Targeting General (I) - Paragraph第一页，共31页。Warm-up ActivitiesAdvantages1. convenient2. in an emergency3. save time4. information age5. grasp any chance to succeed6. play games surf the netDisadvantages1. expensive2. harmful radiation3. disturbing in public4. dangerous in driving5. ring in embarrassing moment6. calls from strangers calls from advertising having a mobile phone第二页，共31页。Part II - Paragraph 1.How are my paragraphs going look to my readers ?2.How long should my paragraph be ?outside1.What is a paragraph supposed to do ?2.What should I keep in mind when I am writing one ?insideTo create a piece of writing, we have to start with paragraph.第三页，共31页。II.1 Topic SentenceDefinition - A sentence that names the topic of the paragraph and contains a controlling idea is called T.S.Television programs for childrenhave become increasingly violent.Learning a foreign languageis more and more important for young people.Cathyis the kindest neighbor I have ever known.The food we eathas a profound effect on our health.TopicControlling idea第四页，共31页。o1. Selecting a general topico2. Reading and thinkingo3. Narrowing down the scope of your topic to a facets which can be developed into a research papero4. Formulating the final topicsubjecttopic第五页，共31页。Is my topic:o1. too limited?o2. too broad?o3. too technical?o4. yesterdays news?o5. too controversial?o6. likable enough?Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subject or topic?第六页，共31页。Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subject or topic?o1. Alternative fuels.o2. Henry Fords development of the assembly line resulted in the mass production of cars. o3. Americas legal system.o4. America needs a flat tax.o5. Butterflies.o6. Is intelligence determined by nature or by nurture?subjectsubjectsubjecttopictopictopic第七页，共31页。Unsatisfactory Topicso1. The major poets, painters, and dramatists of the Renaissance:o- too board and can not be completed within the time allocated第八页，共31页。Unsatisfactory Topicso2. America should lower the drinking age.o- boring or written about too often.o3. There are many different theories to explain the disappearance of the dinosaurs.o-too broad and can not be completed within the time allocated.o4. America needs stronger control laws.o- boring or written about too often.第九页，共31页。Unsatisfactory Topicso5. Nanoscale “trees” improve efficiency in low-cost plastic solar cells.o- unfamiliar to you, so you can not write about it knowledgeably.第十页，共31页。Good Topicso1. Media producers should prosecute people who download copyrighted musico2. Students should be placed in classes according to their academic ability, not their age o3. Why my father/ mother is my heroo4. How to solve a quadratic equationInteresting, 2 sides (pro & against), sufficient informationUnusual, enough information, fresh, narrow & broad enoughInteresting, narrow, easy research, sufficient detailsClear-cut, narrow & broad enough, information available Try to do the exercises in P3第十一页，共31页。Try to narrow down the scope and make them specific topics on which you can write a paper.o1. General topic: 20th Century American Novelistso Restricted: o More restricted:o Topic chosen: o2. General topic: The Lost Generation Writerso Restricted: o More restricted:o Topic chosen: Hemingway and His WorksHemingway and His Short StoriesOld People in Hemingways Short StoriesF. Scott Fitzgeralds NovelsFitzgerald and His The Great GatsbyGatsbys Death and the Disillusionment of the American Dream第十二页，共31页。Criteria for your final topico1. meaningful and seriouso2. within the range of your abilitieso3. sufficient materials are availableo4. can be treated objectivelyo5. not too topical oThere are some real examples of your former students.oOne final suggestion: do not be too eager to settle on any single topic immediately. Youd better have 2-3 possibilities in mind.第十三页，共31页。Criteria for your T.So1. It is a complete sentence.o2. It contains both a topic and a controlling idea.o3. It is neither too general nor too specific.o4. It tells the reader what to expect in the paragraph.第十四页，共31页。Sample 1 Find the T.S. One of the central preoccupations of arts and humanities is the observation of human beings. Painters and sculptors create images of the human form; writers tell stories or compose poems about human experience; musical artists give melodic contours to the human spirit; historians and philosophers ponder the essential qualities of human civilization and nature. And in our own lives, in our own ways, we spend a great deal of our energy and attention on our fellow creatures, being in families and other kinds of relationships, observing people with curiosity and interest in the course of the day, thinking about and forming our own character- deciding what kind of person we wish to be- as we grow. -Don Knefel第十五页，共31页。Sample 2 Find the T.S. Shakespearian characters live. They are no stilted creations intended to represent differing points of view. They are people, with all the usual human foibles and weaknesses. As we laugh at or sympathize with them, we are learning something about our own selves. Shakespeare knew human nature so well and created his characters according to that knowledge. His understanding of human psychology is amazing and is one reason for the continued success of Shakespearian drama.第十六页，共31页。Exercise P4-5 ConclusionThe position of a topic sentence may vary according to the organizational structure used. For beginners, there are 3 basic positions to place the T.S. 1. beginning of a paragraph 2. at the end 3. in the middleIf there is no T.S at the end of a paragraph, there should be a concluding sentence there, it either restates the controlling idea or draws an inference.A paragraph is not complete if it is not properly ended.第十七页，共31页。第十八页，共31页。UnityvUnityistheessentialqualityofagoodparagraph.vUnityofaparagraphisconcernedwithitscontent.vThecentralthemeisusuallysummarizedinwhatiscalledthetopicsentence.Itoftenappearsatthebeginningoftheparagraph.(middle/end)vExamples-Sample1Sample2Exercises-P6vSometimes,thetopicsentenceisimplied.第十九页，共31页。CoherencevCoherenceofaparagraphisconcernedwithitsform,oritsorganization.vSentencesshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorderandthetransitionsshouldbesmoothandnatural.Shakespeariancharacterslive.Theyarenostiltedcreationsintendedtorepresentdifferingpointsofview.Theyarepeople,withalltheusualhumanfoiblesandweaknesses.Aswelaughatorsympathizewiththem,wearelearningsomethingaboutourownselves.Shakespeareknewhumannaturesowellandcreatedhischaractersaccordingtothatknowledge.HisunderstandingofhumanpsychologyisamazingandisOnereasonforthecontinuedsuccessofShakespeariandrama.第二十页，共31页。Transition vUsing transitional words and phraseshelpspapersreadmoresmoothly.TheyprovidelogicalorganizationandunderstandabilityandimprovetheconnectionsandtransitionsbetweenthoughtsvA coherent paper allows the readertoflowfromthefirstsupportingpointtothelast.vTransitions indicate relationswhetherwithinasentence,paragraph,orpaper.Thislistillustratesrelationshipsbetweenideas,followedbywordsandphrasesthatcanconnectthem.第二十一页，共31页。vTransitions can make sentences smoothlyvUsingparallelstructures;vRepeatingwordsorwordgroups;vUsingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentences;vBeingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbs;vUsingtransitionalexpressions.第二十二页，共31页。vAddition:also,again,aswellas,besides,coupledwith,furthermore,inaddition,likewise,moreover,similarlyvConsequence:accordingly,asaresult,consequently,forthisreason,forthispurpose,hence,otherwise,sothen,subsequently,therefore,thus,thereupon,whereforevGeneralizing:asarule,asusual,forthemostpart,generally,generallyspeaking,ordinarily,usuallyvExemplifying:chiefly,especially,forinstance,inparticular,markedly,namely,particularly,including,specifically,suchasvIllustration:forexample,forinstance,foronething,asanillustration,illustratedwith,asanexample,inthiscase第二十三页，共31页。vEmphasisaboveall,chiefly,withattentionto,especially,particularly,singularlyvSimilarity:comparatively,coupledwith,correspondingly,identically,likewise,similar,moreover,togetherwithvException:asidefrom,barring,besides,except,excepting,excluding,exclusiveof,otherthan,outsideof,savevRestatement:inessence,inotherwords,namely,thatis,thatistosay,inshort,inbrief,toputitdifferentlyvContrast and Comparison:contrast,bythesametoken,conversely,instead,likewise,ononehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,rather,similarly,yet,but,however,still,nevertheless,incontrast第二十四页，共31页。vSequence:atfirst,firstofall,tobeginwith,inthefirstplace,atthesametime,fornow,forthetimebeing,thenextstep,intime,inturn,lateron,meanwhile,next,then,soon,themeantime,later,while,earlier,simultaneously,afterward,inconclusion,withthisinmind,vSummarizing:afterall,allinall,allthingsconsidered,briefly,byandlarge,inanycase,inanyevent,inbrief,inconclusion,onthewhole,inshort,insummary,inthefinalanalysis,inthelongrun,onbalance,tosumup,tosummarize,finallyvDiversion:bytheway,incidentallyvDirection:here,there,overthere,beyond,nearly,opposite,under,above,totheleft,totheright,inthedistance第二十五页，共31页。vFirst(ly)vSecond(ly)vThird(ly)vForth(ly)vLast(ly)vFromthebeginning/tobeginwithvWhatsmore/inaddition/additionallyvNext/then/onthesubjectofvIntheinterestofvInconclusion/intheend/finally第二十六页，共31页。vOnce,peoplewereverymuchafraidofghosts.Theirfearledthemtodevelopelaborateritualstowardoffencounterswiththedead.Forexample,sinceprimitivepeoplebelievedthatghostscouldcapturetheirspiritatfunerals,theycarriedwoodenimagesofthemselvesinthehopethattheghostswouldbefooledintocarryingofftheimage.Imageshavebeenpopularwithpeoplefromprimitivetimesuntiltoday.Intheoldtimes,peoplebelievedthattakingapictureofsomeonewouldrobthepersonofhisorhersoul.Itispossible,too,thatthetraditionofsittingupwiththedeadcomesfromabeliefthatghostsescapeinthenight.Certainlytheritualoflayingtombstoneisderivedfromasuperstitionaboutthedead.Peopleoncebelievethatstonespiledontopofagravewouldkeepthedeadpersonsghostfromescapingandhauntingtheliving.Eventuallythenumberofstonesdiminisheduntilonlyonestone,thetombstone,wasleftasareminderoftheancientsuperstition.第二十七页，共31页。vThenoblesofPersia,inthebosomofluxuryanddespotism,preservedastrongsenseofpersonalgallantryandnationalhonor.Fromtheageofsevenyearstheyweretaughttospeakthetruth,toshootwiththebow,andtoride;anditwasuniversallyagreedthatinthelasttwooftheseartstheyhadachievedamorethancommonproficiency.Themostdistinguishedyouthswereeducatedunderthemonarchseye,practicedtheirexercisesinthegateofhispalace,andwereseverelytrainedinthehabitsoftemperanceandobedienceintheirlongandlaboriouspartiesofhunting.第二十八页，共31页。Review the Unit1.T.S2.Supporting Sentences3.Concluding Sentences3 main parts1.Repetition of keywords and phrases2.Transitional Signals3.Pronouns4.Repetition of sentence patterns4 basic ways coherence第二十九页，共31页。Key for ExercisesP10 Task 3. 1) A person can look for a job in several ways. 2) Penguins resemble human beings in many respects. 3) Ones personality plays an important role in foreign language learning. 4) Living in the place where the wheather is always warm has many advantages.Task 4 1) All inventions are either basicinventions or improvements on earlier inventions.第三十页，共31页。P11 Task 42) There was serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday.3) Nutritional dificiency is a major problem of the elderly.Task 51) the first sentence2) the first sentenceTask 6T.S.- 5sequence - 5 7 4 1 6 9 8 3 2 Task 7 Task 8 略略第三十一页，共31页。