n技巧：英语肯定，汉语否定nmore than can结构nThe beauty of the park is more than words can describe.n这个公园美得无法形容。nShe never does more work than she can help.n能不做的事情，她是绝对不做的。n技巧：英语肯定，汉语否定nanything but结构nHe is anything but a scholar.n他绝对不是一个学者。nThe wood bridge is anything but safe.n那座木桥一点也不安全。具有否定意义的动词nmiss（错过，即没有碰到）ndeny（拒绝，即没有答应）nlack（缺乏，即不足）nescape（逃避，即没有被发现）nreject（拒绝，即没有答应）ndecline（拒绝，即没有答应）ndoubt（怀疑，即不太确信）nwonder（想知道，即不明白）nexclude（排除，即没有接受，不包括）具有否定意义的动词短语ngive up（放弃，即没有坚持）nkeep up with（不落后于）nsavefrom（使不）nnot to mention（更不用说）nprotect(keep, prevent)from（不让）nkeep off（不接近）nkeep out（不让进入）nturn a deaf ear to（不听，不顾）nlive up to（不辜负）nkeepdark（不把说出去）等n技巧：否定凸显nThe specification lacks detail.n这份说明书不够详尽。nMy husband missed the last bus, so he had to go back home on foot.n丈夫没赶上末班公共汽车，所以只好步行回家。nPlease keep the news dark.n请不要把这个消息说出去。具有否定意义的名词 nneglect（没有注意到）nfailure（失败，即没有完成）nrefusal（拒绝，即否认，没有答应）nabsence（不在，缺少）nshortage（不足）nloss（没有）lack（缺乏，没有）nnegation（拒绝，即否认n技巧：否定凸显nWe cannot finish the peace process in the absence of the warring countries.n参战国都不参与的情况下，我们无法完成和平进程。具有否定意义的形容词或者形容词短语 nfar from（远不，一点也不）nfree from（不受影响）nsafe from（免于）nshort of（缺少，不足）nignorant of（不知道，没有注意到）nindependent of（不受的支配）nforeign to（不适合，与无关）nblind to（看不见）n技巧：否定凸显nThe newspaper accounts are far from being true.n报纸的报道远非事实。nYou are the last woman Ill propse to.n我是打死都不会向你求婚的。具有否定意义的介词或者介词短语 nbeyond（超出）nbut for（要不是）nin spite of（不管）nagainst（不同意）nbefore（还没有就）nbut（除之外）nexcept（除之外）nfrom（阻止，使不做某事）nwithin（不超出）nout of the question（不可能）n技巧：否定凸显nIt all happened before I got a close look.n我还没看清，事情就发生了。nMr. Thompson was above reproach.n汤普森先生是无可指责的。nHer beauty is beyond words.n她的美丽是语言无法描述的。祈使句中的否定n技巧：反说正译 No smoking!严禁吸烟No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.凭票退还押金。Dont hesitate to ask any questions. 请大家积极发问。翻译中的主被动转换翻译中的主被动转换n英汉被动语态的不同n汉语 多样化 借助词汇手段 n英语 形式固定 借助语法手段n技巧：转换主被动，主宾位置颠倒nHe was given a good beating by Tom.n汤姆痛揍了他一顿。nOnly a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us.n现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。n技巧：主被动转换，适当添加不确定主语 “人们”、“大家”、“有人”等nThe issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.n人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。nShe was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed.n有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。nWhat we say here will not be long remembered.n我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久记住。n技巧：常用被动句型 “It+被动语态+that”的翻译nIt is hoped that. 希望，有人希望nIt is assumed that. 假设，假定nIt is believed that. 有人想信，大家相信nIt is reported that. 据报道，据通报nIt is considered that. 人们认为，据估计nIt is said that. 据说，有人说nIt is supposed that. 据推测，人们猜测nIt is rumored that. 听说，谣传nIt is noticed that. 有人指出，人们注意到nIt is suggested that. 有人建议，建议nIt is reputed that. 人们认为，可以认为nIt is estimated that. 据估计，有人估计nIt is proposed that. 有人提出nIt was told that. 有人曾经说什么是翻译中的虚实转换？什么是翻译中的虚实转换？n英汉互译中，为了行文的流畅与表达的准确，常常要把具体事物抽象化，或是把抽象概念具体化，这就是所谓的虚实转换。如何进行虚实转换？n技巧：英语抽象词汇具体化nI am meant to be special, just like you wanted.n我生来就注定出人头地|像你希望的一样nI can be anything.n我的将来无可限量。nHe is a disappointment.n他是个让人失望的人。n技巧：英语抽象词汇具体化Tell me, do our years together mean nothing?n难道我们多年的厮守就这样一钱不值吗？nHes an influence for good in the town. n他是这城里影响他人行善的人。 nHave you read any humour recently? n近来你读了什么幽默作品吗？ n技巧：英语具体词汇抽象化 n英语中成语，谚语与熟语等民族性习惯表达法多用具象概念来传递抽象概念。在翻译时，常常要舍弃其具体形象，而保留其意义。 技巧：英语具体词汇抽象化 nHe who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. n欲加其罪，何患无辞。nWhen I met you, I finally felt like I was part of something.n遇到你之后,我终于有了归属感nShe was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. n她生长在富贵之家。n人称代词的省略n英语冠词的省略The blood-red sun sank below the horizon. 火红的太阳沉入地平线。n增减法增词法An American officer slipped on a banana skin. 一个美国军官踩在香蕉皮上滑到了。减词法Could you help me in any way?你能帮帮我吗？翻译中的省略, 增减nDont put your hands in your pocket.nI am afraid she will come.nWe had much rain last summer.nWe live and learn.nThey say he is a genius.nGive him an inch and hell take an ell.nLiquids are like solids in that they have definite volume.nThe average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.nIn most cases, bona fide party to an international sales contract will do his best to perform his duties either as a seller or a buyer.nIt is not rare that either party to a contract may fail to perform his duties, or his performance is inconsistent with the terms provided on the contract.nThe atom is the smallest particle of an element.nGo into the garden and give an eye to the children.nHe has an eye for beauty.nPlease give me the letter you received yesterday.nShe is quite a beauty.nHe is the man I want to see.nTake the medicine.nThe dean had a lot of work to do before the meeting.nScience demands of men great efforts and complete devotion.nIn the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.nI could knit when I was seven.nSteel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust.nAir is a mixture of gases.nThings in the universe are changing all the time.nThe design is considered practical.nMatter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.nThis is the first step toward the solution of air pollution.nOur railway system is being improved.nThe lion is the king of the animals.nReports of new successes keep pouring in.nStudies serve for delight, for ornament or for ability.nAt the meeting he made a speech, eloquent and energetic.nThese early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.nHe is queer.nArrangements have been made to give the foreign guests a warm welcome.nWhere was his smile and hearty hand grasp.nOnce you are in, you wouldnt be allowed to get out.nHe entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.nThere are still many difficulties ahead which we must not overlook.nIt seems incredible that he has finished the work so soon.nHe believes it necessary to learn some rules before doing it.nThe day when he was born remains unknown.nEarly to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy.nThe year of 1949 saw the founding of the Peoples Republic of China. nYou dont look very well today.nHe shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.nRumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.被动句的翻译n英语中的被动句既可以译成主动句， 又可以译成被动句，还可以根据汉语表达形式译成无主句，判断句等。nIt was founded in 1993n它创建于1993年 （主动句）nThey are ratified by members parliaments.n它们经成员国议会批准。（主动句）nIf the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately.n如果方案被批准了，这项工程将立即动工。（被动句）nTwo days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.n给了他们两天的时间来做准备。（无主句）nPrinting was introduced into Europe from China.n印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。（判断句）nOur price has already been closely calculated.n我方价格是经过精密核算的。（判断句）n 有些英语的被动语态译成中文时，可以按中文习惯加上 受，被，给， 让给，遭到，把，使，由，为所，用，靠，予以等。nVegetable oil has been known from antiquity.n植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。nShe was blamed for everything her sister did.nThe lights have been turned on by him.nThe crops were washed away by the flood.nThe finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery.nHe was elected chairman of the Students Union.nBoats are moved by oars or by the wind. n合并法：将两个或两个以上词义相同或相近的词组翻译成一个词。n单词合并Toms father is dead and gone.n汤姆的父亲死了。nHe suffered aches and pains all over.nShe was frightened into shaking and trembling.nnull and void 无效 nterms and conditions 条款nfew and far between 稀少 nfree and clear 无 n句子合并she waited, but in vain.她白等了。nHe was born poor and poor he remained all his life.nThe train had left before he got to the station.nStudy hard before it is too late.定语从句的翻译n五大步骤区分主从紧缩主干辨析词义调整搭配润饰词语。n定语从句常可译为：定语结构，并列结构，谓语结构，独立句，简单句，状语结构等。译为定语结构n较短的定语从句比较容易理解与其它成分之间的关系，翻译时，可将从句译为定语结构，“的”字结构，直接放在被修饰词的前面。只要句子较短，无论是限定性定语从句，还是非限定性定语从句，都可以采用这种方法。nA crane can be defined as a machine which lifts heavy pads and displaces them horizontally.nCongress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that received U. S. aid.nThe sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.nIf one object is charged with the same kind of electricity as appears on another near by, the two objects will repel each other.译为并列结构n有些定语从句与主句的关联不大紧密，或意思比较独立，在逻辑上有追述，描写，转折等作用。这时一般把定语从句译为前置或后置的并列结构。n翻译非限定定语从句，这种方法更加常见。nArchimedes principle applies to liquids, by which we mean all liquids and gases.nAt dinner I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradley and a shy drab girl, who seemed even younger than the others.nIsabel was a tall girl with the oval face, straight nose, fine eyes and full mouth that appeared to be characteristic of the family.nYou compare her with your English women who wolf down from three to five meat meals a day; naturally you find her a sylph.译为谓语结构n将原主句的主谓宾结构压缩成汉语的词组作译文的主语，把定语从句转译为谓语，合并成一个句子。nWe are a nation that must beg to stay alive.nShe had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere.译为独立句n由于非限定性定语从句与主句的关系比较松散，所以很多情况下可以转译为独立的句子，关系代词只作为一般的代词，从句也变为句子的主体。nOnce was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.nHe had talked to the vice-president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.译为简单句n限定性定语从句与主句的关系比较密切，因此可以把主句和从句合并在一起，变成简单句。这类句子常含有there be等结构。nIs it history you are reading?nThe oil tanker carries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed.nThere were men in the crowd who had stood there every day for a month.译成状语从句n有些从句形式上是定语从句，但在语法功能及深层含以上却起着状语从句的作用，表示时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，让步，条件，假设等。nTo make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.nWe recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to tame the unbridled exercise of power.nHe would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.nFormality has always characterized their relationship.nMost U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.nHe is not very familiar with the biological terms.nThey returned game and glee.nThe new contract would be good for ten years.nHer voice rings through the whole house.否定句的翻译n双重否定句：肯定译法(正译法）和否定译法。nNo children will be admitted unless accompanied by an adult.无大人陪伴，小孩不得入内。nDont come unless I telephone.nThere is no rule that has no exceptions.nThere is no steel not containing carbon.nNothing is impossible to a willing heart.nWe shouldnt be careless of consequences.nUnusual occurrences in exporting are not uncommon.nAn elaborate banquet consisting of 8 to 12 courses in business entertainment is not uncommon in many Asian countries.双重否定n主 + never + V.+but + 从句主 + never + V. + without + V-ing每必nThere is no + 名词 + but + V没有一个不nfew + 名词 + but + V几乎每个都nHe never goes to a bookstore but he buys some books.nHe never goes to a bookstore without buying some books.nThere is no mother but loves her children.nI know few people but are concerned about the air pollution.部分否定nAll, both, every not并非 所有，两者，每一not always, not necessarily 未必是nAll men are not honest.nBoth his parents are not living.nThis train doesnt stop at every stop.nThe rich are not always happy.nLeaves are not necessarily green.表示“也不”的倒装句型n否定句 +and + 主语 + 助V.（aus.) + not, either (也不）否定句 + and + nor, neither +助V. (aus.)+ 主语nYou do not smoke, nor do I.nYou do not smoke, and I dont either. 否定句型nThe last + 名词 + to +V. ,that (clause)再怎么说也不会的， 最不可能的nHe is the last man for me to invite.nThis was the last thing I would do.nFail to + V. = be unable to + V.未能， 没有nNot, never, fail to + V. = V. + without fail一定，务必nHe failed to follow my advice.nI never fail to keep my word.nI keep my word without fail.nSb. + be above + V-ing, N.耻于， 不屑nHe is above such conduct.nHe is not above asking questions.nFar from = anything but = by no means = not at all = not in the least 绝不nHe is far from honest.nHis explanation is far from satisfactory.nNothing but = only 只是 仅仅nAll but = almost 几乎nCannot but 不得不 禁不住nHe was nothing but a child.nHe was all but drowned.nHe cannot but laugh.nIt goes without saying thatNeedless to say不用说nIt goes without saying that education is important.nNeedless to say, education is important.nCannottoo愈愈好, 再也不为过nA student cannot be too diligent.nNot so much (A) as (B)与其说A不如说BnHe is not so much diligent as clever.nThere is no + V-ingIt is impossible to + V.不可能nThere is no knowing what may happen in the future.nLeave nothing to be desired = be perfect毫无缺点nYour work leaves nothing to be desired.长句的翻译nI was on my way home.nI was on my way home from tramping about the street.nI was on my way home from tramping on the street, my drawings under my arm.nI was on my way home from tramping on the street, my drawings under my arm, when I found myself in front of the gallery.n划清主干化整为零（分层次）分而译之化零为整n断句译法， 即将长句断开后化整为零， 分而译之。断句主要是把各种后置修饰语与其被修饰成分拆开，然后单独叙述。nHe felt that books and the knowledge in them were part of a world that was against him, a world to which he did not belong and which he did not want to enter, the world of which the teachers were representatives and symbols. n逆序法：再重新组合语言的过程中，经原文的一些语句顺序打乱，或前置，或后置。nThey remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship.n顺序法：按时间的先后顺序，逻辑的先后安排来翻译。这种译法与汉语的表达顺序基本相同，可顺译而为。nThe Security Council shall hold periodic meeting at which each of its members may, if it so desires, be represented by a member of the government or by some other specially designated representative.n转句译法，即把长句中的某些词，词组转移成句子。nPressure of work has somewhat delayed our tour; anyway, another hours ride will bring us to the village.由于工作很忙，行程稍迟了一些；不管怎样，只要在行车一小时，我们就可以到达那个小村庄。主语转句）nAfter an hour, the trail took them by a low, spreading tree strung thickly with beads.走了一个小时，他们走到了一个矮矮的枝繁叶茂的树旁，树上密密麻麻地挂满了念珠。（定语转句）状语从句的翻译n翻译状语从句涉及的主要问题是语序问题。英汉两种语言的思维方式表达习惯不尽相同。英语的方式，比较，结果等状语从句一般为与主句之后，其它状语从句的位置则比较灵活。汉译时，应根据汉语的表达习惯，比较和结果状语从句放在主句之后，方式状语从句可前可后，其它状语从句通常在主句之前。n状语从句前置nWe can certainly overcome these difficulties so long as we are closely united.（条件）n状语从句后置nThe temperature in the sun is so high that nothing can exist in solid state. (结果）n状语从句的转译nNew things always have to experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow.nWhen you have tanks of air on you, you can stay in deep water for a long time.nIf children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.nSkill and patience will succeed where force fails.主语从句的翻译n由代词what, how,等引导的主语从句，常译为“（所）的”结构。nWhat is hard is to do good all ones life and never do anything bad.nHow the advanced worker managed to raise production is of interest to us all. nWhatever, whoever等连词引导的主语从句，是what, who等的强调形式，一般译为”所的一切”，“无论谁都”。nWhatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.nWhatever was said here must be kept secret.nWhoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.n由that, what, whether引导的主语从句，一般位于句子的后面，代词it作形式主语放在句首。It有时可以省略不译，但表示强调时应译出。nIt is often asked what the mechanism of cancer is.nIt doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.nIt is a fact that the U.S. has sent his fleet to all parts of the world.nIt is common sense that a liquid has no definite shape, yet it has a definite volume.n主语从句可以直接放在句首，翻译时可按原句语序。若表示强调，隐含的it应译出。nThat she is still alive is a consolation.nThat theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.宾语从句的翻译n翻译由that, what, how, whether, if等词引导的宾语从句时， 一般不改变语序。nI told him that because of the last condition, Id have to turn it down.n代词it做先行形式宾语时，汉译时不改变语序，it省略不译。nNutritional experiments have made it evident that vitamins are in dispensable for ones health and growth.n从句作介词in的宾语时，常译为原因状语从句，可译为“因为”, “在于”, “是由于”等来表达。介词except, but, besides, except that等后面的宾语从句，常采取断句译法，译为并列分句。nLiquids are different from solids in that liquids have no definite shape.nHis account is correct except that some details are omitted.表语从句的翻译nThat (this) is why句型有两种翻译方法：一种是顺译，译为“这就是为什么”, 这就是的原因”；另一种是倒译, 译为“, 原因就在这里。”nThis is why we decided to put the discussion off.这就是我们决定推迟讨论的原因。我们决定推迟讨论，原因就在这里。nThis (It) is because采取顺译的方法，译为“这是因为”, “这是由于什么的缘故”等。nThis is because people engaged in changing reality are usually subject to numerous limitations.nThis is what采取顺译或倒译，译为“这就是的内容”，或“就是这个意思”。nThis is what we have learned in this article.同位语从句的翻译n同位语从句一般由that引导，在idea, hope等先行词后，进一步解释说明。可以采取顺序法，换序译法。n顺序法：不改变语序，根据需要将先行词译为动词，变为主句谓语。nThe thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.nHe was allowed to go swimming on condition that he kept near the other boys.n 换序译法：把同位语放在句子的前面; 或者放在先行词的前面，适当改变先行词的词性。nThere is no possibility that human beings will ever be controlled by robots.人类受机器人控制是不可能的。nThe announcement that all flights were cancelled because of bad weather distressed the waiting passengers.第二节商务英语和商务文本翻译标准exercise一商务英语的界定商务英语是英语的一种功能变体，是专门用途英语(English for Specific Purposes)中的一个分支，适于商务场合中应用，或者说是一种包含了各种商务活动内容，适合商业需要的标准英文而这些商务活动包括技术引进，对外贸易，招商引资，对外劳务承包与合同，国际金融，涉外保险，国际旅游，海外投资，国际运输等等，在这些活动中使用的英语统称为商务英语（Business English )二商务文本的翻译标准商务文本的复杂性决定了商务文本的翻译标准必须是多元化的，不同的商务文体该有不同的翻译标准.商务广告的翻译：“劝购功能相似”广告的主要功能是劝购功能，即说服读者去买广告中所宣传的产品或服务广告翻译是否成功取决它是否能在译文读者中取得同样的作用广告翻译应以“劝购功能相似”为其基本原则，译文应与原文有大致相同的宣传效果，信息传递功能和移情感召功能需要强调的是，由于语言之间存在的差异以及译文读者和原文读者的社会和文化背景不同，广告翻译的“功能相似”原则并不是要求字字对等的“忠实”翻译而是一种极为灵活的对等：即广告翻译的受众是否象原广告的受众一样乐于掏钱买商家所宣传的广告产品.例：We take no pride in prejudice.（ The Times 的一则广告）译文：对于你的偏见，我们没有傲慢译文：对于有失偏颇的报道，我们并不引以为豪参考译文：正义的力量，舆论的向导exampleexamplePride in prejudicePride in prejudice引用英国作家简奥斯汀的名作引用英国作家简奥斯汀的名作傲慢与偏见傲慢与偏见，体现了，体现了泰泰晤士报晤士报秉承公平，公正的办报原则，收到了很好的广告效果秉承公平，公正的办报原则，收到了很好的广告效果但由于中西方的文化差异，使这种效果很难在译文中表现出来但由于中西方的文化差异，使这种效果很难在译文中表现出来译文将译文将傲慢与偏见傲慢与偏见的两个关键词强加到译文中，但却使人的两个关键词强加到译文中，但却使人看了之后不知所云译文二虽然表达了公平公正的意思，但给人看了之后不知所云译文二虽然表达了公平公正的意思，但给人的感觉是的感觉是泰晤士报泰晤士报不总是报道真实的新闻在这种既难保留不总是报道真实的新闻在这种既难保留原文，又难达到广告宣传目的的两难情况下，则可放弃原文，采原文，又难达到广告宣传目的的两难情况下，则可放弃原文，采取另译的方法取另译的方法例句分析 Quality Services for Quality Life.凝聚新动力，文康展新姿凝聚新动力，文康展新姿香港康乐及文化事物署的双语广告香港康乐及文化事物署的双语广告 Connecting People.科技以人为本科技以人为本诺基亚公司的广告词诺基亚公司的广告词商务广告的翻译next2.商务应用文的翻译：约定俗成，入乡随俗商务应用文在此具体是指商务活动中的项目招商通告,营业执照,招投标文件,请柬等具有固定行文格式的商务文件.exampleexample商务应用文的翻译 The Deputy Prime Minister of Australia and minister for Overseas Trade Dr.J.F. Cairns Requests the Pleasure of Your Company at a Banquet On Tuesday, 11 October, 2005 from 12:30 to 13:30 p.m. in Hall Three of the Beijing Exhibition Center To Mark the Opening of the Australian Exhibition R.S.V.P Tel:_ Chinese商务应用文的翻译 谨订于年月日（星期二）时半至下午时半假座谨订于年月日（星期二）时半至下午时半假座北京展览馆号大厅举行宴会，庆祝澳大利亚展览会开幕北京展览馆号大厅举行宴会，庆祝澳大利亚展览会开幕敬请光临敬请光临澳大利亚副总理兼海外贸易部长澳大利亚副总理兼海外贸易部长杰杰.弗弗.凯恩斯博士凯恩斯博士（请赐复）（请赐复）电话电话_next3. 商务信函的翻译：事实准确，礼貌得体根据商务信函的语言特点和实际用途，商务信函的翻译应遵循以下原则：准确传达原文的事实信息主要包括三个方面：术语翻译规范，具体事实细节准确传译，一般性叙述用词恰当贴切再现原文的礼貌语气商务信函属于公函语体，措辞严谨，语气委婉，注重礼节，翻译是要特别注意再现原文的礼貌语气符合公函文体的语言特征exampleexample商务信函的翻译 There are qualities of this item here, in different weights and size, with varied colors and shapes. The price is very reasonable and the quotations will be given upon request.Our prices already make full allowance for large orders and , as you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to minimum.我方现有各种不同重量，不同体积，颜色丰富，形状各异的大理石，数量甚巨，价格合理，受函抱价我方抱价已考虑到大批量定货的因素相信贵公司了解我们是在一个竞争十分激烈的市场上经营销售业务，因而已经不得不把利润降到最低限度next.商务合同的翻译 商务合同的概念：是一种契约文体，其文体具有用语正式，句式严谨以及篇章结构固定等特点具体标准：用词准确，译文完整行文通顺，条理清楚符合契约的文体特点exampleexample商务合同的翻译 The date of receipt issued by the transportation department concerned shall be regarded as the date of the delivery of goods.Payment: By irrevocable L/C at the sight to reach the sellers 30 days before the time of shipment. The buyer shall make a claim against the Seller (including replacement of the goods) by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefore shall by the Seller. The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.Chinese商务合同的翻译由有关的运输机构所开据收据的日期视为为由有关的运输机构所开据收据的日期视为为交货期交货期买方应在装船前天将不可撤消的即期信买方应在装船前天将不可撤消的即期信用证开到卖方用证开到卖方买方需凭复检证明书向卖方提出索赔（包括买方需凭复检证明书向卖方提出索赔（包括换货），由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负责换货），由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负责仲裁机构的裁决具有最终效力，双方必须遵仲裁机构的裁决具有最终效力，双方必须遵照执行照执行一讨论翻译及商务英语翻译的标准二将下列英语短语译成汉语：.form a receipt _ 2.ticket order form _ 3.application form _ 4.an active list _ 5.an export list _moremore三.将下列英语段落翻译成汉语 Speaking of translation, we tend to think of Yan Fu who advocated for the first time the three words as translation criteria, namely, “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”. Yan Fus “faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought. His “expressiveness” demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. But his “elegance” is unadoptable because it refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty, Yan Fu held that only the language before the Han Dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary, the old structure of Chinese must be used in order to represent the original fully and adequately. “Faithfulness” first refers to the content of the original work. The translator must bring out the original meaning both comprehensively and accurately without any distortion or casual addition or deletion of the original thoughts. Faithfulness also includes the keeping of the original style, as Mr. Lu Xun put it , “keep the full flavor of the original work.”