同位语(Appositive)Katherine Part I 何谓同位语官方说法：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。通俗说法：同位语满足的条件 1) 对名词或代词作解释说明 2) 词性一致 3) 与名词或代词相邻。Part II 如何辨别同位语观察以下同位语例子，找一找个中规律。I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.Our neighbor, Captain Charles Alison, will sail from Portsmouth tomorrow.My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her age in Holland.My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.My friend, Hugh, has always been fat.Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front door and bark.Last Christmas, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, decided to take some presents to a childrens hospital. In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low.从以上例子我们不难发现同位语的特点：1) 解释前面的名词，以上的例子都是用来解释人物的名字，身份等2) 可与前面的名词替换，倘若把同位语与前面的名词位置互换，句子依然成立，且意思相同。因此，判断同位语的一个方法就是两个名词之间划等号，如果能互相解释并替换，那就是同位语。判断方法二：即在第一个名词后加上be动词，如果能和后面的名词连成句子，亦能证明是同位语，比如： The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour. The great racing driver = Sir Malcolm Campbell. The great racing driver is Sir Malcolm Campbell.因此Sir Malcolm Campbell是the great racing driver 的同位语。当然，同位语除了解释人的身份，名字，职业等，还可以解释时间、地点、事物等。比如：He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. 解释地点In 1929, three years after his flight over the North Pole, the American explorer, R.E. Byrd, successfully flew over the South Pole for the first time. 解释时间TIP: 年份后面有相应的事件说明Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him. 解释事物TIP: 解释事物的同位语中通常还包含一个定语从句Part III 同位语的引导方式1通常用逗号将同位语与其所修饰的先行词隔开，表示一种普通的同位关系。如： AThis is MrBlack，director of our hospital BShe is a good teacher，the friend of yours2有时也可用破折号或冒号引导同位语，用破折号，停顿较长，对同位语起强调的作用；用冒号，停顿最长，强调的作用更大。如： AThe orphans daily necessitiesclothes，food， etcare supplied by a kind-hearted teacher BIn a sense nouns can be divided into two kinds：the countable noun and the uncountable noun3有时同位语之前带有引导词，表示同位成分之间的特殊意义。常见的同位语引导词有as，or，chiefly， especially，for example，for instance，in short，mainly，mostly，namely，that is，in particular，in other words，including， that is to say，such as，say，particularly，what，which，who，when，where， why，how，that，whether等。例如：AThere remains only one problem，namely who they should send to head the research thereBDid he give you a pound，or a hundred pence？ CA lot of people here，for example，John，would rather have coffee DI have no idea what has happened to him4另外，无需借用任何引导词或标点符号，而将同位语直接置于先行词之后。如：AI have the honor to introduce Johns sister Jane to you BTom gave his friend John a book