Unit-14-Under-the-Unit-14-Under-the-Sign-of-Mickey-Mouse-Sign-of-Mickey-Mouse-&-Co.&-Co.综合教程四综合教程四Watch the video and answer the following questions.1. What are they doing in this scene?Audiovisual supplementCultural informationThey are celebrating Mickeys birthday.He is implying the gift is so nice and trying to be polite.2. What does Mickey mean when he says “I do not deserve it”? Audiovisual supplementCultural informationMickey Mouse Minnie: Its coming. Shh . Hide.Mickey: Hi, Minnie, how about a little Minnie: You clown. All: Happy birthday! Oh, you pal!Mickey: Hey, thanks! Thanks! Minnie: Go pick the cake. Mickey! Ah! An electric organ!Mickey: For me? Oh, I dont deserve it. Donald Duck: Deserve a lot! How about a little play, Mickey?Minnie: Oh, Mickey!All: laughAudiovisual supplementCultural informationAmerican popular culture is the attitudes and perspectives shared by the majority of the U.S. citizens, which expresses itself through a number of media, including movies, music, sports and cultural icons.Audiovisual supplementCultural informationl Movies e.g. Hollywood, Broadwayl Music e.g. hip-hop, Rap, jazz, blues, country, R&Bl Sports e.g. NBAl Cultural icons e.g. Mickey Mouse, Bugs Bunny Audiovisual supplementCultural informationl American Brands: Coca-Cola, IBM, Johnson & Johnson, Microsoft, Wal-Mart Stores, etc.l American movies ticket office in China: American movies Avatar and Alice in Wonderland ranked the first and the second in Chinas ticket office list of 2010. Audiovisual supplementCultural information American culture has been infiltrating nations all over the world over the past two decades, marginalizing traditional cultures throughout the world and bringing about the kind of global “fun” culture that Disney is famous for. In this text, Todd Gitlin reveals the trend that American culture is becoming dominant and enjoys worldwide popularity, and accounts for this cultural phenomenon. Rhetorical featuresStructural analysisThe text can be divided into the following three parts:Part I (Paragraph 1): This is the introduction where the author advances his idea that American culture is dominant over the “global village”.Rhetorical featuresStructural analysisPart III (Paragraph 6): The author concludes his argument with a thought-provoking restatement of his point.Part II (Paragraphs 2 5): This part presents evidence of the universal popularity that American culture enjoys, and explores what underlies the cultural phenomenon. This part can be further divided into two sub-sections. Paragraphs 2 4 as a sub-section give testimony to the idea that American pop culture is recognized worldwide, while Paragraph 5 explains why it is so. Rhetorical featuresStructural analysis Contrast is a prominent feature of the text. It is realized by parallel structures, where there is semantic disparity. For instance, in Paragraph 1, “in mansions on the hill” is in contrast to “in huts”. In Paragraph 4, Grandfather is dressed in “traditional Tungusian clothing”. Grandson has on his head “a reversed baseball cap”. Contrast is also manifested through lexical opposition, as exemplified in “They are both local and cosmopolitan”, where “local” is opposite to “cosmopolitan”. There are other examples like dispatchcollect, well knownrarely acknowledged, lovehate, antagonismdependency, monoculturescultural bilingualism. Read the text and find other structural and lexical manifestations of contrast.Detailed readingUNDER THE SIGN OF MICKEY MOUSE & CO. Todd Gitlin 1 Everywhere, the media flow defies national boundaries. This is one of its obvious, but at the same time amazing, features. A global torrent is not, of course, the master metaphor to which we have grown accustomed. Were more accustomed to Marshall McLuhans global village. Those who resort to this metaphor casually often forget that if the world is a global village, some live in mansions on the hill, others in huts. Some dispatch images and sounds around town at the touch of a button; others collect them at the touch of their buttons. Yet McLuhans image reveals an indispensable half-truth. If there is a village, it speaks American. It wears jeans, drinks Coke, eats at the golden arches, walks on swooshed shoes, plays electric guitars, recognizes Mickey Mouse, James Dean, E.T., Bart Simpson, R2-D2, and Pamela Anderson.Detailed reading2 At the entrance to the champagne cellar of Piper-Heidsieck in Reims, in eastern France, a plaque declares that the cellar was dedicated by Marie Antoinette. The tour is narrated in six languages, and at the end you walk back upstairs into a museum featuring photographs of famous people drinking champagne. And who are they? Perhaps members of todays royal houses, presidents or prime ministers, economic titans or Nobel Prize winners? Of course not. They are movie stars, almost all of them American Marilyn Monroe to Clint Eastwood. The symmetry of the exhibition is obvious, the premise unmistakable: Hollywood stars, champions of consumption, are the royalty of this century, more popular by far than poor doomed Marie. 3 Hollywood is the global cultural capital capital in both senses. The United States presides over a sort of World Bank of styles and symbols, an International Cultural Fund of images, sounds, and celebrities. The goods may be distributed by American-, Canadian-, European-, Japanese-, or Australian-owned multinational corporations, but their styles, themes, and images do not detectably change when a new board of directors takes over. Entertainment is one of Americas top exports. In 1999, in fact, film, television, music, radio, advertising, print publishing, and computer software together were the top export, almost $80 billion worth, and while software alone accounted for $50 billion of the total, some of that category also qualifies as entertainment video games and pornography, for example. Detailed reading Hardly anyone is exempt from the force of American images and sounds. French resentment of Mickey Mouse, Bruce Willis, and the reset of American civilization is well known. Less well known, and rarely acknowledged by the French, is the fact that Terminator 2 sold 5 million tickets in France during the month it opened with no submachine guns at the heads of the customers. The same culture minister, Jack Lang, who in 1982 achieved a moment of predictable notoriety in the United States for declaring that Dallas amounted to cultural imperialism, also conferred Frances highest honor in the arts on Elizabeth Taylor and Sylvester Stallone. The point is not hypocrisy pure and simple but something deeper, something obscured by a single-minded emphasis on American power: dependency. Detailed reading American popular culture is the nemesis that hundreds of millions perhaps billions of people love, and love to hate. The antagonism and the dependency are inseparable, for the media flood essentially American in its origin, but virtually unlimited in its reach represents, like it or not, a common imagination.Detailed reading4 How shall we understand the Hong Kong T-shirt that says “I Feel Coke”? Or the little Japanese girl who asks an American visitor in all innocence, “Is there really a Disneyland in America?” (She knows the one in Tokyo.) Or the experience of a German television reporter sent to Siberia to film indigenous life, who after flying out of Moscow and then travelling for days by boat, bus, and jeep, arrives near the Arctic Sea where live a tribe of Tungusians known to ethnologists for their bearskin rituals. In the community store sits a grandfather with his grandchild on his knee. Grandfather is dressed in traditional Tungusian clothing. Grandson has on his head a reversed baseball cap. Detailed reading5 American popular culture is the closest approximation today to a global lingua franca, drawing the urban and young in particular into a common cultural zone where they share some dreams of freedom, wealth, comfort, innocence, and power and perhaps most of all, youth as a state of mind. In general, despite the rhetoric of “identity,” young people do not live in monocultures. They are not monocular. They are both local and cosmopolitan. Cultural bilingualism is routine. Just as their “cultures” are neither hard-wired nor uniform, so there is no simple way in which they are “Americanized”, though there are American tags on their experience low-cost links to status and fun. Detailed readingEverywhere, fun lovers, efficiency seekers, Americaphiles, and Americaphobes alike pass through the portals of Disney and the arches of McDonalds wearing Levis jeans and Gap jackets. Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, John Wayne, Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Bob Dylan, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Clint Eastwood, Bruce Willis, the multi-color chorus of Coca-Cola, and the next flavor of the month or the universe are the icons of a curious sort of one-world sensibility, a global semiculture. Americas bid for global unification surpasses in reach that of the Roman, the British, the Catholic or Islam; though without either an army or a God, it requires less. The Tungusian boy with the reversed cap on his head does not automatically think of it as “American,” let alone side with the U.S. Army.Detailed reading6 The misleadingly easy answer to the question of how American images and sounds became omnipresent is: American imperialism. But the images are not even faintly force-led by American corporate, political, or military power. The empire strikes from inside the spectator as well as from outside. This is a conundrum that deserves to be approached with respect if we are to grasp the fact that Mickey Mouse and Coke are everywhere recognized and often enough enjoyed. In the peculiar unification at work throughout the world, there is surely a supply side, but there is not only a supply side. Some things are true even if multinational corporations claim so: there is demand.Detailed readingWhat unifies the nations into a “global village”? (Paragraph 1) It is the media flow that unifies the nations into a “global village”, as it defies national boundaries. When national boundaries are no longer a barrier of communication and when communication is so easy and fast on the Internet, people all over the world feel as if they were living in the same one village.Detailed readingHow do you understand “the symmetry of the exhibition”? (Paragraphs 2) “The symmetry of the exhibition” means the balance, or the approximate balance between two sides: on the one hand is Marie Antoinette, the dedicator of the cellar and Queen of France to Louis XVI, and on the other are American pop stars. The former was royalty in history while the latter are royalty of the modern era, in the metaphorical sense. Detailed readingWhat underlies French hypocrisy as shown in Paragraph 3? (Paragraphs 3)French hypocrisy as manifested by the two facts related in Paragraph 3 is only superficial. There is something deeper. What lies behind is the paradox: the antagonism and the dependency are inseparable. People everywhere consciously resist the invasion of American culture for the maintenance of their native cultures, but subconsciously enjoy and even rely on American culture.Detailed readingWhy does American culture become a kind of lingua franca? (Paragraphs 26)Part of the reason that American culture becomes a kind of lingua franca, i.e. it is universally recognized, is that it meets a psychological need in the growth of the young. Another part of the reason is Americas attempt to popularize their culture in the world for economic, ideological and other purposes. In short, American culture as a kind of lingua franca is the result of Americas striking “from inside the spectator as well as from outside.” Detailed readingGroup discussionsHow do you understand the questions the author raised in Paragraph 4 ?Detailed readingdefy: v. offer effective resistance to sth. or sb. e.g. defy public opiniona political move that defies explanationThe baby boy defied all the odds and survived.Detailed readingTranslation:他不顾一切困难坚持干下去。他不顾一切困难坚持干下去。He was going ahead defying all difficulties._这扇门怎么样都打不开。这扇门怎么样都打不开。The door defied all attempts to open it._amazing: a. very surprising, esp. in a way that makes you feel pleasure or admiration Detailed readinge.g. an amazing achievement/discovery/success/performanceIts amazing how quickly people adapt.e.g. Amazingly, no one noticed.The meal was amazingly cheap.Derivation: amazingly ad. torrent: n. a rushing, violent or abundant stream of anythinge.g. The rain was coming down in torrents.a torrent of abuse/criticism/wordsDetailed readinge.g. torrential applausea torrential flow of wordsDerivation: torrential a. Translation:没等散会，暴雨就倾泻而下。没等散会，暴雨就倾泻而下。Before the meeting could end, torrential rain began to pour._accustomed: a. familiar with sth. and accepting is as normal or usual Detailed readinge.g. My eyes slowly grew accustomed to the dark.She was a person accustomed to having eight hours sleep a night.Synonyms: habituated, adapted Collocations: be/become/get accustomed to sth. / doing sth.Antonym:unaccustomed resort: v. turn to sth. for assistance or as the means to an endDetailed readinge.g. They felt obliged to resort to violence.We may have to resort to using untrained staff.Collocation: resort to sth. dispatch: v. send off or away with promptness or speedDetailed readinge.g. The government was preparing to dispatch 6,000 soldiers to search the island.The victory inspired him to dispatch a gleeful telegram to the President.e.g. He carries out his duties with dispatch.Phrase: with dispatch: quickly and efficiently (dispatch as a noun)indispensable: a. essential; too important to be without e.g.Cars have become an indispensable part of our lives.Detailed readinge.g.She made herself indispensable to the department.Collocations: indispensable to sb. / sth.indispensable for sth. / doing sth.e.g. A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign language.e.g. They looked on music and art lessons as dispensable.Antonym: dispensable swoosh: v. make a brushing sounde.g. Cars and trucks swooshed past.The basketball swooshed through the net.Detailed readingTranslation:飞机的推进器卷起一阵呼啸的强风。飞机的推进器卷起一阵呼啸的强风。The propellers of the plane swooshed a gale._Detailed readingnarrate: v. give a continuous account of sth. e.g.She entertained them by narrating her adventures in Africa.e.g. The richness of his novel comes from his narration of it.Derivations: narration: n.e.g. narrative fiction/ structurenarrative: a.e.g.So he listens and waits for the narrator to explain more.narrator: n.a global/local celebrityTV celebritiese.g.Detailed readingcelebrity: n. A celebrity is someone who has become famous for sth., esp. for sth. connected with acting or show business.Translation:这场讲座由一位体育名人主讲。这场讲座由一位体育名人主讲。The lecture will be given by a sports celebrity._他是小镇上最出名的人物。他是小镇上最出名的人物。He is the most well-known celebrity in the town._Detailed readingdistribute: v.pass out or delivere.g. The organization distributed food and blankets to the earthquake victims.The money was distributed among schools in the area.Collocation: distribute sth. (to/among sb./sth.) Translation:本报免费发送。本报免费发送。The newspaper is distributed free._这些传单将由数百名中学生散发。这些传单将由数百名中学生散发。The leaflets were to be distributed by hundreds of high school students._Detailed readinge.g. the unfair distribution of wealthThey studied the geographical distribution of the disease.Derivation: distribution: n.Detailed readingexempt: a. not subject to an obligation, liability, etc.e.g.The interest on the money is exempt from tax.Some students are exempt from certain exams.Collocation: exempt from sth. e.g. tax-exempt donations to charityWord formation: -exempt: in compounds, forming adjectivesDetailed readingresentment: n. a feeling of displeasure or indignation at sb. or sth. regarded as the cause of injury or insult She could not conceal the deep resentment she felt at the way she had been treated.They had to suppress all their natural resentments.e.g.Collocations: feel/harbour/bear resentment towards/against sb. Synonyms: hatred, hostility, enmity, maliceDetailed readingnotoriety: n. fame for being bad in some wayShe achieved notoriety for her affair with the senator.He gained a certain notoriety as a gambler.e.g.Collocations: notoriety for/as sth.Derivation: notorious: a. a notorious criminalThe country is notorious for its appalling prison conditions.e.g.Synonyms: infamy, discredit Detailed readingconfer: v. give sb. an award, a university degree or a particular honour or right An honorary degree was conferred on him by Oxford University in 1995.The Queen conferred knighthood on the brave soldier.e.g.Collocation: confer sth. on/upon sb. Synonyms: bestow, grant, award, honourDetailed readingnemesis: n. (pl. nemeses) an unconquerable opponent or rivalInjury, consistently his nemesis, struck him down during the match.The basketball team met its nemesis.Every civilization seems to have its nemesis.e.g.Etymology: The word originates from Greek Mythology. Nemesis is a goddess who is usually portrayed as the agent of divine punishment for wrongdoing or presumption.Detailed readingindigenous: a. characteristic of a particular region or countrycountries with rich indigenous cultural traditions The elephant is indigenous to India.e.g.Translation:大熊猫产于中国。大熊猫产于中国。Giant pandas are indigenous to China._袋鼠原产于澳大利亚。袋鼠原产于澳大利亚。The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia._Synonyms: native, aboriginal, localreverse: v. bring back to or into; turn in the opposite direction Detailed readinge.g.The government has failed to reverse the economic decline.He took the chair, reversed it, and drew it towards the fire.Phrases: in reverse: in the opposite order or way; backwardsThe password is my phone number in reverse.e.g.In the 1980s, the economic growth went into reverse.e.g.go/put sth. into reverse: start to happen or to make sth. happen in the opposite wayDetailed readingmonocular: a. having only one eyeDerivations: monocularity: n.monocularly: ad.He had only monocular vision.a monocular microscopee.g.Detailed readingcosmopolitan: a. belonging to all the world e.g. I was very much struck by London the fact that its so cosmopolitan.a cosmopolitan city/resort Translation:音乐是最具有世界性的艺术之一。音乐是最具有世界性的艺术之一。Music is one of the most cosmopolitan of the arts._这个俱乐部具有国际氛围。这个俱乐部具有国际氛围。The club has a cosmopolitan atmosphere._Detailed readingportal: a. (formal or literary) a door, gate or entrance, esp. one of imposing size and appearancee.g. the main portal of the cathedralvillas with huge marble portalsthe portal of knowledgeDetailed readingicon: n. symbolSynonym: idol, symbol, modele.g. Click on the printer icon with the mouse.a feminist iconMadonna and other pop icons of the 1980sDetailed readingomnipresent: a. present everywhere at the same timeWord formation: omni-: alle.g.These days the media are omnipresent.the omnipresent threat of natural disasterse.g. omnipotent, omniscient, omnivorousEverywhere, the media flow defies national boundaries. (Paragraph 1) Paraphrase:Throughout the world, the modern electronic media flow across national boundaries. / Throughout the world, the media flow is not barred by national boundaries.Detailed readingJust as their “cultures” are neither hard-wired nor uniform, so there is no simple way in which they are “Americanized”, though there are American tags on their experience low-cost links to status and fun. (Paragraph 5)Paraphrase:For young people, cultures are not innate or unvarying. They dont simply become Americanized although they may have contact with American fun culture at little cost.Detailed readingThe empire strikes from inside the spectator as well as from outside. (Paragraph 6)Paraphrase:American pop culture not only impacts on the more material side of young peoples lives but also touches their hearts with great force.Detailed readingPhrase practice Word derivationSynonym / AntonymVocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar1) She belongs to that kind of people who having their own way. VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar2) The Japanese market 35% of the companys revenue. 3) Who happened to the economic crisis at the time? Fill in the blank in each sentence with a word or phrase from the text in its appropriate form.are accustomed to _accounts for _preside over _4) We were jailed for a week well, confined to quarters, but it the same thing. amounted to _VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammare.g. 我不习惯被人打扰。我不习惯被人打扰。 I am not accustomed to being interrupted.be accustomed to: If you are accustomed to sth., you are familiar with it and accept it as normal or usual. e.g. 学生们很快就习惯了大学的生活。学生们很快就习惯了大学的生活。 Students are quickly accustomed to the college life. VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammare.g.但是今天这样的应用只不过占因特网流量的很小一但是今天这样的应用只不过占因特网流量的很小一部分。部分。 But today such applications account for only a small fraction of internet traffic. account for: to be a particular amount or part of sth. e.g. 但美国国债仍然只占美国家庭总资产额的但美国国债仍然只占美国家庭总资产额的1%。 But the U.S. Treasuries still account for only 1% of total household assets. VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammare.g. 他们问我是否会主持委员会会议。他们问我是否会主持委员会会议。 They asked me if I would preside over the committee meeting.preside over: lead or be in charge of a meeting, ceremony, etc. e.g.该党执政时期，国家经历了历史上最严重的经济该党执政时期，国家经历了历史上最严重的经济衰退。衰退。 The party presided over one of the worst economic declines in the countrys history.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammare.g. 她的答复等于完全拒绝。她的答复等于完全拒绝。 Her answer amounted to a complete refusal.amount to: be equal to or the same as sth.e.g. 他们的行为已构成违约。他们的行为已构成违约。 Their actions amount to a breach of contract.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar1) detect v. detection n. detectable a. e.g.这些检查旨在早期查出疾病。这些检查旨在早期查出疾病。 然而许多问题却未被察觉。然而许多问题却未被察觉。 这种噪音人的耳朵几乎是察觉不到的。这种噪音人的耳朵几乎是察觉不到的。 The tests are designed to detect the disease early.Many problems, however, escape detection.The noise is barely detectable by the human ear.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar2) resent v. resentment n. resentful a. e.g. 他十分厌恶被别人当孩子对待。他十分厌恶被别人当孩子对待。 他因为自己悲惨的童年而对父母怀恨在心。他因为自己悲惨的童年而对父母怀恨在心。 她被运动队淘汰了，对此她愤愤不平。她被运动队淘汰了，对此她愤愤不平。 He bitterly resents being treated like a child.He harbours a deep resentment against his parents for his miserable childhood.She was resentful at having been left out of the team.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar3) defy v. defiance n. defiant a. e.g.如果你不服从法律，你就可能坐牢。如果你不服从法律，你就可能坐牢。尽管国际上明令禁止，核试验又在进行了。尽管国际上明令禁止，核试验又在进行了。 恐怖主义者向政府发出了挑战书。恐怖主义者向政府发出了挑战书。 If you defy the law, you may find yourself in prison.Nuclear testing was resumed in defiance of an international ban.The terrorists sent a defiant message to the government.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar4) notoriety n. notorious a. notoriously ad. e.g.他最近卑鄙的所作所为使他臭名昭著。他最近卑鄙的所作所为使他臭名昭著。 尽尽管管此此人人之之傲傲慢慢远远近近闻闻名名，我我觉觉得得我我还还是是可可以以和和他他打打交道的。交道的。山地气候难以预料是人所共知的。山地气候难以预料是人所共知的。He achieved a certain notoriety after his recent mean acts.Despite his notorious arrogance, I felt I could do business with him.Mountain weather is notoriously difficult to predict.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar5) antagonism n. antagonist n. antagonistic a.e.g.他对宿敌的仇恨仍然十分强烈。他对宿敌的仇恨仍然十分强烈。 克林顿是个强劲的对手。克林顿是个强劲的对手。 他对媒体，特别是报纸，公开表示敌意。他对媒体，特别是报纸，公开表示敌意。 The antagonism he felt towards his old enemy was still very strong.Clinton was a formidable antagonist.He is openly antagonistic to the media, particularly newspaper.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar6) bilingual a. bilingualism n. e.g.他们需要谙熟两种语言的秘书。他们需要谙熟两种语言的秘书。 双语制是很有远见的教育政策。双语制是很有远见的教育政策。 They need bilingual secretaries.Bilingualism is a farsighted educational policy.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar7) amaze v. amazement n. amazing a. e.g. 有些人有些人为了了钱什么都会干得出来，什么都会干得出来，这一直令我惊愕不已。一直令我惊愕不已。 使我大为惊奇的是，他能把这首诗从头至尾背诵出来。使我大为惊奇的是，他能把这首诗从头至尾背诵出来。 有这么多人来参加这些会议真是匪夷所思。有这么多人来参加这些会议真是匪夷所思。 It never ceases to amaze me what some people will do for money.To my amazement, he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.Its amazing that so many people come to these meetings.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar8) reverse v. reversal n. reversible a. e.g.各个项目的次序颠倒过来了。各个项目的次序颠倒过来了。 总统将对他政策的急剧逆转作出解释。总统将对他政策的急剧逆转作出解释。 私有化趋势可逆转吗？私有化趋势可逆转吗？ The order of the items had been reversed.The President would explain his sharp reversal of policy.Is the trend towards privatization reversible?essential, necessary, fundamental, key, crucial1. This is one of its obvious, but at the same time amazing, features. Synonym:striking, astonishing, remarkable2. Yet McLuhans image reveals an indispensable half-truth.Synonym:VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar3. The symmetry of the exhibition is obvious, the premise unmistakable. Synonym:balance, harmony, regularity, evenness, correspondence4. The United States presides over a sort of World Bank of styles and symbols, an International Cultural Fund of images, sounds, and celebrities. Synonym:star, personality, personage, VIP, somebodyVocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar5. Hardly anyone is exempt from the force of American images and sounds. Antonym: liable, subject, susceptible6. The point is not hypocrisy pure and simple but something deeper. Antonym: sincerity, honesty, truthfulness, frankness, earnest7. They are both local and cosmopolitan. Synonym:universal, global, worldly8. Americas bid for global unification surpasses in reach that of the Romans, the British, the Catholic or Islam.Synonym:attempt, endeavorVocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarVocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingBare infinitive vs. full infinitivePre- and post-positioned adjectivesTenseBare infinitive vs. full infinitive In English, a verbs infinitive is its unmarked form, such as be, do, have, or sit, often introduced by the particle to. When this particle is absent, the infinitive is said to be a bare infinitive; when it is present, it is generally considered to be a part of the infinitive, then known as the full infinitive (or to-infinitive). VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingVocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingThe bare infinitive is not used in as many contexts as the full infinitive, but some of these are quite common: Several common verbs of perception, including see,watch, hear, feel, and sense take a direct object and abare infinitive, where the bare infinitive indicates an action taken by the main verbs direct object. So, “I saw/watched/heard/etc. it happen.”The bare infinitive is used as the main verb after thedummy auxiliary verb do, or most modal auxiliary verbs(such as will, can, or should). So, “I will/do/can/etc.see it.”VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingWith the verb help. So, “He helped them find it.” Theuse of the to-infinitive with the verb help is also common.The bare infinitive is the dictionary form of a verb, and is generally the form of a verb that receives a definition; however, the definition itself generally uses a to-infinitive. So, “The word amble means to walk slowly.”Similarly with several common verbs of permission orcausation, including make, bid, let, and have. So, “I made/bade/let/had him do it.” However, make takes ato-infinitive in the passive voice: “I was made to do it.”After the had better expression. So, “You had better leave now.” VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingThe full infinitive (or to-infinitive) is used in a great many different contexts:It can be used like a noun phrase, expressing its action or state in an abstract, general way. So, “To err is human”; “To know me is to love me”. However, a gerund is often preferred for this “Being is doing” would be more natural than the abstract and philosophical sounding “To be is to do.”It can be used like an adjective or adverb, expressing purpose or intent. So, “The letter says Im to wait outside”, or “He is the man to talk to”, or “In order to meditate, one must free ones mind.” VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingIn either of the above uses, it can often be given a subject using the preposition for: “For him to fail now would be a great disappointment”; “In order for you to get there on time, youll need to leave now.” The former sentence could also be written, “His failing now would be a great disappointment.” It can be used after many intransitive verbs; in this case, it generally has the subject of the main verb as its implicit subject. So, “I agreed to leave” or “He failed to make his case.” (This may be considered a special case of the noun-like use above.) With some verbs the infinitive may carry a significantly different meaning from a gerund: compare I stopped to talk to her with I stopped talking to her, or I forgot to buy the bread with I forgot buying the bread. VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingIt can be used after the direct objects of many transitive verbs; in this case, it generally has the direct object of the main verb as its implicit subject. So, “I convinced him to leave with me”, or “He asked her to make his case on his behalf.” However, in some cases, the subject of the main clause is also subject of the infinitival clause, as in “John promises Mary to cook”, where the cook is John (the subject of the main sentence), and not Mary (the object). As a special case of the above, it can often be used after an intransitive verb, together with a subject using the preposition for: “I arranged for him to accompany me”, or “I waited for summer to arrive.” When sooner than is put at the beginning of a sentence, a bare infinitive should be used.VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingPractice: Insert to, if necessary, in the following sentences.The passive form of make, see or hear is followed by a full infinitive.1. Mary was made sing one song after another.to_2. We may just as well stay at home. 3. Sooner than travel by airbus, Id prefer a week on a big liner. / _ / _VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarIf there is a pro-form do before the preposition but, either the full infinitive or the bare infinitive can be used, but if there is no such pro-form, a full infinitive should be used.4. There is no choice but wait. 5. Dont let slip such a good opportunity. / _6. Would you rather stay here or go with me? / _7. He was seen enter the room.8. It is better travel hopefully than arrive.to_to_to_to_VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar1) A. Tom Jackson is responsible for the project. B. Tom Jackson is a responsible man.A. in charge of B. trustworthyPractice: Explain the difference between the underlined parts in each pair. 2) A. Their house was pink in the sunset. B. The Browns live in that pink house.A. The house takes on the colour of pink because of the reflection of the sunlight.B. The house is painted in pink.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar3) A. Mother cast a concerned look at the son. B: All persons concerned will meet at the deans office.A. worried B. related4) A. Is that a navigable river? B. Is that river navigable at present?A. permanent feature B. temporary feature5) A. Which is the furthest star visible from the Earth? B. How many visible stars are there in the sky?A. a star that can be seenB. a category of stars that is identified as observable by peopleVocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar6) A. The members present vetoed the proposal. B. The present members vetoed the proposal. A. those members who were there at the meetingB. those who are members now7) A. After the introduction we started the meeting proper. B. Snowdons not very high, but its a proper mountain, not a hill. A. itself B. real, genuine8) A. The issues involved are rather complicated. B. Most readers dont like his involved style.A. closely connected in relationships and activities with othersB. complicatedVocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar1. If the cat hides in the tree, the dog (not find) it.2.The students would have solved the problem if they (use) their textbooks. 3.The dress which (reduce) in the sale (try) on by so many people that it distinctly (soil). Complete the following sentences with the proper forms of the verbs given. will not find_had used_was soiled_was reduced_had been tried_Tense is a set of forms taken by a verb to indicate the time (and sometimes also the continuance or completeness) of the action in relation to the time of the utterance. VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammar4. Surprisingly, the pound (not fall) since the dollar (devalue) last month. 5. I am not surprised squatters (try) to get into that house; it (stand) empty for over two years now. 6. If you go on spending at this rate, all your inheritance (spend) by the end of this year. 7.He tensed himself, (listen) to see if anyone (follow) him. 8.I (spend) a tense week (wait) for the results of the tests.has been standing / has stood_have tried_had followed_will have been spent_listening_waiting_spent_was devalued_has not fallen_1. 国会有责任确保在诉诸武力之前已经用尽所有的和平手段。国会有责任确保在诉诸武力之前已经用尽所有的和平手段。 (resort to)When you resort to sth., you make use of it as a means of achieving sth.VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingTranslate the following sentences into English.Congress has the responsibility to ensure that all peaceful options are exhausted before resorting to war.Practice： 他们觉得有必要诉诸暴力。他们觉得有必要诉诸暴力。 由于动物蛋白价格昂贵，穷苦世界的人民只好全靠植物由于动物蛋白价格昂贵，穷苦世界的人民只好全靠植物蛋白为生了。蛋白为生了。 VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarThey felt obliged to resort to violence.Owing to the cost of animal protein, the poor world is forced to resort almost entirely to plant protein.2. 我们我们10点钟下班，由夜班接手。点钟下班，由夜班接手。 (take over)VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarIf you take over sth., you begin to have control of or responsibility for it, esp. in place of sb. else.We stop work at 10 oclock, and then the night shift takes over.Practice： 机器人将要在哪些领域替代人的工作呢？机器人将要在哪些领域替代人的工作呢？政府于政府于1948年接管了铁路。年接管了铁路。 VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarIn what field will robots take over human tasks? The government took over the railways in 1948. 3. 他不用服国家兵役，因为他从事的是免于征兵的他不用服国家兵役，因为他从事的是免于征兵的（reserved）职业。）职业。(exempt from)VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarIf sth. is exempt from sth. else, it is free from the obligation, duty or payment the latter requires.He was exempt from national service because he was in a reserved occupation.Practice：住这些房子可免付租金。住这些房子可免付租金。他们努力想免除他的责任。他们努力想免除他的责任。 VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarThese houses are exempt from paying rates.They made efforts to exempt him from responsibility.4.那样的房子我都租不起，更不用说买了。那样的房子我都租不起，更不用说买了。(let alone)VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarLet alone is used after a statement to emphasize that because the first thing is not true or possible, the next thing cannot be true or possible either.I cant afford to rent a house like that, let alone buy it.She cant ride a bicycle, let alone drive a car. VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarPractice： 连我们都没有足够的空间，更不用说客人了。连我们都没有足够的空间，更不用说客人了。 她连自行车都不会骑，更别说开车了。她连自行车都不会骑，更别说开车了。There isnt enough room for us, let alone any guests.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarDictationClozeVocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarDictation You will hear a passage read three times. At the first reading, you should listen carefully for its general idea. At the second reading, you are required to write down the exact words you have just heard (with proper punctuation). At the third reading, you should check what you have written down. All of the customs, beliefs, values, knowledge, and skills / that guide a peoples behavior along shared paths / are part of their culture. / Culture can be divided / into material aspects and nonmaterial aspects. / People throughout the world / have different cultures. / Thus their standards for behavior often differ. / We tend to assume / that certain behaviors have pretty much the same meaning around the world, / and we anticipate / that other people will act as we do. / But this is clearly not the case. / When we are thrust into a different culture, / we may find ourselves in situations / for which we are unprepared. / Not surprisingly, / interaction among peoples of different cultures / is often filled with uncertainties and even difficulties. VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarDictation Cloze Symbols do not necessarily look, sound, or otherwise resemble what they stand (1) . In some cultures black is the color of mourning; in (2) white or red suggests grief. Those colors, like all symbols, (3) their meanings from tradition and consensus, not from any qualities inherent in the colors (4) . for_others _derive_VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarthemselves_ People in a society must agree (5) the meanings of symbols if they are to be understood. A gold band worn on the third finger of someones (6) hand tells us that he or she is married only because in our (7) this is a commonly recognized symbol for (8) . Of course, even though a wedding band is commonly understood to (9) the wearer is married, the (10) the wearer and each of us interprets the condition of marriage has become quite flexible. VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammaron_marriage_left_culture_ mean_way_This sentence lacks a word, meaning “to symbolize” together with stand.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarSymbols do not necessarily look, sound, or otherwise resemble what they stand (1) . In some cultures black is the color of mourning; in (2) white or red suggests grief. Those colors, like all symbols, (3) their meanings from tradition and consensus, not from any qualities inherent in the colors (4) . for_others _derive_themselves_VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarJudging from the semicolon and in some cultures, we come to know that the two clauses of this sentence are contrastive.Symbols do not necessarily look, sound, or otherwise resemble what they stand (1) . In some cultures black is the color of mourning; in (2) white or red suggests grief. Those colors, like all symbols, (3) their meanings from tradition and consensus, not from any qualities inherent in the colors (4) . for_others _derive_themselves_VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarJudging from the context, here lacks a verb which can constitute a phrase with from meaning “to come out of”.Symbols do not necessarily look, sound, or otherwise resemble what they stand (1) . In some cultures black is the color of mourning; in (2) white or red suggests grief. Those colors, like all symbols, (3) their meanings from tradition and consensus, not from any qualities inherent in the colors (4) . for_others _derive_themselves_VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarInherent here means “existing as an essential constituent or characteristic in the nature of sth.”. Symbols do not necessarily look, sound, or otherwise resemble what they stand (1) . In some cultures black is the color of mourning; in (2) white or red suggests grief. Those colors, like all symbols, (3) their meanings from tradition and consensus, not from any qualities inherent in the colors (4) . for_others _derive_themselves_VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarIn this sentence, we need a functional word that goes together with agree. People in a society must agree (5) the meanings of symbols if they are to be understood. A gold band worn on the third finger of someones (6) hand tells us that he or she is married only because in our (7) this is a commonly recognized symbol for (8) . Of course, even though a wedding band is commonly understood to (9) the wearer is married, the (10) the wearer and each of us interprets the condition of marriage has become quite flexible. on_marriage_left_culture_ mean_way_VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarAccording to the sentence structure and its meaning, we only have two choices left and right. Based on our general knowledge, it should be the “left” hand.People in a society must agree (5) the meanings of symbols if they are to be understood. A gold band worn on the third finger of someones (6) hand tells us that he or she is married only because in our (7) this is a commonly recognized symbol for (8) . Of course, even though a wedding band is commonly understood to (9) the wearer is married, the (10) the wearer and each of us interprets the condition of marriage has become quite flexible. on_marriage_left_culture_ mean_way_VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarThe whole passage talks about culture. Here the author is citing an example which exists in a specific cultural background.People in a society must agree (5) the meanings of symbols if they are to be understood. A gold band worn on the third finger of someones (6) hand tells us that he or she is married only because in our (7) this is a commonly recognized symbol for (8) . Of course, even though a wedding band is commonly understood to (9) the wearer is married, the (10) the wearer and each of us interprets the condition of marriage has become quite flexible. on_marriage_left_culture_ mean_way_VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarIt can be inferred from the context that wearing a ring indicates that the girl is married.People in a society must agree (5) the meanings of symbols if they are to be understood. A gold band worn on the third finger of someones (6) hand tells us that he or she is married only because in our (7) this is a commonly recognized symbol for (8) . Of course, even though a wedding band is commonly understood to (9) the wearer is married, the (10) the wearer and each of us interprets the condition of marriage has become quite flexible. on_marriage_left_culture_ mean_way_on_People in a society must agree (5) the meanings of symbols if they are to be understood. A gold band worn on the third finger of someones (6) hand tells us that he or she is married only because in our (7) this is a commonly recognized symbol for (8) . Of course, even though a wedding band is commonly understood to (9) the wearer is married, the (10) the wearer and each of us interprets the condition of marriage has become quite flexible. VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarThis sentence further illustrates the first sentence of the second paragraph People in a society must agree on the meanings of symbols if they are to be understood. Therefore, such a phenomenon should be understood to “mean” some special meaning.marriage_left_culture_ mean_way_on_People in a society must agree (5) the meanings of symbols if they are to be understood. A gold band worn on the third finger of someones (6) hand tells us that he or she is married only because in our (7) this is a commonly recognized symbol for (8) . Of course, even though a wedding band is commonly understood to (9) the wearer is married, the (10) the wearer and each of us interprets the condition of marriage has become quite flexible. VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarJudging from the context and the logic of the passage, the sentence lacks its subject which is modified by the wearer and each of us interprets the condition of marriage. Moreover, if we interpret something, we explain it in one “way” or another.marriage_left_culture_ mean_way_VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarHaving a dialogHaving a discussion1. Having a dialogueVocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarMichael Jackson, the King of Pop, was a very successful singer with millions of fans. Have a dialogue with a classmate about him. The following questions can be asked: 1) When and where was he born? 2) What was his family background? 3) What was he famous for? 4) Why did he remain popular after his sudden death in 2009? 5) Do you think he can be regarded as a symbol of American culture? “King of Pop”, popular music, lifelong achievement, dispute, scandal, global influence, death, etc.Words and phrases for reference:Having a discussion Have you ever seen a Hollywood movie or simply an American movie? If yes, discuss in a group what it is about, what impresses you most and why you like it or dislike it. VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammara. theme b. genre c. social background when the film is producedd. actor/actresse. cost Aspects you may consider:VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarWriting : Music can be roughly divided into two types: classical and popular. It is obvious that young people in China today like popular music much more. Write an essay with the title “Why Popular Music?” In the first part, say something general about the fact that popular music is much more preferred than classical music among Chinese youth. In the second part, explain what attracts young people so much to popular music. And in the third part, draw a conclusion.VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarWhy Popular Music? morerelatedtopeopleseverydaylifebrief and less complicated to understandMore personal feelings are poured out in pop music than in classical music.Pop music which evolved out of rock and roll was introduced in the mid 1950s. It is usually understood to be commercially recorded music that is often oriented towards a youth market. Since 1950, pop music has been identified as the music that is accessible to the wildest audience and is often mostly played on the radio.Viewpoints and information for reference: Text IIMemorable quotesLead-in questionsTextQuestions for discussionLead-in questions1) If someone who is completely ignorant of China asked you to introduce it, which aspects will you choose? You may discuss with your classmates. 2) How would you comment on the current Sino-American relations? a. cooperative and beneficial b. stressful and conflicting c. complicated and tangledText IIMemorable quotesAspects for reference:location, history, traditions, economic development, current events, folk life, etc.INTO THE UNKNOWN Michael Elliott1 A few years ago, I read a terrific collection of essays It Must Be Beautiful on the great scientific equations of modern times. I loved it, but as I meandered through the book, I was struck by an unexpected poignancy. The first essays, by and large, described breakthroughs that had taken place in the laboratories of Europe. The second half was quite different. Some time in the 1920s, the balance of scientific discovery shifted inexorably to the U.S. A small book of essays held within it proof of a profound historical change. Text IIMemorable quotes2 I found myself thinking of that while reading a new book by Martin Jacques, a British journalist turned academic. Jacques tome is called When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order, and his thesis, which he advances with a depth of argument often missing in similar works, is made plain enough by his title. The most likely scenario for the future, Jacques writes, is that “China continues to grow stronger and ultimately emerges over the next half-century, or rather less in many respects, as the worlds leading power.” His book is an examination of how and why that will happen, and what it will mean.Text IIMemorable quotes3 Jacques is right that Chinas continued development will be one of the forces that shape the century. It is equally true, as he argues, that China will not be just any old superpower. It has its own distinctive combination of attributes: a huge population, a sense of its identity as a civilization as well as a nation state, a long-standing influence on the nations and cultures that border it, and a diaspora that impacts not just its region but the world. Chinas habits of governance, Jacques argues, are not those of the Western world; its values (let us say harmony Text IIMemorable quotesand stability) are not those of the West. The roles of both the state and the extended family as social mechanisms in China differ from those in modern Western societies. All of this, Jacques argues, means that the 21st century will be one of “contested modernities.” Until around 1970, he says, modernity was, with the exception of Japan, “an exclusively Western phenomenon.” But as China assumes a bigger role in global economics and politics, that is changing.Text IIMemorable quotesText IIMemorable quotes4 I agree with much of this. We have learned in the last 20 years that there are many ways of being modern, and that Western liberal democracy is but one of them. But that little collection of essays on the great equations reminds us that a societys characteristics today will not necessarily shape what it will look like tomorrow. History rarely runs in straight and predictable lines. At the end of the 19th century, Germany or perhaps more accurately, Germanic central Europe was a technological and scientific power-house, its universities nurturing geniuses like Einstein, Heisenberg and Schrodinger, whose discoveries changed the way we thought of everything. Then came the carnage of World War I, the rise of fascism, the mass murder of European Jews and the flight of those who could escape it, often to the U.S. All of this contributed to a shift of the center of scientific progress away from Europe. Text IIMemorable quotesSome aspects of the great European disaster might have been foreseeable in 1909, but none with any certainty. There are too many futures for them all to be known.Text IIMemorable quotes5 This is particularly apposite in the case of China, a country with not only many possible futures, but (as it were) many pasts. There is a crude but commonly held thumbnail sketch of modern Chinese history that goes something like this: Two centuries ago, European powers tried to open a hermetic society to trade; they failed until the Opium Wars forced the issue; China then entered an era of foreign domination and internal chaos, which ended with the imposition of political stability by the Communist Party in 1949; in 1978, after another round of internal unrest, China chose to modernize its economy and adopted market mechanisms to do so, with astonishing success.Text IIMemorable quotes6 This isnt baloney, but it is hardly the whole story as you would discover if, instead of being mesmerized by the sight of Pudong, you were to turn around and look at the solid, early 20th century buildings of the Bund, just behind you. Modernity did not come to China because Deng Xiaoping said it should. As Rana Mitter of Oxford University argues, there had been modernizing streams in Chinese society long before 1978, and had one of them taken a different course, our view of what China represents for the future would be unrecognizable from the standard text. Text IIMemorable quotes7 Chinese elites, we often forget, have had economic and cultural links with Europe for 300 years; by the 18th century, the Chinese were producing porcelain for the European market and avidly studying European art and architecture. In particular, says Mitter, the first half of the 20th century that period when Shanghai was at its peak, but which is routinely dismissed in the thumbnail history is “really important; the questions about their society that Chinese are asking now are very similar to the ones that they asked in the 1920s and 1930s.”Text IIMemorable quotes8 How China develops internally, and how it changes the wider world, will depend on an infinite number of contingencies. A crucially important one, obviously, will be how China and the U.S., the dominant global power, get along. As Barack Obama said on July 27, “the relationship between the United States and China will shape the 21st century.” Text IIMemorable quotes9 There is a lively debate in both countries as to what that relationship will look like. As Obama said, “Some in China think that America will try to contain Chinas ambitions; some in America think that there is something to fear in a rising China.” Part of the difficulty in predicting the future is that China is not the only Asian power with which the U.S has to deal. For decades, Washington is going to have to play a demanding diplomatic game in which it maintains good relations with China, with India, and with its old ally Japan. Text IIMemorable quotes10 This will not be easy. Somehow, U.S. diplomats must help convince all three Asian nations that they can rise together, rather than descend into bitter rivalry. Japan will need special attention; its politics are becoming worryingly sclerotic, and it is beginning to feel overshadowed by China. Tokyo may soon need reassurance that Washington still takes the alliance seriously. But for all the difficulties ahead, the accompanying charts should give a glimpse of hope. The U.S. and the three Asian giants are becoming ever more closely interconnected and not just economically. We have become familiar with the way in which trade flows between China and the U.S. have grown exponentially. But there are now some 70,000 Chinese students at universities in the U.S., and an ever growing number of American business leaders and young people who consider a spell in China an important rite of passage.Text IIMemorable quotes11 History, as always, acts as a useful damper on overconfidence. Whole shelves of studies have been written on the mutual familiarity of German and British elites in the decades before World War I which did nothing to prevent the two nations going at each other like frenzied dogs. The point is simple: China may amaze us today, it could help usher in a period in which more of humankind has more material benefits, enjoyed in peace, than has ever been known before. We can only watch, and wonder.Text IIMemorable quotesAbout the text This text is taken from Time, Vol. 174, No. 5, 2009.Text IIMemorable quotesMartin Jacques Martin Jacques, born in October 1945, was editor of the CPGBs journal, Marxism Today from 1977 until its closure in 1991, a publication which was politically quite mainstream in its final years. Jacques was a co-founder of the think-tank Demos. He was a columnist for The Times and The Sunday Times and deputy editor of The Independent. Currently, he is a columnist for The Guardian and New Statesman. In 2009, his book about Asian modernity and the rise of China entitled When China Rules the World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World was published. Albert Einstein (Paragraph 4) Albert Einstein (1879 1955) was a theoretical physicist best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.” Einstein published more than 300 scientific and over 150 non-scientific works. He is often regarded as the father of modern physics. Text IIMemorable quotesWerner Heisenberg (Paragraph 4) Werner Heisenberg (1901 1976) was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. In addition, he also made important contributions to nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physics. Along with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, he set forth the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics in 1925. He was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics. Text IIMemorable quotesText IIMemorable quotesSchrdinger (Paragraph 4) Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrdinger (1887 1961) was an Austrian theoretical physicist who achieved fame for his contributions to quantum mechanics, especially the Schrdinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1933. In 1935, after extensive correspondence with personal friend Albert Einstein, he proposed the Schrdingers cat thought experiment.Fascism (Paragraph 4) Fascism comprises a radical and authoritarian nationalist political ideology and a corporatist economic ideology developed in Italy. Fascists believe that nations and/or races are in perpetual conflict whereby only the strong can survive by being healthy, vital, and by asserting themselves in conflict against the weak. Fascists advocate the creation of a single-party state. Fascist governments forbid and suppress openness and opposition to the government and the fascist movement. Text IIMemorable quotesText IIMemorable quotesThe Opium Wars (Paragraph 5) The Opium Wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, were the climax of trade disputes and diplomatic difficulties between China in the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire after China sought to restrict British opium traffickers. It consisted of the First Opium War from 1839 to 1842 and the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860.Text IIMemorable quotesRana Mitter (Paragraph 6) Professor Rana Mitter is a university lecturer in modern Chinese history and politics. He has published on the political and cultural history of twentieth-century China, and is currently working on the connections between war and nationalism in China from the 1930s to the present. His interests include the Republican period (1912 1949), the Cold War and Sino-Japanese relations.Text IIMemorable quotesBarack Obama (Paragraph 8) Barack Hussein Obama II (born on August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States (as in 2011). He is the first African American to hold the office, as well as the first born in Hawaii. Obama previously served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008. In 2009, he won the Nobel Prize for Peace.Text IIMemorable quotes. the balance of scientific discovery shifted inexorably to the U.S (Paragraph 1) . it was an irreversible trend that more scientific discoveries were made in U. S. than in Europe. Text IIMemorable quotestome (Paragraph 2) a book, especially a very heavy, large or learned book Text IIMemorable quotesdiaspora (Paragraph 3) any group that has been dispersed outside its traditional homeland. By the term the author implies Chinese emigration to other countries.Text IIMemorable quotesgovernance (Paragraph 3) government; exercise of authority Text IIMemorable quotesapposite (Paragraph 5) suitable; pertinentText IIMemorable quotesa hermetic society (Paragraph 5) China before 1840 is said to be a hermetic society because it had its gates closed to the outside. Text IIMemorable quotesbaloney (Paragraph 6) (slang) nonsense Text IIMemorable quotessclerotic (Paragraph 10) rigid or unchanging Text IIMemorable quotesdamper (Paragraph 11) a person or thing that damps or depresses Text IIMemorable quotes1. What distinctive combination of attributes does China have according to Martin Jacques? Refer to Paragraph 3. A huge population, a sense of its identity as a civilization as well as a nation state, a long-standing influence on the nations and cultures that border it, and a diaspora that impacts not just its region but the world.Text IIMemorable quotes2. What is changing as China assumes a bigger role in the global economy and politics?Refer to Paragraph 3. Until around 1970, modernity was, with the exception of Japan, “an exclusively Western phenomenon.” But as China assumes a bigger role in global economics and politics, the 21st century will be one of “contested modernities.”Text IIMemorable quotes3. What is your understanding of “History rarely runs in straight and predictable lines” in Paragraph 4?Refer to Paragraph 4. A societys characteristics today will not necessarily shape what it will look like tomorrow. There are many factors that are unpredictable in history. Germanic central Europe at the end of the 19th century was a technological and scientific power-house, its universities nurturing geniuses like Einstein, Heisenberg and Schrodinger, whose discoveries changed the way we thought of everything. Then came the carnage of World War I, the rise of fascism, the mass murder of European Jews and the flight of those who could escape it, often to the U.S. All of this contributed to a shift of the center of scientific progress away from Europe. Some aspects of the great European disaster might have been foreseeable in 1909, but none with any certainty. There are too many futures for them all to be known.Text IIMemorable quotes4. What is a crude but commonly held thumbnail sketch of modern Chinese history? Refer to Paragraph 5. Two centuries ago, European powers tried to open a hermetic society to trade; they failed until the Opium Wars forced the issue; China then entered an era of foreign domination and internal chaos, which ended with the imposition of political stability by the Communist Party in 1949; in 1978, after another round of internal unrest, China chose to modernize its economy and adopted market mechanisms to do so, with astonishing success.Text IIMemorable quotes5. What is the significance of Sino-American relations?Refer to Paragraph 8. How China develops internally, and how it changes the wider world, will depend on an infinite number of contingencies. A crucially important one will be how China and the U.S., the dominant global power, get along. As Barack Obama said on July 27, “The relationship between the United States and China will shape the 21st century.”Text IIMemorable quotes1. Culture: the cry of men in face of their destiny. Albert Camus2. Preservation of ones own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other cultures. Cesar ChavezText IIMemorable quotesQuestions for discussion1)No matter how the term “culture” is defined by scholars or in books, everyone has his or her own understanding of it. Share with your classmates your understanding and discuss it. 2)In this age of globalization, almost all kinds of cultures can be found around us. Have you ever seen someone disrespect or even despise other cultures? If yes, try to describe it to your classmates and discuss the possible causes for this behavior; if no, discuss with your classmates how you can behave properly when meeting someone from a different cultural background. 1) Culture is such a broad term that people usually focus on some specific areas of it. Try to name several aspects of culture according to your understanding of it. Here are some references: history, architecture, literature, popular culture, music, media, celebrities, etc. 2) Cross-culture communication is a very difficult task because cultures are different. Sometimes people may misbehave unconsciously when meeting a foreign friend. Thus we should be good observers in life and try to put ourselves in others shoes. e.g. Feminism has spread to most western countries. If you encounter a woman who has been influenced by it, you may not hurry to be a gentleman in front of her, for she may think that you are not polite or considerate. Text IIMemorable quotesGuidance:Text IIMemorable quotesAlbert Camus (7 November 1913 4 January 1960) was a French Algerian author, philosopher and journalist. He was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times”.Text IIMemorable quotesCsar Estrada Chvez (March 31, 1927 April 23, 1993) was a Mexican American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW).结束结束