英国散文的流变英国散文的流变The Evolution of English ProseLecturer: Danny R. CHENPhDcandidateofTheDepartmentofEnglish,TheChineseUniversityofHongKongChapter 1English Prose of the Early and the Medieval Ages1.Prose vs. Essay1)OXD (Oxford Dictionary) definition:ESSAY:apieceofwriting,usu.shortandinprose,onanyonesubject.PROSE:awrittenorspokenthatisnotinverseform.VERSE: (formof)writingarrangedinlines,oftenwitharegularrhythmorrhymescheme;poetry.1. Prose vs. Essay Sonnet 18ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?(a)Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.(b)RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,(a)Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate.(b)Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,(c)Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;(d)Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,(c)Bychance,ornatureschangingcourse,untrimmed;(d)Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,(e)Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst,(f)Norshalldeathbragthouwandrestinhisshade,(e)WhenineternallinestoTimethougrowst.(f)Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,(g)Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.(g)-WilliamShakespeareThis is a poem, and it is written in the form of verse, with iambic pentameter and a rhyming scheme of ababcdcdefefgg. Writings not in the form of verse can be categorized as prose.1. Prosevs. Essay2)Definition from Wikipediahttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProseProseisaformoflanguagewhichappliesordinarygrammaticalstructureandnatural flow of speechrather thanrhythmic structure(as intraditionalpoetry).Itiscommonlyused,forexample,inliterature,newspapers,magazines,encyclopedias,broadcasting,film,history,philosophy,lawandmanyotherformsofcommunication.Novels,essays,shortstories,andworksofcriticismareexamplesofprose.Other examples include:comedy,drama,fable,fiction,folk tale,legend,myth,saga,sciencefiction,etc.So, generally speaking, essay and poem are forms of literary works, while prose and verse are forms of language.1. Prosevs. Essay3)Definitions from Two textbooks “散文似乎可有两义：散文似乎可有两义：1.所有所有不属于韵文的作品都是散文，不属于韵文的作品都是散文，这是广义；这是广义；2.专指文学性散文，专指文学性散文，如小品文之类，这是狭义。我如小品文之类，这是狭义。我是倾向于广义的，也难说有多是倾向于广义的，也难说有多少科学根据，只是感到如果范少科学根据，只是感到如果范围广些，更易看出散文的各种围广些，更易看出散文的各种表现表现.” (1) 王佐良，王佐良，英国散文的英国散文的流变流变1. Prosevs. Essay3)Definitions from Two textbooks“散文是文学的四大体裁之一，散文是文学的四大体裁之一，为文学的重要组成部分为文学的重要组成部分.”(1)“广义散文其实指的是语言形式广义散文其实指的是语言形式而非文学形式，除韵文外几乎而非文学形式，除韵文外几乎无所不包，这就难以与其他文无所不包，这就难以与其他文学形式相区别。而将散文作为学形式相区别。而将散文作为一种文学体裁来研究，不仅范一种文学体裁来研究，不仅范畴较明确，将文学形式与语言畴较明确，将文学形式与语言形式区别开来，且论述可更加形式区别开来，且论述可更加集中深入，更符合文学研究的集中深入，更符合文学研究的要求要求.”(1) 陈新，陈新，英国散文史英国散文史2. English Prose from the 9th to the16th Century1) Three Invasions and the Evolution of EnglishThe Roman InvasionBeforethecomingoftheageofthe Anglo-Saxons,the Celtic tribeslivedinwhatisnowBritain.InthemiddleofthefirstcenturyB.C.,Roman troopsledbyJulius CaesarinvadedBritain,thenClaudiusconquereditinA.D.43andBritainbecameaRomanprovincetillthebeginningofthefifthcentury.During their rule the Romans built roads, walls,garrisons, villas, etc., and the Celts became eitherslavesorunfreecultivatorsoftheland.Then,inearly5thcentury,asthe Germanic racesattackedandoverrantheRomanEmpire,theRomangarrisonsinBritainwithdraw.Historical Background of the Evolution of EnglishThe Beginning of the Anglo-Saxon PeriodNot long after that, in the mid-5th century, the tribes ofAngles, Saxons and Jutes(laterknownsimplyasAnglo-Saxons)migratedtoEnglandfromtheEuropeanContinent,or more specifically from western Denmark and thenorthwestcoastofGermany.TheysettleddownthereandsoonruledoverthewholeofEngland,enslavingsomeofthenativeCeltswhiledrivingtheotherstothehillsnorthandwest,toWalesandScotlandandevenIrelandacrossthesea.ThusbegantheAnglo-SaxonperiodinEnglishhistory.Historical Background of the Evolution of EnglishThe Danish InvasionBeginningfromlate8thcenturythe DanescametoinvadeEnglandandformorethanacenturytheymadeintermittentraidsontheeasterncoastofBritain and occupied for fairly long periods of time large areas ofnortheasternEngland.Inlate9thcenturyKing Alfred the Great(A.D.849-901?)oftheKingdomofWessexsuccessfullyledtheEnglishpeopleinaprotractedwaragainsttheinvadingDaneswhowerethreateningtooverrunthewholecountry.Theinvaders were repulsed and gradually all the kingdoms in England wereunitedintoone.However,inearly11thcenturythe DanesagaincametoinvadeEnglandandunderCanutetheyconqueredandruledoverallEnglandforaquarterofacentury(A.D.1017-1042).Historical Background of the Evolution of EnglishThe Norman InvasionThen, following the expulsion of the Danes the NormansfromNormandyinnorthernFrancecametoinvadeEnglandin1066,andundertheleadershipofWilliam the Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror) who claimed thesuccession of the English throne they succeeded indefeating the English troops and conquering the whole ofEngland.The “Norman Conquest” marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon period. Historical Background of the Evolution of EnglishThe Celtic tribesCelticThe RomansLatinThe DanesDanishThe Anglo-Saxon TribesAnglo-SaxonThe NormansFrenchForalongperiodoftime,LatinandFrench,consideredasthe more important languages, were applied in literature,official documents and grand studies, while English wasdepreciatedassecond-gradedandwasonlypopularamongthelowandpoor.The earliest prose written in Anglo-Saxon England was inLatin,knownsometimesasAnglo-Latinwritings.2) King Alfred and The Anglo-Saxon ChronicleI. King Alfred and His Contribution to the English LanguageIntheyear871AlfredbecamethekingofWessex.Duringhisreign,hecollectedaroundhimanumberof scholars, including some invited from abroad,whofirsttaughthimLatinandthendidtranslationworktogetherwithhim,fromLatin.One of the most significant works of translationwas Historia Ecclesiatical Gentis Anglorum(rendered into English as The Ecclesiastical History of the English People)bytheVenerableBede,publishedinLatinin631.ItwastranslatedintoAnglo-SaxonbyKingAlfredintheyear891.I.King Alfred and His Contributions to the English LanguageAlfreds contributions to English literature are threefold.First,therewerehisnumeroustranslationfromLatinofwhichfourmajorworkswereparticularlyusefulinhisday:(1) Pope Gregory the Greats “Cura Pastoralis” (PastoralCare”,889);(2)Bedes“EcclesiasticalHistory”(890-891);(3)“TheHistoryoftheWorld”(“HistoriaadversesPaganos”)(891-893) by Paulus Orosius, a Spanish priest of the 5thcentury,and(4) “The Consolations of Philosophy” (“De ConsolationePhilosophiae”)(897-898)byBoethius,thelastgreatwriterofancientRome.These and other translations served to introduce to theEnglishpeopletheculturesofotherhistoricaltimesandotherlands.I. King Alfred and His Contributions to the English LanguageAsecondcontributionofAlfredsliesinhisratherfreewayintranslatingfromtheLatinworks,andthishelpedhimtowriteinanaturalstyleinEnglish.Exceptinafewcases,hetooklibertieswiththeoriginalwritingsbymakingalterationsandadditions and omissions wherever he thought fit,andthuspreventingobscurityandlackofcontinuityintheexpressionofideas.I. King Alfred and His Contributions to the English LanguageAlfreds third contribution to English Literature wasthe role he played in the launching of The Anglo Saxon Chronicle, which has become a veryimportant historical document and specimen ofAnglo-Saxonprose.AlfredfirstconceivedtheideaofanationalhistoryforEnglandinabout891.AstheprojectsteadilygrewandwascarriedonlongafterAlfredstime,itbecameknow as The Anglo Saxon Chronicle, which beganwiththeyear“A.D.1”andwascarriedonatseveralcenturiesafterAlfredsdeathtillaslateasA.D.1154.II. The Anglo-Saxon ChronicleThemostsignificantthingaboutThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicleisthatitrepresents,onthewhole,thethoughtsandfeelingsofthecommonpeopleofEngland,particularlyintheentriesbetweenthemiddleofthe10thcenturytothemiddleofthe12th.the mention of bad weather (such as severe winters and strongwinds,andoffaminesanddiseasesofcattle)thefrequentmentionofunusualsightsorhappeningsinthenaturalworld(suchastheeclipseofthesunorthemoon,earthquakesandcertain superstitious phantasmagoria like “fiery dragons”, “fierylightsinheaven”or“bloodyrain”).II. The Anglo-Saxon ChronicleAbove all, The Anglo-Saxon Chroniclecontains a number of passages describingtheterriblepoliticaloppressionandeconomic exploitation that the commonpeoplesufferedatthehandsoftheirforeigninvadersortheirnativerulers.Now lets have a look at the printedmaterials:William II (1056-1100) (英国散文史,3)(Text1onAdditionalReading)King Stephen(1092-1154)(英国散文史,3-4)(Text2onAdditionalReading)3)The Medieval Bible and The Death of ArthurI. John Wycliffes Translation of the BibleJohn Wycliffe (1330-1384), known as“theMorning Starof the Reformation”,was one of the earliest opponents ofpapalauthorityinfluencingsecularpower.WycliffewasalsoanearlyadvocatefortranslationoftheBibleintothecommonlanguage.HecompletedhistranslationdirectlyfromtheVulgateintovernacularEnglishin the year 1382, now knownasWycliffes Bible.I. Bible Translation in the Middle AgesPlease try and find out the correspondent form of the underlined words in modern English.“Butinodayofthewokefuleerlitheicamentothegrave,andbroughtenswetesmellingspicesthattheihaddenaraved.Andtheifoundenthesttonturnedaweyfrothegraue.AndtheigedeninandfoundunnotthebodioftheLordJhesus.Anditwasdon,thewhiletheiwerenastonyedinthoughtofthisthing,lotwemenstodunbisidisheminschynyngcloth.Andwhannetheidreddenandbowidenhersemblauntintoerthe,theiseidentohem,whatseekenyehimthatlyuethwithdeedemen?Heisnothere:butheisrisun:haueyemindehowhespaktoyouwhannehewasyitinGolilee,andseide,foritbehouethmannessonetobebitakunintothehondisofsinfulmen:andtobecrucified:andthethriddedaytoriseagen?”-from“Luke”,The New Testament (圣经新约“路加福音”)Comparison between Medieval English and Modern EnglishtheibroughtenswetehaddenfoundenbisidiserthehemdeederisunspakmannessoneagentheybroughtsweethadfoundbesideearththemdeadrisenspokemansonagainCompare the Translations in Medieval and Modern English“But on the first day of the week, at early dawn, theycame to the tomb, taking the spices that they hadprepared. They found the stone rolled away from thetomb,butwhentheywentin,theydidnotfindthebody.Whiletheywereperplexedaboutthis,suddenlytwomenindazzlingclothesstoodbesidethem.thewomenwereterrifiedandbowedtheirfacestotheground,butthemensaidtothem,“Whydoyoulookforthelivingamongthedead?Heisnothere,buthasrisen.Rememberhowhetoldyou,whilehewasstillinGalilee,thattheSonofManmustbehandedovertosinners,andbecrucified,andonthethirddayriseagain.”- “Luke”, The New Testament, The Holy Bible, New Revised Standard Version (158)II. Sir Thomas Malory and The Death of ArthurSir Thomas Malorywasknightedbefore1442andbecame Member of Parliament in 1445. He laterfoughtonthesideoftheHouseofLancasterintheWar of the Roses, then was accused and foundguilty of criminal acts and was imprisoned for anumberofyearsintheNewgatePrison.Heprobablywrote Le Morte dArthur (The Death of Arthur)whileinprisonandprobablydiedthere1471.The Death of Arthuristheonlymonumentalworkofprose in 15th-century England. It is an importantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprosefromlateMiddleEnglishtoearlymodernEnglish,andhasthedistinctionofbeingwritteninalucidandsimplestyle.II. Sir Thomas Malory and The Death of ArthurThe Death of Arthurisakindoffinalsumming-upoftheArthurianlegendbuiltupfromthe12thtothe15th century, though it does not contain all thestories about King Arthur and all his knights. Itincludes:thebirth,theexploitsandthedeathofKingArthurthestoriesaboutMerlin,thestoriesaboutArthursqueenGuenevere,thestoriesabouthisknightsoftheRoundTable(chieflySirLauncelot,SirTristram,SirGawain,SirGalahad,SirPercival, Sir Balin, Sir Gareth, Sir Palomedes and thetraitorknightSirMordred)andthe stories about the quest for the Sangrael (i.e., theHolyGrail).Sir Galahad bade farewell to his fatherPlease try and find out the correspondent form of the underlined words in modern English.Thennehewentetohisfaderandkysthymswetelyandsayd/FairswetefaderIwotenotwhanIshalseeyoumoretylIseethebodyofIhesuCryst/IprayeyousaydLauncelotPrayeyetothehyghefaderthatheholdmeinhisseruyseandsoohetookhishors/andthertheyherdavoicethatsaydthynke for to doo wel/ for the one shal neuer see the other before thedreadful day of dome/ Now sone Galahad said Launcelot syn we shaldeparteandneuerseeother/Ipraytothehighfadertoconseruemeandyowbothe/SiresaidGalahadnooprayerauayllethsoomocheasyours/AndtherewithGalahadentrydintotheforeste/AndthewyndearoosanddrofeLauncelotmorethanamoneththurghoutetheseewherehesleptebut lytyl but prayed to god that he might see some tydynges of theSancgreal/SoohytbefelleonanyghteatmydnyghtehearyuedaforeaCastel on the bak side whiche was ryche and fayre/ and there was aposterneopenedtowardthesee/andwasopenwithouteonykepynge/sauftwolyonskepttheentre/andthemooneshoneclere.Comparison between Late Medieval English and Modern EnglishthennewhanwenteprayekystthynkeentryeddrofehymfaderneuerhygherychefayresoomocheseruysehytmydnyghtekepyngethenwhenwentpraykissedthinkentereddrovehimfatherneverhighrichfairsomuchserviceitmidnightkeepingCompare the Translations in Late Medieval and Modern EnglishThenhewenttohisfatherandkissedhimsweetlyandsaid/Fairsweetfather,IknownotwhenIshallseeyoumoretillIseethebodyofJesusChrist/IpraythatyouwouldaskLauncelottopraytothehighfatherthatheholdmeinhisserviceandsohetookhishorse/andtheretheyheardavoicethatsaidthinkfortodowell(wishhimgoodluck)/fortheoneshallneverseetheotherbeforethedreadfuldayofdoom/NowsonGalahadsaidLauncelotsaidweshalldepartandneverseeother/Ipraytothehighfatherto conserve me and you both/ Sir said Galahad no prayer assuages somuchasyours/AndtherewithGalahadenteredintotheforest/AndthewindaroseanddroveLauncelotmorethanamonththroughouttheseawherehesleptbutlittlebutprayedtogodthathemightseesomethingsoftheHolyGrail/SoitbefellonanightatmidnighthearrivedaforeaCastleonthe backsidewhichwasrich andfair/ andthere wasa postern openedtowardthesea/andwasopenwithoutanykeeping/savetwolionskepttheentre/andthemoonshoneclear.2. English Prose from the 9th to the16th Century4)Thomas More and His ProseI. Historical and Political Backgrounds of Mores Literary Creation:i. The Renaissance and the HumanistsThe Renaissance, or, the rebirth of letters, sprangfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Two featuresarestrikingofthismovement.Theoneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.Oldmanuscriptsweredugout.TherearoseacurrentforthestudyofGreekandLatinauthors.Another feature of the Renaissance is the keeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.i. The Renaissance and the HumanistsPeople ceased to look upon themselves asliving only for God and a future world.Thinkers,artistsandpoetsarose,whogaveexpression to the new feeling of admirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement,afeelinginsharpcontrastwiththeology.Hence arose the thought of Humanismreflected the new outlook of the risingbourgeoisclass,whichsawtheworldopeningbeforeit.ii. The Enclosure MovementDuringtheMiddleAges,Englandwasaruralcountrywithalotofwoolforexport.Butfromthe15thcenturyonwardEnglandpasseddefinitely from being a mere producer of wool to being amanufacturerofcloth.Thelarge-scalemanufactureofclothnecessarilyputtheclothingindustryonacapitalistline.Andtheincreaseintheexportofclothstimulatedthegreedofthemoneyedclassestoseizemoreandmorelandoutofthehandsofthepeasantsinordertoturnthearablelandintopasture.So the Enclosure Movement was carried on heartlessly inEngland.Thehelpless,dispossessedpeasants,beingcompelledtowork at a low wage, became hired labourers for the merchants.TheselabourerswerethefathersofmodernEnglishproletarians.II. Thomas More and His Prose worksi. Thomas More: Life and WorkThomasMore(1478-1535)wasthesonofSirJohnMore,ajudge,andreceivedhiseducationatOxford.His father made him study law and he became awell-known lawyer but he kept up his interest inliteratureandmaintainedintimaterelationswiththeOxfordhumanists.In 1504, when he was only 26, he enteredparliament,buthiscareerasanM.P. wascutshortafter he offended Henry VII by speaking in theparliamentagainstthekingsdemandsforsubsidies.WhenHenryVIIIcametothethronein1509,Morereturnedtoactivesociallife.ii. Thomas More: Life and WorkIn 1515 he was sent to the Low Countries (Holland andBelgium)tonegotiateacommercialtreaty,anditwasduringthismissionthathefirstconceivedandwrotethesecondpartofhisfamousbookUtopia,andthencompletedthefirstpartinthefollowingyear(1516)whenthewholebook,in LatinwaspublishedinLouvain.In1529MorereplacedCardinalWolseyasLordChancellor,apost equivalent to that of prime minister. But later, when herefused to oblige by Henry VIIIs commands of rejecting thePopesauthorityandadmittingthejusticeofthekingsdivorcefromQueenCatherine,hewassenttotheTowerofLondonforimprisonment.Hewasindictedofhightreasonandwasfoundguiltyandbeheadedin1535.HisunfinishedworkThe History of Richard IIIwasfoundafterhisdeathandwassubsequentlypublishedbyhisson-in-law,Rastell,in1557ii. UtopiaUtopiaisMoresmasterpiece,writtenintheformofaconversation between More and Hythloday, areturnedvoyagerfromUtopia.The name Utopia comes from two Greek wordsmeaning“noplace”andwasadoptedbyMoreasthenameofhisidealcommonwealth.ItwaswritteninLatin(1515-16)andreceivedinstantpopulace and then was translated into English in1551byRalphRobinson.Utopia is divided into two books. The first bookcontainsalongdiscussiononthesocialconditionsofEngland.Inthesecondbookisdescribedindetailanidealcommunistsociety,Utopia.Book One of UtopiaBookOneofUtopiaisapictureofcontemporaryEnglandwith forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboringclasses, the greed and luxury among the rich, and aneagernessforwaronthepartoftherulers.Theenclosureoflandandexpulsionofpeasantswereseverelycondemnedas the source of social evils. And the savage laws whichjustified hanging for theft were exposed with a burningindignation.A passage from Book One of Utopia, taken from A Short History of English Literature, P36-7 (Text 5 on AdditionalReading).Book Two of UtopiaInBookTwowehaveasketchofanidealcommonwealthinsome unknown ocean, where property is held in commonandthereisnopoverty.TwopassagesfromBookTwoofUtopia,takenfromA Short History of English Literature,P38-9(Text6&7onAR).Please spend 5 minutes on these two passages and summerup, inyourownwords,someofthefeaturesofthisidealcommonwealth.Book Two of UtopiaIn Utopia, citizens work six hours a day, which ensures the provision of allnecessaries.Therestofthetimeisspentingoingtolecturesandamusements.InUtopia,alllandisheldincommonandthereisnoprivatepropertyofanykind.Things needed in daily life may be obtained at the store-houses, for theconsumptionofgoodsisorganizedbythestate,asisalsotheproductionofgoods.InUtopia,allthecitizensareonanequalfootingandhavethesamerights.Themagistrates,highandlow,areallelectedonademocraticbasis.Thereisalsouniversaleducationforallchildren,maleandfemale.InMoresidealcommonwealth,therefore,thereisnoprivateownership,noidleness,andnoexploitation.Thereisdemocraticrule,socializationofproduction,socializationofdistribution,andrationalism.iii. The History of Richard IIIBetween1512and1519,ThomasMoreworkedonaHistory of King Richard III, which was never finished, but which greatly influencedWilliamShakespearesplayRichard III.TheHistory of King Richard IIIis aRenaissancehistory, remarkablemoreforitsliteraryskillthanforitshistoricalaccuracy.Moresworkreflectsamovefrommundanemedievalchroniclestoadramaticwritingstyle;forexample,theshadowyKingRichardhasbeenportrayedasanoutstanding,archetypaltyrant.TheHistory of King Richard IIIwas written and published in bothEnglishandLatin,eachwrittenseparately,andwithinformationdeletedfromtheLatineditiontosuitaEuropeanreadership.ItshouldbereadasameditationonpowerandcorruptionaswellasahistoryofthereignofRichardIII.iii. The History of Richard IIIA passage from The History of King Richard III, on thetextbookfromP3-10.1. Now please finish reading the first paragraph in five minutes.NoteThedifferenttonesthatMoreemployedwhiledepictingKingRichardIIIandShoreswife.iii. The History of Richard IIIContrastbetweenMoresdepictionofKingRichardIIIandShoreswife:WithastrongcontrastbetweenthedespicablebehaviorsofRichardIIIandthelovelycharacterofShoreswife,Moresuccessfullydepictedthewomanasalively,kind-heartedbeautywhowasveryunfortunateundertheunjusttormentoftheProtector.Satirical comments of Richard were seen frequently in the firstparagraphofthepassage:eg:1.thenhelaidheinouslytoherchargethatthingthatherselfcouldnotdeny,thatalltheworldwistwastrue,andthatnatheleseverymanlaughedattohearitwhensosuddenlysohighlytaken,thatshewasnaughtofherbody.(3)2.asagoodlycontinentprincecleanandfaultlessofhimself,sentoutofheavenintothisviciousworldfortheamendmentofmensmanners.(4)iii. The History of Richard III2. Now please read from “The King would say that he had threeconcubines.”(P5)to“orforthatwantonwomenandwealthybenotalways covetous” (P 6), and write down the most salient merits ofShoreswife(inMores/youropinion).Shewasverymerry:eg:ButthemerriestwasthisShoreswife,inwhomtheKingthereforetookspecialpleasure.Formanyhehad,butherheloved.(6)Shewaskind-heartedandwillingtohelp:eg:sheneverabusedtoanymanshurt,buttomanyamanscomfortandrelief.(6)OXD Definitionssonnet:typeapoemcontaining14lines,eachof10syllables,andwithaformalpatternsofrhymes.iambic:oforusingiambus(ametricalfootinpoetryconsistingofonesortorunstressedsyllablefollowedbyonelongorstressedsyllable).pentameter:lineofversewithfivemetricalfeet.the Medieval Ages:themiddleages,aboutAD1100-1400.the Vulgate:LatinversionoftheBiblemadeinthe4thcenturyandpreferredbytheCatholicChurch.Bibliography1.陈新.英国散文史.南京师范大学出版社，2008.2.王佐良.英国散文的流变.商务印书馆，2011.3.CHEN,Jia.A History of English Literature, Volume 1.Beijing:TheCommercialPress,2003.4.Liu,Bingshan.A Short History of English Literature.HenanPeoplesPublishingHouse,1993.5. The Holy Bible, New Revised Standard Version,publishedbyNationalTSPM&CCC.Recommendation for Further “Reading”1. CHEN, Jia. A History of English Literature, Volume 1. Beijing: TheCommercialPress,2003.2. Liu, Bingshan. A Short History of English Literature. Henan PeoplesPublishingHouse,2007.3.AHistoryofBritain,producedbyBBC.4.TheSixWivesofHenryVIII,producedbyBBC.The EndThank You!