本节课讲述动词不定式，动名词动词不定式，动名词1.主语主语 To learn English well is not easy. 当主语表达动作时，我们须将动词变性。既能表达出当主语表达动作时，我们须将动词变性。既能表达出动词的意思，还又不能再是动词的词性。动词的意思，还又不能再是动词的词性。因此英语中因此英语中出现动词不定式与动名词的用法。出现动词不定式与动名词的用法。 动词不定式强调：目的，将要动词不定式强调：目的，将要 动名词强调：状态，陈述事实，结果动名词强调：状态，陈述事实，结果 动词不定式作主语的重点句型 It is + adj + （for sb ） to do sth （of sb ） to do sth 遇到你真高兴：It is very happy to meet you. 真正的主语是： to do sth To meet you is very happy. it 只是形式主语保持句子平衡。 再看一些例句：a.It isnt right to say so.b.It is wrong to give up the chance.c.It isnt an easy thing to master English.d.It took us a year to complete this project.e.It cost you 10 yuan to post a book.注意：当给你一个动词不定式，说”某某做某事.“，这时必然产生一个动词不定式的复合结构，即：动词不定式的复合结构，即：it is +adj+ for/of sb to do sth. 用用for 还是用还是用of要看前要看前面的形容词，若形容词是形容人的品质，特征的，就面的形容词，若形容词是形容人的品质，特征的，就要用要用of,例如例如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right , foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude ,naughty, impolite.而别的adj时，则用for. 例如：1. It is wrong of you to say so.2. It is important for you to say so.用of, 还是for 还可以这么判断：1句说成you are wrong，是合理的。“你是错的”与句子想表达的意思相符。2 句说成 you are important， 不合理。“你是重要的”。这与本句想表达的“你这么说是重要的”不相符。继续看继续看It is + adj + to do sth 的句型的句型-动词动词不定式做主语不定式做主语：It isnt right to say so.It took us a year to complete this project.to do sth 是句子中的真正主语，并且是句子中的真正主语，并且say, complete后面还都有自己的宾语。因此动词不后面还都有自己的宾语。因此动词不定式内部保持了定式内部保持了“动宾关系动宾关系”。而且是必须保持。而且是必须保持动宾关系：动宾关系： It is comfortable to live in the room.The room is comfortable to live in.动名词做主语：动名词做主语：动名词做主语在下列常见句型中：It is no use doing sth. 做没有好处/用处 It is no good doing sth. 做某事无益/无用It is no harm doing sth. 做并无害处 It is a waste of time/money doing sth.若给你一个动名词，然后说“某某做某事”，这时会产生一个“动名词复合结构动名词复合结构”，即：ones doing sth. (ones 为形容词性物主代词或名词所有格)It is no use saying so.It is no use your/Toms saying so.动名词做表语动名词做表语表陈述事实：试比较My job is teaching.My job is to protect you.I am to go shopping.做表语的肯定不能是动词，因此。涉及保留动词意思，但需改变动词词性的方法，即doing 或 to do. 前者侧重事实陈述，后者侧重目的和将要动词不定式做宾语动词不定式做宾语1.动词不定式做动词的宾语2.动词不定式做介词的宾语A以下动词只能接动词不定式做宾语： agree, decide, expect, hope, long, manage, want, plan, pretend, wish, would like, seem, happen, learn, promise, used to, take trouble(不辞辛劳)，set out, make up ones mind, fail, arrange, hurry, prepare, mean (打算)B.B.以下动词既可接不定式做宾语，又可接动名词做以下动词既可接不定式做宾语，又可接动名词做宾语，宾语， 注意意思上的区别：注意意思上的区别： remember forget regret like stop mean prefer hate continue remember to do sth 记得去做某事 remember doing sth 记得做过某事 forget to do sth 忘记去做某事 forget doing sth 忘记做过/做了而又忘了 regret to do sth 很遗憾要去做 某事 I regret to tell you a bad news 我很遗憾要告诉你一个 regret doing sth 后悔做了 I regret having said that. mean to do 打算想做某事. mean doing 意味着动名词充当宾语：A.以下动词只能用动名词作宾语： cant help, cant stand, feel like, give up, put off, admit, advise, avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, escape, finish, forbid, imagine, practice, risk, suggest, bear, stand. keep doing sth keep on doing sth consider doing 考虑做某事 consider to be 认为 to be doing to have done to have been done 动名词做介词的宾语：动名词做介词的宾语： prep + doing 介词后面加动词介词后面加动词-ing形式形式 句型：句型： have difficulty/trouble/ problem/ fun/ pleasure/ a good time/ a hard time/ in doing sth 但是但是 take trouble to do sth费心费心费劲做某事做某事 be / get used to doing sth 习惯做某事 devote to/ stick to / lead to/ get down to / look forward to +doing sthThank you for the trouble _.A. you have made to help meB. you have had to help meC. you have taken to help meD. you have paid to help meThe worker and the artist, who _ in the town _ want to move to village.A. was used to living, dont B. were used to living, doesntC. used to live, dontD. used to live, doesnt动词不定式做定语动词不定式做定语动词不定式可以跟在名词后面做定语。动词不定式可以跟在名词后面做定语。例如：例如：I have nothing ( to say). I have nothing (to write). Find me a room ( to live in). Find me a room in which to live. Give me a piece of paper to write on. Give me a piece of paper on which to write. He is a man to depend on. He is a man on whom to depend.注意：当动词不定式作定语的时候，它和所修饰的名词有注意：当动词不定式作定语的时候，它和所修饰的名词有 逻辑上的逻辑上的动宾关系动宾关系，即，即”做某事做某事“，因此要用主动形式，因此要用主动形式表被动表被动动词不定式做定语，常跟在下面这些名词词后面，起到定动词不定式做定语，常跟在下面这些名词词后面，起到定语修饰这些名词的作用：语修饰这些名词的作用：A. effort failure promise desire B. way, pleasure, plan, time, chance, powerC. idea, method, habit, purpose A组名词，后面如果有动词做定语，要用组名词，后面如果有动词做定语，要用动词不定式动词不定式B组名词，后面如果有动词做定语，要用组名词，后面如果有动词做定语，要用动词不定式动词不定式或或of doing sth形式形式C组名词，组名词， 后面如果有动词做定语，要将动词使用后面如果有动词做定语，要将动词使用of doing sth的形式的形式Please make an effort _.A. of arriving earlyB. in arriving earlyC. to arrive early D. early to arriveHis effort _ the college made him quite happy. A. to enter B. in entering C. to enter toD. to enter for E. entering F. of enteringTell me the effort _.A. you have paid for helping meB. you have taken to help meC. you have made to help meD. you have spent to help meThe chance we are looking forward _ has come here.A. to speaking EnglishB. to to speak EnglishC. to of speaking EnglishD. of speaking EnglishE. to speak English2 -Why arent you happy?- I dont like the idea _.A. in getting up earlyB. of getting up earlyC. for getting up earlyD. to get up early3. Lily has a habit of asking questions, A.But then not to listen to the answers.B.But then not listen to the answers.C.And then not listening to the answers.D.And then doesnt listen to the answers.动名词做动名词做定语定语，与现在分词做，与现在分词做定语定语的区别：的区别： 动名词做定语，表功能，用途表功能，用途 a sleeping car a car for sleeping a swimming pool a pool for swimming walking stick - stick for walking 现在分词做定语，表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为，表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为，它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。 a crying boy a sleeping child working people a swimming boy 动词不定式做状语：动词不定式做状语：动名词不能做状语，做状语的是现在分词。动名词不能做状语，做状语的是现在分词。to do 做状语：做状语：1. 表目的表目的 so as to do sth in order to do sth to do sth on purpose to do sth with the purpose of doing sth so that can 主句主句+ in order that +主语主语+ could + V so as that would may 目的状语从句目的状语从句 might should not She studies very hard so that he can go to college. She studies very hard to go to college. in order to go to college. so as to go to college. with the purpose of going to college. on purpose to go to college. The teacher spoke very slowly in order that all the Ss could follow him.将此句变为简单句：将此句变为简单句：答案：答案：in order to be followed by all the Ss.in order for all the Ss to follow him.so as to be followed by all the Ss.so as for all the students to follow him.to be followed by all the Ss.for all the students to follow him.on purpose to be followed by all the Ss.on purpose for all the Ss to follow him. with the purpose of all the students following him.We got up early so as that we should not miss the bus.- 将此句改为简单句，即：用动词不定式引导目将此句改为简单句，即：用动词不定式引导目的状语从句的状语从句Keys:in order not to miss the bus.so as not to miss the bus.not to miss the bus.with the purpose of not missing the bus.on the purpose not to miss the bus.2. 动词不定式做结果状语动词不定式做结果状语 c. .enough to do sth He is old enough to go to school. d. . not enough to do sth He is not old enough to go to school. e. . too.to do sth He is too young to go to school. He is not tall enough to reach the apples. He is too short to reach the apples. f. . only to do sth 结果状语结果状语 I am here only to point out your faults. He said these words only to show that he had known nothing about it. g. . just to do sth 只是只是 He left the stone just to hit his feet. a+名词 an+名词1. 主语+ such adj + 名词单 +that结果状语从句 adj +名词复上述复合句改为简单句是：上述复合句改为简单句是：a. .such.that such.as to do sthWei is such an honest boy that all the Ss like him.- Wei is such an honest boy as to be liked by all the Ss.- Wei is such an honest boy as for all the students to like him. 2. 主语主语 + so + adj/adv + that 从句 b. .so . that so as to do sthI spoke in such a loud voice that I frightened him.请将本句改为简单句，即：动词不定式做结果状语请将本句改为简单句，即：动词不定式做结果状语从句从句Keys: as to frightened him. as for him to be frightened.The earth turns around the sun so slowly that it cant break away from the sun.请将本句改为简单句，即用动词不定式充当结果状请将本句改为简单句，即用动词不定式充当结果状语从句：语从句：Keys:as not to break away from the sun.as for the earth not to break away from the sun.动词不定式做宾语补足语动词不定式做宾语补足语注意：动名词不能做宾补，做宾补的是现在分注意：动名词不能做宾补，做宾补的是现在分词。词。 hear sb do sth encourage sb to do sth hear sb doing sth force sb to do sth see/watch sb do sth want sb to do sth see/watch sb doing sth let sb do sth warn sb not to do sth make/have sb do sth . 2. 动词不定式做表语1.动词不定式做表语重点句型： It seems that sb. It proves that sb.sb seems to do sth sb proves to do stth It appears that sb It happens that sbsb appears to do sth sb happens to do sth said said It is known that sb. sb is known to do sth decided decided reported reported It is said that Rex will come here tomorrow.Rex is said to come here tomorrow.练习：It seems that it will rain tomorrow. (改为简单句)_.It appeared that he knew my secret._.It proves that she was there at that time. _.It happened that I was thinking of this matter. _.